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Liliensternus

May 03, 2024

Liliensternus is an extinct genus of basal neotheropod dinosaur that lived approximately 210 million years ago during the latter part of the Triassic Period in what is now Germany. Liliensternus was a moderate-sized, bipedal, ground-dwelling carnivore, that could grow up to 5.15 m (16.9 ft) long. It is the best represented Triassic theropod from Europe and one of the largest known.[1]

Liliensternus
Temporal range: Late Triassic, 228–201.3 Ma
Reconstructed skeleton cast
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Clade: Saurischia
Clade: Theropoda
Superfamily: †Coelophysoidea
Genus: †Liliensternus
Welles, 1984
Type species
†Liliensternus liliensterni
Huene, 1934
Synonyms

Description edit

 
Liliensternus restored with a speculative crest.

Liliensternus was approximately 5.15 metres (16.9 feet) long, and may have weighed about 127 kilograms (280 pounds).[2] Other estimates suggest that Liliensternus was at best 5.2 m (17.1 ft) long and weighed 200 kg (441 lb) at most.[3] The remains of two specimens of Liliensternus together form a syntype series with inventory number MB.R.2175, and consist of the partial and fragmentary skeletons of at least two individuals, containing elements of the skull, the lower jaws, the vertebrae and the appendicular skeleton. The tibia (409 mm) is shorter than the femur (440 mm) in both Dilophosaurus and Liliensternus, unlike those of coelophysid taxa, such as Coelophysis. Paul (1988) noted that based on its appearance, Liliensternus could be considered to be an intermediate between Coelophysis and Dilophosaurus. Although the skull is not well known, many reconstructions have Liliensternus with a crest similar to that observed in Dilophosaurus. Its ilium (hip bone) is unusually short, as is the case with Dilophosaurus.[2] Liliensternus has five fingers, much like its contemporaries, but its fourth and fifth digits are smaller than the rest, a possible transitional stage between the five fingered theropods of the Triassic and the three fingered theropods of the Jurassic.[4]

Rauhut et al. (1998) noted that the remains may represent a juvenile or subadult individual based on the presence of only two fused sacrals and the fact that the neurocentral sutures are still visible in the vertebrae.[5]

A diagnosis is a statement of the anatomical features of an organism (or group) that collectively distinguish it from all other organisms. Some, but not all, of the features in a diagnosis are also autapomorphies. An autapomorphy is a distinctive anatomical feature that is unique to a given organism or group. According to Rauhut (2000), Liliensternus can be distinguished based on the following features: the cervical vertebrae feature a broad rounded ridge that extends from the posterior end of the diapophyses to the posteroventral end of the vertebral centrum, one pair of pleurocoels in the cervical vertebrae, a less developed infradiapophyseal fossa, the absence of a horizontal ridge at the basis of the cervical neural spines, absence of a lateral bulge on the ilium.[6]

Discovery edit

 
Coat of arms of Bedheim, depicting L. liliensterni[7]

The specimens of Liliensternus, designated as the syntype series HMN BM.R.2175, were recovered near Großer Gleichberg in the Trossingen Formation of the Middle Keuper Group in Thuringia, Germany, together with remains of Ruehleia. The syntypes were discovered by Count Hugo Rühle von Lilienstern in the winter of 1932/1933[8] in marlstone (lime-rich mudstone) deposited in the Norian stage of the Late Triassic period, approximately 228 to 208 million years ago.[9] A left metatarsal later assigned to this genus, also deposited in the Norian, was collected in 1834 in the sandstone of the Trossingen Formation in Bayern, Germany. This metatarsal was originally described as a manual or pedal element by Meyer (1855) and a pubic fragment by Huene (1908) of Plateosaurus, and the material was re-identified as a proximal metatarsal belonging to Liliensternus by Moser in 2003.[5][10] Sander (1992) referred additional material to Liliensternus, which was thought to have been collected in 1961 grey/green marlstone from the Löwenstein Formation in Aargau, Switzerland, which is considered to also be from the Norian stage of the Late Triassic period.[11] A tooth referred to this Liliensternus, deposited in the Norian, and collected in 1913 in dark red mudstone from the Löwenstein Formation in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The only material assigned to this genus from later strata was discovered in 1913 in blue claystone from the Rhaetian stage of the Late Triassic, in the Trossingen Formation from Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany, approximately 208 to 201 million years ago. The Liliensternus specimens remained in Hugo Rühle von Lilienstern's castle until 1969 when they were transferred to the collection of the Natural History Museum of Berlin, their present location.

The genus and specific names Liliensternus liliensterni are derived from the last name of count, amateur paleontologist, and medical doctor, Hugo Rühle von Lilienstern. This dinosaur was named in his honor for his furthering paleontology in Germany by founding a paleontological museum in his castle in Bedheim, on 1 July 1934. Liliensternus was described by Friedrich von Huene in 1934.[12] Because it was originally named by von Huene as a member of the genus Halticosaurus, the type species of the genus Liliensternus is Halticosaurus liliensterni; the combinatio nova is Liliensternus liliensterni.

In 1993 Gilles Cuny and Peter Galton described a new species that they assigned to this genus, Liliensternus airelensis.[13] Other researchers began to notice differences between L. airelensis and the type species, L. liliensterni,[14] and in 2007, Martin Ezcurra and Cuny assigned the material to its own genus, Lophostropheus.[15]

Classification edit

 
Teeth assigned to Liliensternus sp.

In 1934, Huene described two skeletons assigning them the name Halticosaurus liliensterni,[12] but in 1984 Samuel Paul Welles concluded that the type species of Halticosaurus, H. longotarsus, was a nomen dubium. Most of what had been written in the literature about Halticosaurus in fact regarded H. liliensterni. Welles therefore erected a new genus: Liliensternus, the name again honoring Rühle von Lilienstern.[16] The new species name became Liliensternus liliensterni. Rowe (1989) found that Liliensternus is more derived than Dilophosaurus. A second species named in 1993 by Cuny and Galton for fragmentary remains found in France, Liliensternus airelensis, which had an extra pair of cervical pleurocoels, was in 2007 reassigned to a separate genus, Lophostropheus.[17] Originally assigned to the Halticosauridae, Liliensternus is today considered a basal member of the Neotheropoda.

The following evolutionary tree illustrates a synthesis of the relationships of the early theropod groups compiled by Hendrickx et al. in 2015, including the position of Liliensternus in which all studies concur.[18]

Paleoecology edit

 
Restoration of Liliensternus (foreground) in its environment, with Plateosaurus in the background

Liliensternus was an active bipedal carnivore that could have preyed on the larger herbivores like Plateosaurus, which were present in its paleoenvironment. The material discovered in Switzerland, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany and the tooth from Baden-Württemberg, Germany, suggest that Liliensternus inhabited ancient floodplains that were abundant with reptiles, therapsids, and Plateosaurus.[19] Paul (1988) noted that Liliensternus used its slashing tooth arrays to disable prosauropods and its speed to catch swift ornithischians.[2]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Rauhut, O.M.W. & A. Hungerbuhler, 1998, "A review of European Triassic theropods". Gaia 15. 75-88.
  2. ^ a b c Paul, Gregory S. (1988). Predatory Dinosaurs of the World. Simon & Schuster. p. 267. ISBN 0-671-61946-2.
  3. ^ "LILIENSTERNUS". Dinochecker.com. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
  4. ^ Dixon, Dougal (2015). The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. London: Hermes House.
  5. ^ a b Mortimer, Mickey (2012). . Archived from the original on 2013-05-04.
  6. ^ Rauhut, 2000. The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropods (Dinosauria, Saurischia). Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. Bristol [U.K.]. 440 pp.
  7. ^ . Archived from the original on 2018-02-27. Retrieved 2009-03-13.
  8. ^ Barbara A. R. Mohr, Evelyn Kustatscher, Cornelia Hiller and Gottfried Böhme, 2008, "Hugo Rühle v. Lilienstern and his palaeobotanical collection – an East-West German story", Earth Sciences History, 27: 278-296
  9. ^ F. v. Huene, 1934, "Ein neuer Coelurosaurier in der thüringischen Trias", Paläontologische Zeitschrift 16(3/4): 145-170
  10. ^ Moser, 2003. Plateosaurus engelhardti Meyer, 1837 (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) aus dem Feuerletten (Mittelkeuper; Obertrias) von Bayern. Zitteliana B 24, 3-186.
  11. ^ Sander, 1992. The Norian Plateosaurus bonebeds of central Europe and their taphonomy. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 93:255-296.
  12. ^ a b F. v. Huene. 1934. Ein neuer Coelurosaurier in der thüringischen Trias [A new coelurosaur in the Thuringian Trias]. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 16(3/4):145-170
  13. ^ Cuny, Gilles; Galton, Peter M. (1993). "Revision of the Airel theropod dinosaur from the Triassic-Jurassic boundary (Normandy, France)". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen. 187 (3): 261–288.
  14. ^ Rauhut, Oliver W.M.; Hungerbühler, A. (2002). "A review of European Triassic theropods". Gaia. 15: 75–88.
  15. ^ Ezcurra, Martin D.; Cuny, Gilles (2007). "The coelophysoid Lophostropheus airelensis, gen. nov.: a review of the systematics of "Liliensternus" airelensis from the Triassic-Jurassic boundary outcrops of Normandy (France)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27 (1): 73–86. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[73:TCLAGN]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 85751238.
  16. ^ S.P. Welles, 1984, "Dilophosaurus wetherilli (Dinosauria, Theropoda): osteology and comparisons", Palaeontographica Abteilung A 185: 85-180
  17. ^ Ezcurra, M.D, and Cuny, G. (2007). "The coelophysoid Lophostropheus airelensis, gen. nov.: a review of the systematics of "Liliensternus" airelensis from the Triassic-Jurassic boundary outcrops of Normandy (France)." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 27(1): 73-86.
  18. ^ Hendrickx, C., Hartman, S.A., & Mateus, O. (2015). An Overview of Non- Avian Theropod Discoveries and Classification. PalArch’s Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology, 12(1): 1-73.
  19. ^ O. Jaekel. 1913. Über die Wirbeltierfunde in der oberen Trias von Halberstadt [On the vertebrate finds in the Upper Triassic of Halberstadt]. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 1:155-215

External links edit

  • Liliensternus on the Dinosaur Mailing List

May 03, 2024
liliensternus, extinct, genus, basal, neotheropod, dinosaur, that, lived, approximately, million, years, during, latter, part, triassic, period, what, germany, moderate, sized, bipedal, ground, dwelling, carnivore, that, could, grow, long, best, represented, t. Liliensternus is an extinct genus of basal neotheropod dinosaur that lived approximately 210 million years ago during the latter part of the Triassic Period in what is now Germany Liliensternus was a moderate sized bipedal ground dwelling carnivore that could grow up to 5 15 m 16 9 ft long It is the best represented Triassic theropod from Europe and one of the largest known 1 LiliensternusTemporal range Late Triassic 228 201 3 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Reconstructed skeleton cast Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Clade Dinosauria Clade Saurischia Clade Theropoda Superfamily Coelophysoidea Genus LiliensternusWelles 1984 Type species Liliensternus liliensterniHuene 1934 Synonyms Halticosaurus liliensterni Huene 1934 Contents 1 Description 2 Discovery 3 Classification 4 Paleoecology 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksDescription edit nbsp Liliensternus restored with a speculative crest Liliensternus was approximately 5 15 metres 16 9 feet long and may have weighed about 127 kilograms 280 pounds 2 Other estimates suggest that Liliensternus was at best 5 2 m 17 1 ft long and weighed 200 kg 441 lb at most 3 The remains of two specimens of Liliensternus together form a syntype series with inventory number MB R 2175 and consist of the partial and fragmentary skeletons of at least two individuals containing elements of the skull the lower jaws the vertebrae and the appendicular skeleton The tibia 409 mm is shorter than the femur 440 mm in both Dilophosaurus and Liliensternus unlike those of coelophysid taxa such as Coelophysis Paul 1988 noted that based on its appearance Liliensternus could be considered to be an intermediate between Coelophysis and Dilophosaurus Although the skull is not well known many reconstructions have Liliensternus with a crest similar to that observed in Dilophosaurus Its ilium hip bone is unusually short as is the case with Dilophosaurus 2 Liliensternus has five fingers much like its contemporaries but its fourth and fifth digits are smaller than the rest a possible transitional stage between the five fingered theropods of the Triassic and the three fingered theropods of the Jurassic 4 Rauhut et al 1998 noted that the remains may represent a juvenile or subadult individual based on the presence of only two fused sacrals and the fact that the neurocentral sutures are still visible in the vertebrae 5 A diagnosis is a statement of the anatomical features of an organism or group that collectively distinguish it from all other organisms Some but not all of the features in a diagnosis are also autapomorphies An autapomorphy is a distinctive anatomical feature that is unique to a given organism or group According to Rauhut 2000 Liliensternus can be distinguished based on the following features the cervical vertebrae feature a broad rounded ridge that extends from the posterior end of the diapophyses to the posteroventral end of the vertebral centrum one pair of pleurocoels in the cervical vertebrae a less developed infradiapophyseal fossa the absence of a horizontal ridge at the basis of the cervical neural spines absence of a lateral bulge on the ilium 6 Discovery edit nbsp Coat of arms of Bedheim depicting L liliensterni 7 The specimens of Liliensternus designated as the syntype series HMN BM R 2175 were recovered near Grosser Gleichberg in the Trossingen Formation of the Middle Keuper Group in Thuringia Germany together with remains of Ruehleia The syntypes were discovered by Count Hugo Ruhle von Lilienstern in the winter of 1932 1933 8 in marlstone lime rich mudstone deposited in the Norian stage of the Late Triassic period approximately 228 to 208 million years ago 9 A left metatarsal later assigned to this genus also deposited in the Norian was collected in 1834 in the sandstone of the Trossingen Formation in Bayern Germany This metatarsal was originally described as a manual or pedal element by Meyer 1855 and a pubic fragment by Huene 1908 of Plateosaurus and the material was re identified as a proximal metatarsal belonging to Liliensternus by Moser in 2003 5 10 Sander 1992 referred additional material to Liliensternus which was thought to have been collected in 1961 grey green marlstone from the Lowenstein Formation in Aargau Switzerland which is considered to also be from the Norian stage of the Late Triassic period 11 A tooth referred to this Liliensternus deposited in the Norian and collected in 1913 in dark red mudstone from the Lowenstein Formation in Baden Wurttemberg Germany The only material assigned to this genus from later strata was discovered in 1913 in blue claystone from the Rhaetian stage of the Late Triassic in the Trossingen Formation from Sachsen Anhalt Germany approximately 208 to 201 million years ago The Liliensternus specimens remained in Hugo Ruhle von Lilienstern s castle until 1969 when they were transferred to the collection of the Natural History Museum of Berlin their present location The genus and specific names Liliensternus liliensterni are derived from the last name of count amateur paleontologist and medical doctor Hugo Ruhle von Lilienstern This dinosaur was named in his honor for his furthering paleontology in Germany by founding a paleontological museum in his castle in Bedheim on 1 July 1934 Liliensternus was described by Friedrich von Huene in 1934 12 Because it was originally named by von Huene as a member of the genus Halticosaurus the type species of the genus Liliensternus is Halticosaurus liliensterni the combinatio nova is Liliensternus liliensterni In 1993 Gilles Cuny and Peter Galton described a new species that they assigned to this genus Liliensternus airelensis 13 Other researchers began to notice differences between L airelensis and the type species L liliensterni 14 and in 2007 Martin Ezcurra and Cuny assigned the material to its own genus Lophostropheus 15 Classification edit nbsp Teeth assigned to Liliensternus sp In 1934 Huene described two skeletons assigning them the name Halticosaurus liliensterni 12 but in 1984 Samuel Paul Welles concluded that the type species of Halticosaurus H longotarsus was a nomen dubium Most of what had been written in the literature about Halticosaurus in fact regarded H liliensterni Welles therefore erected a new genus Liliensternus the name again honoring Ruhle von Lilienstern 16 The new species name became Liliensternus liliensterni Rowe 1989 found that Liliensternus is more derived than Dilophosaurus A second species named in 1993 by Cuny and Galton for fragmentary remains found in France Liliensternus airelensis which had an extra pair of cervical pleurocoels was in 2007 reassigned to a separate genus Lophostropheus 17 Originally assigned to the Halticosauridae Liliensternus is today considered a basal member of the Neotheropoda The following evolutionary tree illustrates a synthesis of the relationships of the early theropod groups compiled by Hendrickx et al in 2015 including the position of Liliensternus in which all studies concur 18 Neotheropoda Coelophysidae Liliensternus Zupaysaurus Dilophosauridae Dilophosaurus Dracovenator Averostra Ceratosauria Tetanurae Cryolophosaurus Sinosaurus Monolophosaurus OrionidesPaleoecology edit nbsp Restoration of Liliensternus foreground in its environment with Plateosaurus in the background Liliensternus was an active bipedal carnivore that could have preyed on the larger herbivores like Plateosaurus which were present in its paleoenvironment The material discovered in Switzerland Sachsen Anhalt Germany and the tooth from Baden Wurttemberg Germany suggest that Liliensternus inhabited ancient floodplains that were abundant with reptiles therapsids and Plateosaurus 19 Paul 1988 noted that Liliensternus used its slashing tooth arrays to disable prosauropods and its speed to catch swift ornithischians 2 See also editTimeline of coelophysoid researchReferences edit Rauhut O M W amp A Hungerbuhler 1998 A review of European Triassic theropods Gaia 15 75 88 a b c Paul Gregory S 1988 Predatory Dinosaurs of the World Simon amp Schuster p 267 ISBN 0 671 61946 2 LILIENSTERNUS Dinochecker com Retrieved 8 July 2013 Dixon Dougal 2015 The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs London Hermes House a b Mortimer Mickey 2012 Coelophysoidea Archived from the original on 2013 05 04 Rauhut 2000 The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropods Dinosauria Saurischia Ph D dissertation Univ Bristol U K 440 pp Heraldry of the world Bedheim Archived from the original on 2018 02 27 Retrieved 2009 03 13 Barbara A R Mohr Evelyn Kustatscher Cornelia Hiller and Gottfried Bohme 2008 Hugo Ruhle v Lilienstern and his palaeobotanical collection an East West German story Earth Sciences History 27 278 296 F v Huene 1934 Ein neuer Coelurosaurier in der thuringischen Trias Palaontologische Zeitschrift 16 3 4 145 170 Moser 2003 Plateosaurus engelhardti Meyer 1837 Dinosauria Sauropodomorpha aus dem Feuerletten Mittelkeuper Obertrias von Bayern Zitteliana B 24 3 186 Sander 1992 The Norian Plateosaurus bonebeds of central Europe and their taphonomy Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 93 255 296 a b F v Huene 1934 Ein neuer Coelurosaurier in der thuringischen Trias A new coelurosaur in the Thuringian Trias Palaontologische Zeitschrift 16 3 4 145 170 Cuny Gilles Galton Peter M 1993 Revision of the Airel theropod dinosaur from the Triassic Jurassic boundary Normandy France Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Abhandlungen 187 3 261 288 Rauhut Oliver W M Hungerbuhler A 2002 A review of European Triassic theropods Gaia 15 75 88 Ezcurra Martin D Cuny Gilles 2007 The coelophysoid Lophostropheus airelensis gen nov a review of the systematics of Liliensternus airelensis from the Triassic Jurassic boundary outcrops of Normandy France Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27 1 73 86 doi 10 1671 0272 4634 2007 27 73 TCLAGN 2 0 CO 2 S2CID 85751238 S P Welles 1984 Dilophosaurus wetherilli Dinosauria Theropoda osteology and comparisons Palaeontographica Abteilung A 185 85 180 Ezcurra M D and Cuny G 2007 The coelophysoid Lophostropheus airelensis gen nov a review of the systematics of Liliensternus airelensis from the Triassic Jurassic boundary outcrops of Normandy France Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27 1 73 86 Hendrickx C Hartman S A amp Mateus O 2015 An Overview of Non Avian Theropod Discoveries and Classification PalArch s Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology 12 1 1 73 O Jaekel 1913 Uber die Wirbeltierfunde in der oberen Trias von Halberstadt On the vertebrate finds in the Upper Triassic of Halberstadt Palaontologische Zeitschrift 1 155 215External links editLiliensternus on the Dinosaur Mailing List Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Liliensternus amp oldid 1185166757, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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