Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia (1003–1048), born Li Yuanhao (Chinese: 李元昊) or Tuoba Yuanhao (Chinese: 拓跋元昊), also known as Zhao Yuanhao (趙元昊), Weiming Yuanhao (嵬名元昊[5]) and Weiming Nangxiao (嵬名曩霄), was the founding emperor of the Western Xia dynasty of China, reigning from 1038 to 1048. He was the eldest son of the Tangut ruler Li Deming.
Yuanhao was born to Tuoba Weiming's consort, lady Weimu as "Weimai" (嵬埋[1][note 1]). After his father died in 1032, he became the leader of the Tangut. He was described as a talented army general and had always wanted to establish a country for the Tanguts.
Military campaigns
Early in his leadership, Jingzong abolished the surname Zhao which had been given by the Song dynasty, replacing it with the surname Weiming (Chinese: 嵬名, Tangut: 𗼨𗆟[6]).
He had also started a revolution, changing the lifestyles of the Tangut people. He ordered Tangut men to shave their heads or they would face public execution. He also ordered a change of clothing and writing.
With the help of Chinese traitors Zhang Yuan [zh] (張元) and Wu Hao [zh] (吳昊), Jingzong took an aggressive stance with the Song dynasty.[7][8] At its height, he claimed an army of 500,000 men.
In 1034 Jingzong attacked the Huanqing territories (環慶路). He captured Song general Qi Zongju (齊宗矩).
At this point, he changed his target to the Kingdom of Qocho in the west, and his efforts against them began in 1036.
In 1038 he declared himself the emperor of the Western Xia dynasty whose capital was situated in Xingqing. Afterwards, he launched a campaign against the Song. Although the Tangut empire won a series of three large battles, the victories proved to be very costly and they found their forces depleted, due in part to a scorched earth policy by the Song. In 1044 the Western Xia dynasty signed a treaty with the Song dynasty resulting in the nominal acknowledgment of Song sovereignty by the Tangut and the payment of tribute by the Song.
Culture and politics
The Emperor led to a reorganization of much of the Empire with the help of ethnic Han advisors. The empire created new departments and administrative services. The Emperor also knew Chinese and had Chinese works translated into his people's language. He accomplished this by supporting the development of a written language for the Tangut people.
However the Tangut script eventually went extinct after the Yuan conquest.
Nevertheless, Emperor Jingzong had strong opposition to the people imitating the Song dynasty too closely. He emphasized the value of their traditional nomadic way of life and discouraged any dependence on Song luxury items. Trade with the Song was minimized or cut off before the peace treaty that came four years before his death. Although Li used talented Song workers, to retain his own power and dynasty, he did not want to be conquered by the Song dynasty.
Later on the Western Xia emperors would switch between multiple sides, Liao, Song, Jin, and the Mongols, in order to retain their power. Li's attacks weakened the Jin and Song dynasties to the extent that the Mongols would later be able to conquer China. For vacillating between multiple sides, colluding with Mongols and Jurchen, and launching attacks against the Song.
However, the Mongols ultimately crushed the Western Xia dynasty, destroyed nearly any vestige of the empire, and ended Li's reign in Ningxia. The Mongols would then reunify China under the Yuan dynasty.
In 1048, both the Prime Minister, Mozang Epang (沒藏訛龐), and Prince Ningling Ge (寧令哥) conspired to assassinate Jingzong. Prince Ningling Ge attempted to kill Jingzong with a sword, but he only managed to slice off Jingzong's nose. Frightened by what he had done, Prince Ningling Ge fled to Mozang for backup, but Mozang betrayed Ningling Ge by turning him in as the assassin.
Although Jingzong initially survived the assassination, he succumbed to his wounds a few days later.
emperor, jingzong, western, 1003, 1048, born, yuanhao, chinese, 李元昊, tuoba, yuanhao, chinese, 拓跋元昊, also, known, zhao, yuanhao, 趙元昊, weiming, yuanhao, 嵬名元昊, weiming, nangxiao, 嵬名曩霄, founding, emperor, western, dynasty, china, reigning, from, 1038, 1048, eldest. Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia 1003 1048 born Li Yuanhao Chinese 李元昊 or Tuoba Yuanhao Chinese 拓跋元昊 also known as Zhao Yuanhao 趙元昊 Weiming Yuanhao 嵬名元昊 5 and Weiming Nangxiao 嵬名曩霄 was the founding emperor of the Western Xia dynasty of China reigning from 1038 to 1048 He was the eldest son of the Tangut ruler Li Deming Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia西夏景宗Emperor of the Western XiaReign10 November 1038 19 January 1048SuccessorEmperor YizongDuke of Xia 夏國公 Reign1032 10 November 1038PredecessorLi DemingSuccessorProclaimed the emperorBornWeimai 嵬埋 1 7 June 1003Died19 January 1048 1048 01 19 aged 44 BurialTailing Mausoleum 泰陵 presumptively the No 3 tomb of Western Xia mausoleums 2 SpouseEmpress YeliEmpress Xuanmu HuiwenNamesLǐ Yuanhao 李元昊 Zhao Yuanhao 趙元昊 later Weiming Nǎngxiao 嵬名曩霄 Tangut name Weimai 嵬埋 Era datesXiandao 顯道 1032 1034Kaiyun 開運 1034Guangyun 廣運 1034 1036Daqing 大慶 1036 1038Tianshoulifayanzuo 天授禮法延祚 1038 1048Regnal nameEmperor Shengwen Yingwu Chongren Zhixiao 聖文英武崇仁至孝皇帝 3 Emperor Shiwen Shengwu Xingfa Jianli Zhuxiao 始文盛武興法建禮主孝皇帝 3 Tangut style Emperor of the Wind Direction Castle 3 𘚶𗅡𗍁𘓺𘋨 4 Posthumous nameEmperor Wulie 武烈皇帝 Temple nameJingzong 景宗 FatherLi DemingMotherLady Weimu 衛慕氏 This article contains Tangut text Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Tangut characters Contents 1 Early background 2 Military campaigns 3 Culture and politics 4 Succession and death 5 Family 6 Notes 7 References 8 External linksEarly background EditYuanhao was born to Tuoba Weiming s consort lady Weimu as Weimai 嵬埋 1 note 1 After his father died in 1032 he became the leader of the Tangut He was described as a talented army general and had always wanted to establish a country for the Tanguts Military campaigns EditEarly in his leadership Jingzong abolished the surname Zhao which had been given by the Song dynasty replacing it with the surname Weiming Chinese 嵬名 Tangut 𗼨𗆟 6 He had also started a revolution changing the lifestyles of the Tangut people He ordered Tangut men to shave their heads or they would face public execution He also ordered a change of clothing and writing With the help of Chinese traitors Zhang Yuan zh 張元 and Wu Hao zh 吳昊 Jingzong took an aggressive stance with the Song dynasty 7 8 At its height he claimed an army of 500 000 men In 1034 Jingzong attacked the Huanqing territories 環慶路 He captured Song general Qi Zongju 齊宗矩 At this point he changed his target to the Kingdom of Qocho in the west and his efforts against them began in 1036 From the Uyghurs he took large portions of Gansu and the Tangut people would control the Hexi Corridor for 191 years before being conquered by the Yuan dynasty In 1038 he declared himself the emperor of the Western Xia dynasty whose capital was situated in Xingqing Afterwards he launched a campaign against the Song Although the Tangut empire won a series of three large battles the victories proved to be very costly and they found their forces depleted due in part to a scorched earth policy by the Song In 1044 the Western Xia dynasty signed a treaty with the Song dynasty resulting in the nominal acknowledgment of Song sovereignty by the Tangut and the payment of tribute by the Song Culture and politics EditThe Emperor led to a reorganization of much of the Empire with the help of ethnic Han advisors The empire created new departments and administrative services The Emperor also knew Chinese and had Chinese works translated into his people s language He accomplished this by supporting the development of a written language for the Tangut people However the Tangut script eventually went extinct after the Yuan conquest Nevertheless Emperor Jingzong had strong opposition to the people imitating the Song dynasty too closely He emphasized the value of their traditional nomadic way of life and discouraged any dependence on Song luxury items Trade with the Song was minimized or cut off before the peace treaty that came four years before his death Although Li used talented Song workers to retain his own power and dynasty he did not want to be conquered by the Song dynasty Later on the Western Xia emperors would switch between multiple sides Liao Song Jin and the Mongols in order to retain their power Li s attacks weakened the Jin and Song dynasties to the extent that the Mongols would later be able to conquer China For vacillating between multiple sides colluding with Mongols and Jurchen and launching attacks against the Song However the Mongols ultimately crushed the Western Xia dynasty destroyed nearly any vestige of the empire and ended Li s reign in Ningxia The Mongols would then reunify China under the Yuan dynasty Succession and death Edit Mausoleum of Emperor Jingzong Tailing 泰陵 In 1048 both the Prime Minister Mozang Epang 沒藏訛龐 and Prince Ningling Ge 寧令哥 conspired to assassinate Jingzong Prince Ningling Ge attempted to kill Jingzong with a sword but he only managed to slice off Jingzong s nose Frightened by what he had done Prince Ningling Ge fled to Mozang for backup but Mozang betrayed Ningling Ge by turning him in as the assassin Although Jingzong initially survived the assassination he succumbed to his wounds a few days later Family EditConsorts and Issue Empress Xiancheng of the Yeli clan 憲成皇后野利氏 d 1048 Ning Ming 寧明 d 1042 the Prince 𘟙 second son Ningling Ge 寧令哥 1032 1048 the Crown Prince third son Xili 錫狸 fourth son Empress of the Muoyi clan 新皇后沒移氏 d 1049 Empress Xuanmu Huiwen of the Mozang clan 宣穆惠文皇后沒藏氏 d 1056 Emperor Yizong of Western Xia personal name Liangcha 兩岔 vel Liangzuo 諒祚 fifth son Princess Xingping of the Khitan Yelu clan 興平公主耶律氏 d 1038 Lady Suo 索氏 Lady Duola 多拉氏 Lady Mikemote 密克默特氏 Lady Miemi 咩迷氏 Ali 阿哩 d 1045 committed suicide together with his mother second son 9 Unknown Name not recorded first son killed by Li YuanhaoOne daughterNotes Edit Weimai meaning treasured and rich 1 References Edit a b c 彭向前 2013 元昊改姓考 青海民族大学学报 社会科学版 in Chinese 2 46 49 ISSN 1674 9227 据 宋史 夏国传 记载 曩霄本名元昊 小字嵬理 国语谓惜为 嵬 富贵为 理 聂鸿音先生考证 这里的 嵬理 实为 嵬埋 之误 浙江书局影印本 长编 卷111 元昊小名叶迈 羌语谓 惜 为 叶 富贵 为 迈 由清人改译的 迈 字 也可以看出原文当为 埋 嵬埋 在语音上可与 嵬名 勘同 西夏王陵简介 in Chinese China 宁夏西夏陵 2012 12 14 Archived from the original on 2014 11 29 Retrieved 2014 11 20 a b c Cui Hongfen Wen Zhiyong 2007 西夏皇帝尊号考略 宁夏大学学报 1 Retrieved 14 January 2022 Li Fanwen 2008 夏漢字典 Tangut Chinese Dictionary in Chinese 2nd ed Beijing 中國社會科學出版社 Zhongguo shehui chubanshe p 172 ISBN 978 7 5004 2113 9 辞海编辑委员会 Ci hai bian ji wei yuan hui 2000 辞海 1999年版缩印本 Ci hai 1999 nian ban suo yin ben Shanghai 上海辞书出版社 Shanghai ci shu chu ban she p 2543 ISBN 7532608395 OCLC 222462793 景宗 嵬名元昊 Li Fanwen 2008 夏漢字典 Tangut Chinese Dictionary in Chinese 2nd ed Beijing 中國社會科學出版社 Zhongguo shehui chubanshe p 444 ISBN 978 7 5004 2113 9 大宋著名汉奸 好水川之战辅助李元昊大败宋军 科举制度因他改变 in Chinese China Retrieved 2020 08 06 当王霸耳李元昊 称帝建国三鼎立 知乎专栏 in Chinese Retrieved 2020 08 06 中国民族史人物辞典 External links EditThe Western Xia Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia amp oldid 1140097704, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
