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Light in school buildings

April 26, 2024

Light in school buildings traditionally is from a combination of daylight and electric light to illuminate learning spaces (e.g. classrooms, labs, studios, etc.), hallways, cafeterias, offices and other interior areas. Light fixtures currently in use usually provide students and teachers with satisfactory visual performance, i.e., the ability to read a book, have lunch, or play basketball in a gymnasium. However, classroom lighting may also affect students' circadian systems, which may in turn affect test scores, attendance and behavior.[1]

Exposure to light, or lack thereof, plays a significant role in sleep cycles. All animals, including humans, have evolved circadian rhythms, which respond to the earth's 24-hour cycle. These rhythms include the sleep–wake cycle, hormone production, and core body temperature cycles. The timing of these patterns is set by the 24-hour light–dark cycle. In particular, short-wavelength "blue" light in the daylight spectrum has maximal effect on human circadian rhythms. Research has shown that when these patterns are disrupted, individuals are more susceptible to ailments such as breast cancer, obesity, sleep deprivation, mood disorders, and other health problems.[2][3][4][5]

According to Energy Star, after salaries and benefits, energy costs are the largest operating expense for school districts.[6] Fluorescent lighting systems are the most prevalent sources of illumination in schools. These systems provide low cost, long life, high efficacy, good color, and low levels of noise and flicker. Lighting systems should be designed with respect to the requirements of the activity to be performed. For instance, lighting over a desk should be different than light required in cafeterias or hallways.[7] Current sustainable design guidelines for schools usually focus only on energy-conserving luminaires with consideration only for visual needs. Several aspects of building performance, including lighting, are fundamental in providing an environment that is conducive to learning. Facility aspects such as security and safety, indoor air quality, thermal comfort, visual comfort, and acoustic comfort conditions can affect attendance, teacher turnover rates, and occupant health.[6]

A university building designed to be primarily lit by daylight during operating hours.

Studies regarding whether daylight improves student performance (e.g., higher test scores) are inconclusive. The Heschong-Mahone Group's studies between 1999 and 2003 reported early on[8] that daylight increased academic results by 20%, but because their model was used incorrectly, it was later demonstrated that there was no significant variance due to sunlight.[9][10]

A 2009 study showed that when students were not exposed to daylight in the early part of the day, sleep times were pushed later into the evening/night.[11][12]

Measuring light edit

Typical measurements of light have used a dosimeter. Dosimeters measure an individual's or an object's exposure to something in the environment, such as light dosimeters and ultraviolet dosimeters.

Application and effect edit

Ongoing research in the light and health field will have implications on school architecture and design because studies show that it is necessary to expose students to short-wavelength light during the early part of the day to maintain circadian entrainment. Implementing "circadian light" treatment could be in the form of windows, skylights, or blue indoor lighting fixtures or blue light therapy devices.[13][1] There is also evidence that exposing rooms to natural daylight will make a room feel larger and more comfortable.[14] However there are tradeoffs, as direct penetrating sunlight can have negative effects on productivity and comfort.[15]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b National Research Council, "Lighting and Human Performance" Chapter 5 in Green Schools: Attributes for Health and Learning. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press, 2007.
  2. ^ Stevens, Richard G. (April 1987). "Electric Power Use and Breast Cancer: A Hypothesis". American Journal of Epidemiology. 125 (4): 556–561. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114569. eISSN 1476-6256. ISSN 0002-9262. PMID 3548332.
  3. ^ Stevens, Richard G.; Rea, Mark S. (2001). "Light in the built environment: potential role of circadian disruption in endocrine disruption and breast cancer". Cancer Causes and Control. 12 (3): 279–287. doi:10.1023/a:1011237000609. ISSN 0957-5243. PMID 11405333.
  4. ^ Schernhammer, E. S.; Laden, F.; Speizer, F. E.; Willett, W. C.; Hunter, D. J.; Kawachi, I.; Colditz, G. A. (17 October 2001). "Rotating Night Shifts and Risk of Breast Cancer in Women Participating in the Nurses' Health Study". JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 93 (20): 1563–1568. doi:10.1093/jnci/93.20.1563. eISSN 1460-2105. ISSN 0027-8874. PMID 11604480.
  5. ^ Schernhammer, E. S.; Laden, F.; Speizer, F. E.; Willett, W. C.; Hunter, D. J.; Kawachi, I.; Fuchs, C. S.; Colditz, G. A. (4 June 2003). "Night-Shift Work and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in the Nurses' Health Study". JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 95 (11): 825–828. doi:10.1093/jnci/95.11.825. eISSN 1460-2105. ISSN 0027-8874. PMID 12783938.
  6. ^ a b "Energy Star Building Upgrade Manual Facility Type: K–12 Schools Chapter 10" (PDF). Energy Star.
  7. ^ IEC Handbook
  8. ^ Heschong-Mahone Group. 1999. Daylighting in Schools: An Investigation Into the Relationship Between Daylighting and Human Performance. Fair Oaks, CA: Heschong-Mahone Group.
  9. ^ Boyce, P.R. 2004. Reviews of Technical Reports on Daylight and Productivity. Troy, NY: Lighting Research Center. Available at www.daylightdividends.org
  10. ^ Heschong-Mahone Group. 2003. Windows and Classrooms: A Study of Student Performance and the Indoor Environment. P500-03-082-A-7. Fair Oaks, CA: Heschong-Mahone Group. pp. viii
  11. ^ Figueiro, Mariana G.; Rea, Mark S. (2010). "Lack of short-wavelength light during the school day delays dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) in middle school students". Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 31 (1): 92–96. PMC 3349218. PMID 20150866.
  12. ^ Wolfson, Amy R.; Carskadon, Mary A. (August 1998). "Sleep Schedules and Daytime Functioning in Adolescents". Child Development. 69 (4): 875. doi:10.2307/1132351. ISSN 0009-3920. JSTOR 1132351.
  13. ^ "Press Releases | LRC Newsroom".
  14. ^ Robbins, C.L. (1986). Daylighting Design and Analysis. New York, NY, USA: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
  15. ^ Eric Brossy De Dios, T.R. (2010, February 1). Integrating Daylight into School Design From the Start. Light Moves American School and University.

April 26, 2024
light, school, buildings, traditionally, from, combination, daylight, electric, light, illuminate, learning, spaces, classrooms, labs, studios, hallways, cafeterias, offices, other, interior, areas, light, fixtures, currently, usually, provide, students, teach. Light in school buildings traditionally is from a combination of daylight and electric light to illuminate learning spaces e g classrooms labs studios etc hallways cafeterias offices and other interior areas Light fixtures currently in use usually provide students and teachers with satisfactory visual performance i e the ability to read a book have lunch or play basketball in a gymnasium However classroom lighting may also affect students circadian systems which may in turn affect test scores attendance and behavior 1 Exposure to light or lack thereof plays a significant role in sleep cycles All animals including humans have evolved circadian rhythms which respond to the earth s 24 hour cycle These rhythms include the sleep wake cycle hormone production and core body temperature cycles The timing of these patterns is set by the 24 hour light dark cycle In particular short wavelength blue light in the daylight spectrum has maximal effect on human circadian rhythms Research has shown that when these patterns are disrupted individuals are more susceptible to ailments such as breast cancer obesity sleep deprivation mood disorders and other health problems 2 3 4 5 According to Energy Star after salaries and benefits energy costs are the largest operating expense for school districts 6 Fluorescent lighting systems are the most prevalent sources of illumination in schools These systems provide low cost long life high efficacy good color and low levels of noise and flicker Lighting systems should be designed with respect to the requirements of the activity to be performed For instance lighting over a desk should be different than light required in cafeterias or hallways 7 Current sustainable design guidelines for schools usually focus only on energy conserving luminaires with consideration only for visual needs Several aspects of building performance including lighting are fundamental in providing an environment that is conducive to learning Facility aspects such as security and safety indoor air quality thermal comfort visual comfort and acoustic comfort conditions can affect attendance teacher turnover rates and occupant health 6 A university building designed to be primarily lit by daylight during operating hours Studies regarding whether daylight improves student performance e g higher test scores are inconclusive The Heschong Mahone Group s studies between 1999 and 2003 reported early on 8 that daylight increased academic results by 20 but because their model was used incorrectly it was later demonstrated that there was no significant variance due to sunlight 9 10 A 2009 study showed that when students were not exposed to daylight in the early part of the day sleep times were pushed later into the evening night 11 12 Contents 1 Measuring light 2 Application and effect 3 See also 4 ReferencesMeasuring light editTypical measurements of light have used a dosimeter Dosimeters measure an individual s or an object s exposure to something in the environment such as light dosimeters and ultraviolet dosimeters Application and effect editOngoing research in the light and health field will have implications on school architecture and design because studies show that it is necessary to expose students to short wavelength light during the early part of the day to maintain circadian entrainment Implementing circadian light treatment could be in the form of windows skylights or blue indoor lighting fixtures or blue light therapy devices 13 1 There is also evidence that exposing rooms to natural daylight will make a room feel larger and more comfortable 14 However there are tradeoffs as direct penetrating sunlight can have negative effects on productivity and comfort 15 See also editAmerican Institute of Architects Circadian rhythm Daylight Lighting Full spectrum light Melatonin Sleep United States Green Building Council USGBC References edit a b National Research Council Lighting and Human Performance Chapter 5 in Green Schools Attributes for Health and Learning Washington D C The National Academies Press 2007 Stevens Richard G April 1987 Electric Power Use and Breast Cancer A Hypothesis American Journal of Epidemiology 125 4 556 561 doi 10 1093 oxfordjournals aje a114569 eISSN 1476 6256 ISSN 0002 9262 PMID 3548332 Stevens Richard G Rea Mark S 2001 Light in the built environment potential role of circadian disruption in endocrine disruption and breast cancer Cancer Causes and Control 12 3 279 287 doi 10 1023 a 1011237000609 ISSN 0957 5243 PMID 11405333 Schernhammer E S Laden F Speizer F E Willett W C Hunter D J Kawachi I Colditz G A 17 October 2001 Rotating Night Shifts and Risk of Breast Cancer in Women Participating in the Nurses Health Study JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 93 20 1563 1568 doi 10 1093 jnci 93 20 1563 eISSN 1460 2105 ISSN 0027 8874 PMID 11604480 Schernhammer E S Laden F Speizer F E Willett W C Hunter D J Kawachi I Fuchs C S Colditz G A 4 June 2003 Night Shift Work and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in the Nurses Health Study JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 95 11 825 828 doi 10 1093 jnci 95 11 825 eISSN 1460 2105 ISSN 0027 8874 PMID 12783938 a b Energy Star Building Upgrade Manual Facility Type K 12 Schools Chapter 10 PDF Energy Star IEC Handbook Heschong Mahone Group 1999 Daylighting in Schools An Investigation Into the Relationship Between Daylighting and Human Performance Fair Oaks CA Heschong Mahone Group Boyce P R 2004 Reviews of Technical Reports on Daylight and Productivity Troy NY Lighting Research Center Available at www daylightdividends org Heschong Mahone Group 2003 Windows and Classrooms A Study of Student Performance and the Indoor Environment P500 03 082 A 7 Fair Oaks CA Heschong Mahone Group pp viii Figueiro Mariana G Rea Mark S 2010 Lack of short wavelength light during the school day delays dim light melatonin onset DLMO in middle school students Neuro Endocrinol Lett 31 1 92 96 PMC 3349218 PMID 20150866 Wolfson Amy R Carskadon Mary A August 1998 Sleep Schedules and Daytime Functioning in Adolescents Child Development 69 4 875 doi 10 2307 1132351 ISSN 0009 3920 JSTOR 1132351 Press Releases LRC Newsroom Robbins C L 1986 Daylighting Design and Analysis New York NY USA Van Nostrand Reinhold Eric Brossy De Dios T R 2010 February 1 Integrating Daylight into School Design From the Start Light Moves American School and University Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Light in school buildings amp oldid 1198305249, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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