Leonid Kantorovich

Leonid Vitalyevich Kantorovich (Russian: Леонид Витальевич Канторович, IPA: [lʲɪɐˈnʲit vʲɪˈtalʲjɪvʲɪtɕ kəntɐˈrovʲɪtɕ] ^ⓘ; 19 January 1912 – 7 April 1986) was a Soviet mathematician and economist, known for his theory and development of techniques for the optimal allocation of resources. He is regarded as the founder of linear programming. He was the winner of the Stalin Prize in 1949 and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1975.

Leonid Kantorovich
Леонид Канторович
Kantorovich in 1975
Born	Leonid Vitalyevich Kantorovich (1912-01-19)19 January 1912 Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire
Died	7 April 1986(1986-04-07) (aged 74) Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
Resting place	Novodevichy Cemetery, Moscow
Nationality	Soviet
Alma mater	Leningrad State University
Known for	Cutting stock problem Linear programming Kantorovich inequality Kantorovich metric Kantorovich theorem Kantorovich–Rubinstein metric Monge–Kantorovich transportation problem Szász–Mirakjan–Kantorovich operator
Awards	Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (1975) Stalin Prize (1949)
Scientific career
Fields	Mathematics
Institutions	USSR Academy of Sciences Leningrad State University
Doctoral advisor	Grigorii Fichtenholz Vladimir Smirnov
Doctoral students	Svetlozar Rachev Gennadii Rubinstein
Academic career
Information at IDEAS / RePEc

Biography

Kantorovich was born on 19 January 1912, to a Russian Jewish family.^[1] His father was a doctor practicing in Saint Petersburg.^[2] In 1926, at the age of fourteen, he began his studies at Leningrad State University. He graduated from the Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics in 1930, and began his graduate studies. In 1934, at the age of 22 years, he became a full professor.

Later, Kantorovich worked for the Soviet government. He was given the task of optimizing production in a plywood industry. He devised the mathematical technique now known as linear programming in 1939, some years before it was advanced by George Dantzig. He authored several books including The Mathematical Method of Production Planning and Organization (Russian original 1939), The Best Uses of Economic Resources (Russian original 1959), and, with Vladimir Ivanovich Krylov, Approximate methods of higher analysis (Russian original 1936).^[3] For his work, Kantorovich was awarded the Stalin Prize in 1949.

After 1939, he became a professor at Military Engineering-Technical University. During the Siege of Leningrad, Kantorovich was a professor at VITU of Navy and worked on safety of the Road of Life. He calculated the optimal distance between cars on ice in dependence of the thickness of ice and the temperature of the air. In December 1941 and January 1942, Kantorovich walked himself between cars driving on the ice of Lake Ladoga on the Road of Life to ensure that cars did not sink. However, many cars with food for survivors of the siege were destroyed by the German airstrikes. For his feat and courage Kantorovich was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War, and was decorated with the medal For Defense of Leningrad.

In 1948 Kantorovich was assigned to the atomic project of the USSR.

After 1960, Kantorovich lived and worked in Novosibirsk, where he created and took charge of the Department of Computational Mathematics in Novosibirsk State University.^[4]

The Nobel Memorial Prize, which he shared with Tjalling Koopmans, was given "for their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources."

Mathematics

In mathematical analysis, Kantorovich had important results in functional analysis, approximation theory, and operator theory.

In particular, Kantorovich formulated some fundamental results in the theory of normed vector lattices, especially in Dedekind complete vector lattices called "K-spaces" which are now referred to as "Kantorovich spaces" in his honor.

Kantorovich showed that functional analysis could be used in the analysis of iterative methods, obtaining the Kantorovich inequalities on the convergence rate of the gradient method and of Newton's method (see the Kantorovich theorem).

Kantorovich considered infinite-dimensional optimization problems, such as the Kantorovich-Monge problem in transport theory. His analysis proposed the Kantorovich–Rubinstein metric, which is used in probability theory, in the theory of the weak convergence of probability measures.

•  
  Portrait by Petrov-Vodkin, 1938
•  
  1976
•  
  Original CIA file on Kantorovich, seized from the former US Embassy in Tehran

See also

• List of Russian mathematicians
• List of economists
• Shadow price
• List of Jewish Nobel laureates

Notes

1. The Soviet Union: empire, nation, and system, By Aron Kat︠s︡enelinboĭgen, page 406, Transaction Publishers, 1990
2. Gass, Saul I.; Rosenhead, J. (2011). "Leonid Vital'evich Kantorovich". Profiles in Operations Research. International Series in Operations Research & Management Science. Vol. 147. pp. 157–170. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6281-2_10. ISBN 978-1-4419-6280-5.
3. Kaplan, W. (1960). "Review of Approximate methods of higher analysis by L. V. Kantorovich and V. I. Krylov". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 66 (3): 146–147. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1960-10408-9.
4. Kantorovich`s biography in Russian

References

• Makarov, V. (1987). "Kantorovich, Leonid Vitaliyevich". The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics. 3: 14–15.
• Kantorovich, L.V. (1939). "Mathematical Methods of Organizing and Planning Production". Management Science. 6 (4): 366–422. doi:10.1287/mnsc.6.4.366. JSTOR 2627082.
• Kantorovich, L.V. (1959). "The Best Use of Economic Resources"( ). Pergamon Press, 1965.
• Klaus Hagendorf (2008). Spreadsheet presenting all examples of Kantorovich, 1939 with the OpenOffice.org Calc Solver as well as the lp_solver.

Nobel prize lecture

• Kantorovich, Leonid, "Mathematics in Economics: Achievements, Difficulties, Perspectives", Nobel Prize lecture, December 11, 1975
• "Autobiography: Leonid Kantorovich", Nobel Prize website

Further reading

• Dantzig, George, Linear programming and extensions. Princeton University Press and the RAND Corporation, 1963. Cf. p.22 for the work of Kantorovich.
• Isbell, J.R.; Marlow, W.H., "On an Industrial Programming Problem of Kantorovich", Management Science, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Oct., 1961), pp. 13–17
• Kantorovich, L. V. "My journey in science (supposed report to the Moscow Mathematical Society)" [expanding Russian Math. Surveys 42 (1987), no. 2, pp. 233–270]. pp. 8–45. MR 0898626.
• Koopmans, Tjalling C., "Concepts of optimality and their uses", Nobel Memorial Lecture, December 11, 1975
• Kutateladze, S.S., "The World Line of Kantorovich", Notices of the ISMS, International Society for Mathematical Sciences, Osaka, Japan, January 2007
• Kutateladze, S.S., "Kantorovich's Phenomenon", Siberian Math. J. (Сибирский мат. журн.), 2007, V. 48, No. 1, 3–4, November 29, 2006.
• Kutateladze, S.S., "Mathematics and Economics of Kantorovich"
• Kutateladze, S.S., "My Kantorovich"
• Leifman, Lev J., ed. (1990). Functional analysis, optimization, and mathematical economics: A collection of papers dedicated to the memory of Leonid Vitalʹevich Kantorovich. New York: The Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press. pp. xvi+341. ISBN 0-19-505729-5. MR 1082562.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Makarov, V. L. [Valery Leonidovich]; Sobolev, S. L. "Academician L. V. Kantorovich (19 January 1912 to 7 April 1986)". In: Functional analysis, optimization, and mathematical economics: A collection of papers dedicated to the memory of Leonid Vital'evich Kantorovich. pp. 1–7. MR 1082564.
• Polyak, B. T. (2002). "History of mathematical programming in the USSR: Analyzing the phenomenon (Chapter 3 The pioneer: L. V. Kantorovich, 1912–1986, pp. 405–407)". Mathematical Programming. Series B. 91 (3): 401–416. doi:10.1007/s101070100258. MR 1888984. S2CID 13089965.
• Ivan Boldyrev and Till Düppe, Programming the USSR: Leonid V. Kantorovich in context, The British Journal for the History of Science. 2020. 53(2): 255-278.
• Spufford, Francis (2010). Red plenty. London: Faber.
• (in Russian) Kutateladze, S.S., et al., "Leonid V. Kantorovich (1912–1986)", Sobolev Institute of Mathematics of the Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Also published in the Siberian Mathematical Journal, Volume 43 (2002), No. 1, pp. 3–8
• (in Russian) Vershik, Anatoly, "On Leonid Kantorovich and linear programming"

External links

 

Wikiquote has quotations related to Leonid Kantorovich.

• Leonid Kantorovich at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
• O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Leonid Kantorovich", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews (With additional photos.)
• Information about: Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich – IDEAS/RePEc
• Biography Leonid Kantorovich from the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
• Biographical documentary about L.Kantorovich by Rossiya-Culture
• Leonid Kantorovich on Nobelprize.org  

Awards
Preceded by Gunnar Myrdal Friedrich August von Hayek	Laureate of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics 1975 Served alongside: Tjalling C. Koopmans	Succeeded by Milton Friedman