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Lenna

January 01, 1970

For other uses, see Lenna (disambiguation).

Lenna (or Lena) is a standard test image used in the field of digital image processing starting in 1973,[1] but it is no longer considered appropriate by some authors.[2][3][4][5][6][7] It is a picture of the Swedish model Lena Forsén, shot by photographer Dwight Hooker, cropped from the centerfold of the November 1972 issue of Playboy magazine. The continued use of the image has attracted controversy, on both technical and social grounds, and many journals have discouraged or banned its use.[5][8][9][10] Forsén herself has said "It's time I retired from tech."[11]

Image of Lena Forsén used in many image processing experiments. (Click on the image to access the actual 512×512px standard test version.)

The spelling "Lenna" came from the model's desire to encourage the proper pronunciation of her name. "I didn't want to be called Leena [English: /ˈliːnə/]," she explained.[12]

History edit

Before Lenna, the first use of a Playboy magazine image to illustrate image processing algorithms was in 1961. Lawrence G. Roberts used two cropped six-bit grayscale facsimile scanned images from Playboy's July 1960 issue featuring Playmate Teddi Smith, in his MIT master's thesis on image dithering.[13]

Intended for high resolution color image processing study, the Lenna picture's history was described in the May 2001 newsletter of the IEEE Professional Communication Society, in an article by Jamie Hutchinson:[14]

Alexander Sawchuk estimates that it was in June or July of 1973 when he, then an assistant professor of electrical engineering at the University of Southern California Signal and Image Processing Institute (SIPI), along with a graduate student and the SIPI lab manager, was hurriedly searching the lab for a good image to scan for a colleague's conference paper. They got tired of their stock of usual test images, dull stuff dating back to television standards work in the early 1960s. They wanted something glossy to ensure good output dynamic range, and they wanted a human face. Just then, somebody happened to walk in with a recent issue of Playboy. The engineers tore away the top third of the centerfold so they could wrap it around the drum of their Muirhead wirephoto scanner, which they had outfitted with analog-to-digital converters (one each for the red, green, and blue channels) and a Hewlett Packard 2100 minicomputer. The Muirhead had a fixed resolution of 100 lines per inch and the engineers wanted a 512×512 image, so they limited the scan to the top 5.12 inches of the picture, effectively cropping it at the subject's shoulders.

The image's reach was limited in the 1970s and 80s, which is reflected in it initially only appearing in .org domains. But in July 1991, the image featured on the cover of Optical Engineering alongside Peppers, another popular test image.[15] This drew the attention of Playboy to the potential copyright infringement.[16] The peak of image hits on the internet was in 1995.[15] The scan became one of the most used images in computer history.[17] The use of the photo in electronic imaging has been described as "clearly one of the most important events in [its] history".[18] The image spread to over 100 different domains, particularly .com and .edu.[15]

In a 1999 issue of IEEE Transactions on Image Processing "Lena" was used in three separate articles,[4] and the picture continued to appear in scientific journals throughout the beginning of the 21st century.[14]

Lenna is so widely accepted in the image processing community that Forsén was a guest at the 50th annual Conference of the Society for Imaging Science and Technology (IS&T) in 1997.[19] In 2015, Lena Forsén was also guest of honor at the banquet of IEEE ICIP 2015.[20] After delivering a speech, she chaired the best paper award ceremony.

To explain why the image became a standard in the field, David C. Munson, editor-in-chief of IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, stated that it was a good test image because of its detail, flat regions, shading, and texture. He also noted that "the Lena image is a picture of an attractive woman. It is not surprising that the (mostly male) image processing research community gravitated toward an image that they found attractive."[21]

While Playboy often cracks down on illegal uses of its material and did initially send a notice to the publisher of Optical Engineering about its unauthorized use in that publication,[16] over time it has decided to overlook the wide use of Lena. Eileen Kent, VP of new media at Playboy, said, "We decided we should exploit this, because it is a phenomenon."[22]

Criticism edit

The use of the image has produced controversy because Playboy is "seen (by some) as being degrading to women".[21] In a 1999 essay on reasons for the male predominance in computer science, applied mathematician Dianne P. O'Leary wrote:

Suggestive pictures used in lectures on image processing ... convey the message that the lecturer caters to the males only. For example, it is amazing that the "Lena" pin-up image is still used as an example in courses and published as a test image in journals today.[4]

A 2012 paper on compressed sensing used a photo of the model Fabio Lanzoni as a test image to draw attention to this issue.[23][24][25][26]

The use of the test image at the magnet school Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology in Fairfax County, Virginia, provoked a guest editorial by a senior in The Washington Post in 2015 about its detrimental impact on aspiring female students in computer science.[7]

In 2017, the Journal of Modern Optics published an editorial titled "On alternatives to Lenna" suggesting three images (Pirate, Cameraman, and Peppers) that "are reasonably close to Lenna in feature space".[6]

In 2018, the Nature Nanotechnology journal announced that they would no longer consider articles using the Lenna image.[3] In the same year SPIE, the publishers of Optical Engineering, also announced that they "strongly discourage" the use of the Lenna image, and would no longer consider new submissions containing the image "without convincing scientific justification for its use". They noted that aside from the copyright and ethical issues, that it was also no longer useful as a standard image: "In today's age of high-resolution digital image technology, it seems difficult to argue that a 512 × 512 image produced with a 1970s-era analog scanner is the best we have to offer as an image quality test standard".[2]

Forsén stated in the 2019 documentary film Losing Lena, "I retired from modeling a long time ago. It's time I retired from tech, too... Let's commit to losing me."[11]

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) announced that, starting April 1, 2024, it will no longer allow use of the Lena image in its publications.[27]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Playboy Centrefold Photo Shrunk to Width of Human Hair". BBC News Online. 14 August 2012. from the original on 5 October 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  2. ^ a b Eismann, Michael T. (2018). "Farewell, Lena". Optical Engineering. 57 (12): 120101. Bibcode:2018OptEn..57l0101E. doi:10.1117/1.OE.57.12.120101.
  3. ^ a b "A note on the Lena image". Nature Nanotechnology. 13 (12): 1087. 2018. Bibcode:2018NatNa..13Q1087.. doi:10.1038/s41565-018-0337-2. ISSN 1748-3395. PMID 30523301.
  4. ^ a b c O'Leary, Dianne P. (25 June 1999). "But the instructor's attitude can't make the female student fail, can it?". Accessibility of Computer Science: A Reflection for Faculty Members. University of Maryland, Department of Computer Science. from the original on 5 November 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
  5. ^ a b "SIIMS – Instructions for Authors". from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
  6. ^ a b "On alternatives to Lenna". Journal of Modern Optics. 64 (12): 1119–1120. 2017. Bibcode:2017JMOp...64.1119.. doi:10.1080/09500340.2016.1270881.
  7. ^ a b Zug, Maddie (24 April 2015). "A centerfold does not belong in the classroom". Washington Post. from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
  8. ^ "A note on the Lena image". Nature Nanotechnology. 13 (12): 1087. 2018. Bibcode:2018NatNa..13Q1087.. doi:10.1038/s41565-018-0337-2. PMID 30523301. S2CID 54522374.
  9. ^ "Express Journals Online Style Guide: OPTICS EXPRESS, BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS, OPTICAL MATERIALS EXPRESS". from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
  10. ^ Edwards, Benj (29 March 2024). "Playboy image from 1972 gets ban from IEEE computer journals". Ars Technica. from the original on 30 March 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  11. ^ a b Kibbe, Kayla (3 December 2019). "How a Nude 'Playboy' Photo Became a Fixture in the Tech World". Inside Hook. from the original on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 3 November 2021 – via San Francisco Chronicle.
  12. ^ Kinstler, Linda (31 January 2019). "Finding Lena, the Patron Saint of JPEGS". Wired. from the original on 22 April 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2019. IPA pronunciation of Leena inserted into the quotation in brackets for clarity. /ˈliːnə/ is a common English pronunciation of the name Lena. The quotation reads, "At her suggestion, the editors [of Playboy] spelled her first name with an extra 'n,' to encourage proper pronunciation. 'I didn't want to be called Leena," she explained.'
  13. ^ Roberts, Lawrence G. (1961). . Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on 26 September 2006. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
  14. ^ a b Hutchison, Jamie (2001). "Culture, Communication, and an Information Age Madonna" (PDF). IEEE Professional Communication Society Newsletter. 45 (3): 1, 5–7. (PDF) from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  15. ^ a b c Pudding, The. "Can Data Die? Tracking the Lenna Image". The Pudding. from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  16. ^ a b Thompson, Brian J. (1992). "Editorial: Copyright Problems". Optical Engineering. 31 (1): 5. Bibcode:1992OptEn..31....5T. doi:10.1117/12.60707.
  17. ^ . Playboy Newsdesk. Playboy. 1997. Archived from the original on 4 July 1997. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
  18. ^ Zax, David (16 August 2012). "A Playboy Model and Nanoscale Printing". MIT Technology Review. from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
  19. ^ Rosenberg, Chuck (3 November 2001). "The Lenna Story: Imaging Experts Meet Lenna in Person". Carnegie Mellon University. from the original on 29 September 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
  20. ^ . International Conference on Image Processing. 2015. Archived from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  21. ^ a b Munson, David C. Jr. (1996). "A Note on Lena". IEEE Transactions on Image Processing. 5 (1): 3. Bibcode:1996ITIP....5....3M. doi:10.1109/TIP.1996.8100841. from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
  22. ^ Brown, Janelle (20 May 1997). "Playmate Meets Geeks Who Made Her a Net Star". Wired. from the original on 22 July 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
  23. ^ Needell, Deanna; Ward, Rachel (29 February 2012). "Stable image reconstruction using total variation minimization". arXiv:1202.6429 [cs.CV].
  24. ^ Carron, Igor (9 March 2012). "I can't believe it's not Lena". Nuit Blanche. from the original on 10 March 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
  25. ^ "Every Picture Tells A Story". Claremont McKenna College. 2 May 2013. from the original on 14 April 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
  26. ^ Matthews, Richard (12 May 2015). "How Fabio and Playboy helped invent the internet: The bizarre photos used in research papers revealed". The Conversation. from the original on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
  27. ^ "Trade body urges removal of Playboy centrefold test image from members’ journals", The Guardian, March 31, 2024

Sources edit

  • Mayer, Gregory (2009). "the waterloo image repository". uwaterloo.ca. from the original on 22 July 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
  • "The USC-SIPI Image Database". Viterbi School of Engineering. 1981. from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2013. cksum misc/4.2.04.tiff 4014024639

Further reading edit

  • Gonzalez, Rafael C.; Woods, Richard E. (2002). Digital Image Processing (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-201-18075-6. – image used numerous times in chapter 6

External links edit

  • Lenna 97: A Complete Story of Lenna
  • The Lenna Story – the original story of Lenna and an un-cropped scan of the original Playboy photograph

January 01, 1970
lenna, other, uses, disambiguation, lena, standard, test, image, used, field, digital, image, processing, starting, 1973, longer, considered, appropriate, some, authors, picture, swedish, model, lena, forsén, shot, photographer, dwight, hooker, cropped, from, . For other uses see Lenna disambiguation Lenna or Lena is a standard test image used in the field of digital image processing starting in 1973 1 but it is no longer considered appropriate by some authors 2 3 4 5 6 7 It is a picture of the Swedish model Lena Forsen shot by photographer Dwight Hooker cropped from the centerfold of the November 1972 issue of Playboy magazine The continued use of the image has attracted controversy on both technical and social grounds and many journals have discouraged or banned its use 5 8 9 10 Forsen herself has said It s time I retired from tech 11 Image of Lena Forsen used in many image processing experiments Click on the image to access the actual 512 512px standard test version The spelling Lenna came from the model s desire to encourage the proper pronunciation of her name I didn t want to be called Leena English ˈ l iː n e she explained 12 Contents 1 History 2 Criticism 3 See also 4 References 5 Sources 6 Further reading 7 External linksHistory editBefore Lenna the first use of a Playboy magazine image to illustrate image processing algorithms was in 1961 Lawrence G Roberts used two cropped six bit grayscale facsimile scanned images from Playboy s July 1960 issue featuring Playmate Teddi Smith in his MIT master s thesis on image dithering 13 Intended for high resolution color image processing study the Lenna picture s history was described in the May 2001 newsletter of the IEEE Professional Communication Society in an article by Jamie Hutchinson 14 Alexander Sawchuk estimates that it was in June or July of 1973 when he then an assistant professor of electrical engineering at the University of Southern California Signal and Image Processing Institute SIPI along with a graduate student and the SIPI lab manager was hurriedly searching the lab for a good image to scan for a colleague s conference paper They got tired of their stock of usual test images dull stuff dating back to television standards work in the early 1960s They wanted something glossy to ensure good output dynamic range and they wanted a human face Just then somebody happened to walk in with a recent issue of Playboy The engineers tore away the top third of the centerfold so they could wrap it around the drum of their Muirhead wirephoto scanner which they had outfitted with analog to digital converters one each for the red green and blue channels and a Hewlett Packard 2100 minicomputer The Muirhead had a fixed resolution of 100 lines per inch and the engineers wanted a 512 512 image so they limited the scan to the top 5 12 inches of the picture effectively cropping it at the subject s shoulders The image s reach was limited in the 1970s and 80s which is reflected in it initially only appearing in org domains But in July 1991 the image featured on the cover of Optical Engineering alongside Peppers another popular test image 15 This drew the attention of Playboy to the potential copyright infringement 16 The peak of image hits on the internet was in 1995 15 The scan became one of the most used images in computer history 17 The use of the photo in electronic imaging has been described as clearly one of the most important events in its history 18 The image spread to over 100 different domains particularly com and edu 15 In a 1999 issue of IEEE Transactions on Image Processing Lena was used in three separate articles 4 and the picture continued to appear in scientific journals throughout the beginning of the 21st century 14 Lenna is so widely accepted in the image processing community that Forsen was a guest at the 50th annual Conference of the Society for Imaging Science and Technology IS amp T in 1997 19 In 2015 Lena Forsen was also guest of honor at the banquet of IEEE ICIP 2015 20 After delivering a speech she chaired the best paper award ceremony To explain why the image became a standard in the field David C Munson editor in chief of IEEE Transactions on Image Processing stated that it was a good test image because of its detail flat regions shading and texture He also noted that the Lena image is a picture of an attractive woman It is not surprising that the mostly male image processing research community gravitated toward an image that they found attractive 21 While Playboy often cracks down on illegal uses of its material and did initially send a notice to the publisher of Optical Engineering about its unauthorized use in that publication 16 over time it has decided to overlook the wide use of Lena Eileen Kent VP of new media at Playboy said We decided we should exploit this because it is a phenomenon 22 Criticism editThe use of the image has produced controversy because Playboy is seen by some as being degrading to women 21 In a 1999 essay on reasons for the male predominance in computer science applied mathematician Dianne P O Leary wrote Suggestive pictures used in lectures on image processing convey the message that the lecturer caters to the males only For example it is amazing that the Lena pin up image is still used as an example in courses and published as a test image in journals today 4 A 2012 paper on compressed sensing used a photo of the model Fabio Lanzoni as a test image to draw attention to this issue 23 24 25 26 The use of the test image at the magnet school Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology in Fairfax County Virginia provoked a guest editorial by a senior in The Washington Post in 2015 about its detrimental impact on aspiring female students in computer science 7 In 2017 the Journal of Modern Optics published an editorial titled On alternatives to Lenna suggesting three images Pirate Cameraman and Peppers that are reasonably close to Lenna in feature space 6 In 2018 the Nature Nanotechnology journal announced that they would no longer consider articles using the Lenna image 3 In the same year SPIE the publishers of Optical Engineering also announced that they strongly discourage the use of the Lenna image and would no longer consider new submissions containing the image without convincing scientific justification for its use They noted that aside from the copyright and ethical issues that it was also no longer useful as a standard image In today s age of high resolution digital image technology it seems difficult to argue that a 512 512 image produced with a 1970s era analog scanner is the best we have to offer as an image quality test standard 2 Forsen stated in the 2019 documentary film Losing Lena I retired from modeling a long time ago It s time I retired from tech too Let s commit to losing me 11 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE announced that starting April 1 2024 it will no longer allow use of the Lena image in its publications 27 See also editCarole Hersee China Girl filmmaking Lorem ipsum Shirley cards Stanford bunny Suzanne 3D model Textures A Photographic Album for Artists and Designers Utah teapotReferences edit Playboy Centrefold Photo Shrunk to Width of Human Hair BBC News Online 14 August 2012 Archived from the original on 5 October 2012 Retrieved 15 August 2012 a b Eismann Michael T 2018 Farewell Lena Optical Engineering 57 12 120101 Bibcode 2018OptEn 57l0101E doi 10 1117 1 OE 57 12 120101 a b A note on the Lena image Nature Nanotechnology 13 12 1087 2018 Bibcode 2018NatNa 13Q1087 doi 10 1038 s41565 018 0337 2 ISSN 1748 3395 PMID 30523301 a b c O Leary Dianne P 25 June 1999 But the instructor s attitude can t make the female student fail can it Accessibility of Computer Science A Reflection for Faculty Members University of Maryland Department of Computer Science Archived from the original on 5 November 2015 Retrieved 26 October 2013 a b SIIMS Instructions for Authors Archived from the original on 22 October 2022 Retrieved 22 October 2022 a b On alternatives to Lenna Journal of Modern Optics 64 12 1119 1120 2017 Bibcode 2017JMOp 64 1119 doi 10 1080 09500340 2016 1270881 a b Zug Maddie 24 April 2015 A centerfold does not belong in the classroom Washington Post Archived from the original on 13 May 2019 Retrieved 7 July 2015 A note on the Lena image Nature Nanotechnology 13 12 1087 2018 Bibcode 2018NatNa 13Q1087 doi 10 1038 s41565 018 0337 2 PMID 30523301 S2CID 54522374 Express Journals Online Style Guide OPTICS EXPRESS BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS OPTICAL MATERIALS EXPRESS Archived from the original on 22 October 2022 Retrieved 22 October 2022 Edwards Benj 29 March 2024 Playboy image from 1972 gets ban from IEEE computer journals Ars Technica Archived from the original on 30 March 2024 Retrieved 30 March 2024 a b Kibbe Kayla 3 December 2019 How a Nude Playboy Photo Became a Fixture in the Tech World Inside Hook Archived from the original on 24 December 2019 Retrieved 3 November 2021 via San Francisco Chronicle Kinstler Linda 31 January 2019 Finding Lena the Patron Saint of JPEGS Wired Archived from the original on 22 April 2020 Retrieved 1 March 2019 IPA pronunciation of Leena inserted into the quotation in brackets for clarity ˈ l iː n e is a common English pronunciation of the name Lena The quotation reads At her suggestion the editors of Playboy spelled her first name with an extra n to encourage proper pronunciation I didn t want to be called Leena she explained Roberts Lawrence G 1961 Picture Coding Using Pseudo Random Noise Massachusetts Institute of Technology Archived from the original on 26 September 2006 Retrieved 3 February 2017 a b Hutchison Jamie 2001 Culture Communication and an Information Age Madonna PDF IEEE Professional Communication Society Newsletter 45 3 1 5 7 Archived PDF from the original on 18 April 2019 Retrieved 21 January 2019 a b c Pudding The Can Data Die Tracking the Lenna Image The Pudding Archived from the original on 2 November 2021 Retrieved 2 February 2022 a b Thompson Brian J 1992 Editorial Copyright Problems Optical Engineering 31 1 5 Bibcode 1992OptEn 31 5T doi 10 1117 12 60707 The Search for Lena Discovering one Playmate s role in the history of the Internet Playboy Newsdesk Playboy 1997 Archived from the original on 4 July 1997 Retrieved 20 December 2012 Zax David 16 August 2012 A Playboy Model and Nanoscale Printing MIT Technology Review Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 Retrieved 24 September 2013 Rosenberg Chuck 3 November 2001 The Lenna Story Imaging Experts Meet Lenna in Person Carnegie Mellon University Archived from the original on 29 September 2018 Retrieved 3 February 2017 ICIP 2015 Banquet amp Awards Ceremony International Conference on Image Processing 2015 Archived from the original on 12 January 2016 Retrieved 11 March 2016 a b Munson David C Jr 1996 A Note on Lena IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 5 1 3 Bibcode 1996ITIP 5 3M doi 10 1109 TIP 1996 8100841 Archived from the original on 12 April 2023 Retrieved 3 February 2017 Brown Janelle 20 May 1997 Playmate Meets Geeks Who Made Her a Net Star Wired Archived from the original on 22 July 2023 Retrieved 3 February 2017 Needell Deanna Ward Rachel 29 February 2012 Stable image reconstruction using total variation minimization arXiv 1202 6429 cs CV Carron Igor 9 March 2012 I can t believe it s not Lena Nuit Blanche Archived from the original on 10 March 2017 Retrieved 3 February 2017 Every Picture Tells A Story Claremont McKenna College 2 May 2013 Archived from the original on 14 April 2015 Retrieved 3 February 2017 Matthews Richard 12 May 2015 How Fabio and Playboy helped invent the internet The bizarre photos used in research papers revealed The Conversation Archived from the original on 4 February 2017 Retrieved 3 February 2017 Trade body urges removal of Playboy centrefold test image from members journals The Guardian March 31 2024Sources editMayer Gregory 2009 the waterloo image repository uwaterloo ca Archived from the original on 22 July 2023 Retrieved 31 December 2013 The USC SIPI Image Database Viterbi School of Engineering 1981 Archived from the original on 1 January 2023 Retrieved 31 December 2013 cksum misc 4 2 04 tiff 4014024639Further reading editGonzalez Rafael C Woods Richard E 2002 Digital Image Processing 2nd ed Prentice Hall ISBN 978 0 201 18075 6 image used numerous times in chapter 6External links editLenna 97 A Complete Story of Lenna The Lenna Story the original story of Lenna and an un cropped scan of the original Playboy photograph Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lenna amp oldid 1223547761, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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