Legislature XVIII of Italy

The Legislature XVIII of Italy (Italian: XVIII Legislatura della Repubblica Italiana) started on 23 March 2018 and ended on 12 October 2022.^[1][2] The composition of the Chamber of Deputies and of the Senate is the one resulting from the 4 March 2018 election, called after the dissolution of the Parliament announced by President Sergio Mattarella on 28 December 2017.^[3]

Legislature XVIII of Italy XVIII legislatura della Repubblica Italiana
18th legislature
Type
Type	bicameral
Houses	Chamber of Deputies Senate of the Republic
History
Founded	23 March 2018 (2018-03-23)
Disbanded	12 October 2022 (2022-10-12) (4 years, 203 days)
Preceded by	XVII Legislature
Succeeded by	XIX Legislature
Leadership
President of the Senate	Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati, FI since 24 March 2018
President of the Chamber of Deputies	Roberto Fico, M5S since 24 March 2018
Structure
Seats	C: 630 S: 321 (315 + 6)
Chamber of Deputies political groups	Lega (131)   PD (97)   M5S (96)   FI (68)   IpF (49)   FdI (40)   IV (32)   LeU (10)   Mixed (107)
Senate political groups	M5S (62)   Lega (61)   FI (47)   PD (39)   FdI (21)   IV–PSI (15)   CAL (13)   IpF (11)   Aut (8)   Mixed + NI (44)
Elections
Chamber of Deputies voting system	Rosatellum
Senate voting system	Rosatellum
Last general election	4 March 2018
Next general election	25 September 2022
Meeting place
Palazzo Montecitorio, Rome (C)
Palazzo Madama, Rome (S)
Website
www.camera.it/leg18/1 www.senato.it/Leg18/home
Constitution
Constitution of Italy

The members of this legislature have on average the lowest age in the history of the Italian Republic: 44 years old in the Chamber of Deputies and 52 in the Senate.^[4] This legislature has also the largest number of new MPs and the highest percentage of women (34%) in Italian history.^[4]

Government

Prime Minister			Party	Term of office		Government	Composition
				Took office	Left office
		Giuseppe Conte (b. 1964)	Independent	1 June 2018	5 September 2019	Conte I	M5S • Lega
				5 September 2019	13 February 2021	Conte II	M5S • PD • LeU • IV
		Mario Draghi (b. 1947)	Independent	13 February 2021	22 October 2022	Draghi	M5S • Lega • PD • FI • IpF • IV • Art.1 • A • A2050 (National unity government)

Composition

Chamber of Deputies

Main article: List of members of the Italian Chamber of Deputies, 2018–

The number of elected deputies is 630. However, due to resignations, deaths or office incompatibilities, the number of deputies might be lower during the periods in which substitutes are picked (via parties lists or via by-elections).

• President: Roberto Fico (M5S), elected on 24 March 2018
• Vice Presidents: Maria Edera Spadoni (M5S), Ettore Rosato (PD, then IV), Fabio Rampelli (FdI), Mara Carfagna (FI) (until 15 February 2021)

Parliamentary groups in the Chamber of Deputies

Initial composition^[5]					Current composition^[6]
Parliamentary group			Seats		Parliamentary group			Seats	Change	Notes
	Five Star Movement		222			Five Star Movement		96	126	^[note 1]
	League – Salvini Premier		125			League – Salvini Premier		131	6	^[note 2]
	Democratic Party		111			Democratic Party		97	14	^[note 3]
	Forza Italia – Berlusconi for President		104			Forza Italia – Berlusconi for President		68	36	^[note 4]
	Brothers of Italy		32			Brothers of Italy		40	8	^[note 5]
						Together for the Future – Civic Commitment		48	48	^[note 6]
						Italia Viva – Italia C'è		32	32	^[note 7]
						Free and Equal – Article One – Italian Left		10	10	^[note 8]
	Mixed		36			Mixed		107	71	^[note 9]
		Linguistic Minorities	4				Linguistic Minorities	4
		Us with Italy	4				Us with Italy – USEI – Renaissance – ADC	5	1	^[note 10]
		Free and Equal	14						14
							Alternativa	14	14	^[note 11]
							Vinciamo Italia – Italy in the Centre with Toti	10	10	^[note 12]
							Coraggio Italia	11	11	^[note 13]
							Action – +Europe – Italian Radicals	6	6	^[note 14]
							MAIE – PSI – Facciamo Eco	5	5	^[note 15]
							Democratic Centre	5	5	^[note 16]
							Green Europe – European Greens	5	5	^[note 17]
							Manifesta – Power to the People – Communist Refoundation Party – European Left	4	4	^[note 18]
		Non inscrits	14				Non inscrits	38	24	^[note 19]
Total seats			630		Total seats			630

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1. On 26 July 2018, deputy Andrea Mura left the M5S group and joined the mixed group. On 27 September 2018 he resigned from office.
2. On 27 August 2018, deputy Iolanda Nanni died. She was substituted by Valentina Barzotti on 11 September 2018.
3. On 7 December 2018, deputy Matteo Dall'Osso, elected with the M5S, joined the FI group. On 27 May 2021, he joined the CI group. On 29 January 2022, he joined again the FI group. On 13 September 2022, he left the FI group.
4. On 17 April 2019, deputy Sara Cunial, elected with the M5S, joined the Mixed group.
5. On 1 July 2019, deputy Veronica Giannone left the M5S group and joined the Mixed group. On 15 July 2020, she joined the NCI-C!-AdC component of the Mixed group. On 20 January 2021, she joined the FI group. On 14 September 2022, she left the FI group.
6. On 1 July 2019, deputy Gloria Vizzini left the M5S group and joined the Mixed group. On 22 December 2020, she joined the Mixed-CD-IiE component of the Mixed group. On 4 March 2021, she left the Mixed-CD-IiE component.
7. On 10 July 2019, deputy Davide Galantino, elected with the M5S, joined the Mixed group. On 8 October 2019, he left the Mixed group and joined FdI.
8. In 2020, various deputies left the M5S group and joined the Mixed group. Among them: on 3 January 2020, deputies Nunzio Angiola and Gianluca Rospi; on 7 January, deputy Lorenzo Fioramonti; on 14 January, deputy Santi Cappellani; on 21 January, deputies Michele Nitti and Nadia Aprile; on 4 February, deputy Flora Frate; on 18 March, deputy Raffaele Trano; on 24 April, deputy Fabiola Bologna; on 6 May, deputy Rosalba De Giorgi; on 7 August deputy Paolo Lattanzio; on 20 October deputy Paolo Nicolò Romano.
9. On 9 January, deputies Massimiliano De Toma and Rachele Silvestri left the M5S group and joined the Mixed group. On 19 March 2021, they joined the FdI group.
10. On 23 April 2020, deputy Antonio Zennaro left the M5S group and joined the Mixed group. On 6 May 2020, he formed the subgroup Mixed–AP, which he later left on 23 September 2020. On 18 January 2021, he joined the Lega group.
11. On 20 May 2020, deputy Nicola Acunzo left the M5S group and joined the Mixed group. On 15 January 2021, he joined the Mixed–CD–IiE subgroup. On 10 May 2022, he joined the FI group.
12. On 22 June 2020, deputy Alessandra Ermellino left the M5S and joined the Mixed group. On 28 January 2021, she joined the Mixed–CD subgroup.
13. On 2 September 2020, deputy Piera Aiello left the M5S group and joined the Mixed group. On 28 January 2021, she joined the Mixed–CD subgroup. On 30 June 2021, she left the Mixed–CD subgroup.
14. On 21 September 2020 deputy Marco Rizzone left the M5S group and joined the Mixed group; on 10 December deputies Fabio Berardini, Carlo Ugo De Girolamo, Maria Lapia and Antonio Lombardo left the M5S group and joined the Mixed group. On 13 January 2021, Rizzone, Berardini, De Girolamo, Lapia and Lombardo joined the Mixed–CD–IiE subgroup. On 10 March 2021, Lombardo joined the Mixed–Eco–FdV subgroup. On 27 May 2021, Berardini, De Girolamo and Rizzone joined the CI group.
15. On 27 October 2020, deputy Rina De Lorenzo left the M5S group and joined the LeU group.
16. On 23 November 2020, deputy Elisa Siragusa left the M5S group and joined the Mixed group. On 26 November 2020 she joined the Mixed-A-+Eu-Rad subgroup. On 22 February 2021, she left the subgroup. On 10 February 2022, she joined the Mixed–EV subgroup.
17. On 4 February 2021, deputy Emilio Carelli left the M5S group and joined the Mixed group. On 8 June 2021, he joined the CI group. After CI was dissolved, he joined the Mixed group. On 12 July 2022, he joined the IpF group.
18. On 18 February 2021, deputy Giuseppe D'Ambrosio left the M5S group and joined the Mixed group.
19. On 19 February 2021, 21 deputies left the M5S group and joined the Mixed group.
20. On 23 February 2021, twelve former M5S members (Massimo Enrico Baroni, Pino Cabras, Andrea Colletti, Emanuela Corda, Paolo Giuliodori, Alvise Maniero, Maria Laura Paxia, Francesco Sapia, Arianna Spessotto, Rosa Alba Testamento, Raffaele Trano, Andrea Vallascas) that were in the Mixed group, joined to form the Mixed–Alt subgroup. On 24 February 2021, deputy Paolo Romano joined the Mixed–Alt subgroup. On 27 June 2022, deputy Rosa Alba Testamento left the Mixed–Alt subgroup.
21. On 2 March 2021, deputies Yana Chiara Ehm, Cristian Romaniello, and Simona Suriano left the M5S group and joined the Mixed group. On 8 February 2022, deputies Ehm and Suriano joined the Mixed–M–PaP–PRC component. On 10 February 2022, deputy Romaniello joined the Mixed–EV component.
22. On 24 March 2021, deputy Giorgio Trizzino left the M5S group and joined the Mixed group. On 8 April 2022, he joined the Mixed–Az–+Eu–RI subgroup. On 25 August 2022, he left the subgroup.
23. On 21 April 2021, deputy Felice Mariani left the M5S group and joined the Lega group.
24. On 27 May 2021, 24 deputies from different parties formed the new group Coraggio Italia. In particular: Maria Teresa Baldini, Raffale Baratto, Michaela Biancofiore, Felice Maurizio D'Ettore, Matteo Dall'Osso, Marco Marin, Stefano Mugnai, Guido Germano Pettarin, Elisabetta Ripani, Cosimo Sibilia, Simona Vietina from the FI group; Fabiola Bologna, Guido Della Frera, Manuela Gagliardi, Osvaldo Napoli, Claudio Pedrazzini, Gianluca Rospi, Daniela Ruffino, Giorgio Silli from the Mixed–C! subgroup; Fabio Berardini, Carlo Ugo De Girolamo, Marco Rizzone from the Mixed–CD subgroup; Tiziana Piccolo from the Lega group; Martina Parisse from the M5S group. Later on the same day, senator Piccolo returned in the Lega group. On 23 June 2022, the group is dissolved for not meeting the minimum required number of 20 members. On 7 July 2022, CI is formed again as a subgroup of the Mixed group; deputy Piccolo left the Lega group and joined the Mixed–CI subgroup.
25. On 30 June 2021, deputy Emanuela Del Re left her post in the Chamber of Deputies, after being appointed EU Special Representative for Sahel. Her seat (Rome Primavalle) was open for by-election, and was won by the centre-left candidate Andrea Casu (PD). Casu joined the PD group on 11 October 2021.
26. On 12 July 2021, deputy Devis Dori left the M5S group and joined the LeU group. On 10 February 2022, Dori joined the Mixed–EV subgroup.
27. On 15 September 2021, deputy Giovanni Vianello left the M5S and joined the Mixed group. On 9 December 2021, he joined the Mixed–Alt subgroup.
28. On 24 December 2021, deputy Lucia Scanu left the M5S group and joined the Mixed group. On 12 January 2022, she joined the Coraggio Italia group.
29. On 20 January 2022, deputy Bernardo Marino left the M5S group and joined the Mixed group. On 4 May 2022, he joined the IV group.
30. On 3 March 2022, deputy Angela Ianaro left the M5S group and joined the PD group.
31. On 15 April 2022, deputy Francesca Troiano left the M5S group. On 28 June 2022, she joined the IV group.
32. On 21 June 2022, a group of 50 M5S members led by Luigi Di Maio formed the new group Together for the Future (IpF).
33. On 24 June 2022, deputy Lucia Azzolina left the M5S group and joined the IpF group.
34. On 27 June 2022, deputy Vita Martinciglio (originally in the M5S) left the IpF group and joined the M5S group.
35. On 13 July 2022, deputy Francesco Berti left the M5S group and joined the IpF group. On 6 October 2022, he left the IpF group.
36. On 21 July 2022, deputy Maria Soave Alemanno left the M5S group and joined the IV group.
37. On 28 July 2022, deputies Alessandra Carbonaro and Niccolò Invidia left the M5S group and joined the Mixed group; on 29 July deputies Federico D'Incà, Davide Crippa, and Maurizio Cattoi, on 31 July deputy Federica Dieni, and on 9 August deputy Sabrina De Carlo also left the M5S group and joined the Mixed group. On 9 August deputy Dieni joined the IV group.
38. On 9 September 2019, deputy Carmelo Lo Monte left the Lega group and joined the Mixed group. On 21 January 2021, he joined the Mixed–CD subgroup.
39. On 3 December 2019, deputy Antonino Minardo left the FI group and joined the Lega group.
40. On 5 August 2020, deputy Benedetta Fiorini left the FI group and joined the Lega group.
41. On 5 August 2020, the seat of deputy Luca De Carlo (FdI) was reassigned to deputy Giuseppe Paolin (Lega).
42. On 20 November 2020, deputies Maurizio Carrara, Laura Ravetto, and Federica Zanella left the FI group and joined the Lega group.
43. On 19 February 2021, deputy Gianluca Vinci left the Lega group and joined the FdI group.
44. On 26 May 2020, deputy Antonino Germanà left the FI group and joined the Mixed NcI–USEI–C!–AdC subgroup. On 8 April 2021, he joined the Lega group.
45. On 15 May 2020, deputy Francesco Scoma left the FI group and joined the IV group. On 23 September 2021, he left the IV group and joined the Lega group.
46. On 17 May 2022, deputy Francesco Zicchieri left the Lega group. On 21 July 2022, he joined the IV group. On 15 September 2022, he left the IV group.
47. On 24 January 2019, deputy Andrea Frailis replaced former deputy Andrea Mura (M5S) after the result of the by-election in the Cagliari constituency.
48. On 13 June 2019, deputy Daniela Cardinale left the PD group and joined the Mixed group. On 15 January 2021, she joined the Mixed–CD–IiE subgroup.
49. On 19 September 2019, twenty-four deputies from the PD group and one from the Mixed-CP group formed Italia Viva, led by Matteo Renzi. On 24 September 2019, deputy Giacomo Portas also left the PD and joined the IV group.
50. On 23 September 2019, deputies Beatrice Lorenzin and Serse Soverini left the Mixed-CP-AP-PSI-AC group and joined the PD group.
51. On 24 September 2019, deputy Laura Boldrini left LeU and joined the PD group.
52. On 2 December 2019, deputy Paolo Gentiloni left his seat in the Chamber in relation to his appointment as European commissioner in the von der Leyen Commission; his seat (Rome) was opened for by-election, and was won by the centre-left candidate Roberto Gualtieri, minister of Economy and Finance of the Conte II Cabinet. Gualtieri joined the PD group on 4 March 2020. On 4 November 2021, Gualtieri left his seat after being elected mayor of Rome at the 2021 Rome municipal election; his seat (Rome) was opened for by-election, and was won by the centre-left candidate Cecilia D'Elia.
53. On 19 February 2020, deputy Santi Cappellani, elected with the M5S, left the Mixed group and joined the PD group.
54. On 30 September 2020, deputy Nicola Carè leaves the Italia Viva group and joins the PD group.
55. On 4 November 2020, deputy Pier Carlo Padoan left his seat in the Chamber; his seat (Siena) was open for by-election, and was won by the centre-left candidate Enrico Letta, secretary of the Democratic Party and former prime minister. Letta joined the PD group on 6 October 2021.
56. On 10 December 2020, deputies Paolo Lattanzio and Michele Nitti, formerly in the M5S and later into the Mixed group, joined the PD group.
57. On 18 January 2021, deputy Vito De Filippo left the IV group and joined the PD group.
58. On 16 March 2022, deputy Erasmo Palazzotto left the LeU group and joined the PD group.
59. On 18 April 2018, deputy Enrico Costa left the Mixed-NcI group and joined FI. On 4 August 2020 he left FI and joined the Mixed group. On 26 November 2020 he joined the Mixed-A–+Eu–Rad subgroup.
60. On 4 October 2018, deputy Vittorio Sgarbi left the FI group and joined the Mixed group. On 6 December 2019, he joined the Mixed–NcI–USEI subgroup.
61. On 6 May 2019, deputy Giorgio Silli left the FI group and joined the Mixed–10VM group. On 18 December 2019, he joined the Mixed–NcI–USEI–AdC subgroup. On 10 February 2021, he joined the Mixed–C!–PP subgroup. On 27 May 2021, he joined the CI group. On 28 June 2022, he joined the Mixed–VI–IaC subgroup.
62. On 28 August 2019, deputy Galeazzo Bignami left the FI group and joined the FdI group.
63. On 11 September 2019, deputies Stefano Benigni, Manuela Gagliardi, Claudio Pedrazzini and Alessandro Sorte left the FI group and joined the Mixed–C!–10VM group. On 18 December 2019, they joined the Mixed–NcI–USEI–AdC subgroup. On 16 February 2021, they joined the Mixed–C!–PP subgroup. On 27 May 2021, Gagliardi and Pedrazzini joined the CI group; Benigni and Sorte left the Mixed–C!–PP subgroup. On 18 May 2022, Benigni joined again the FI group. On 28 June 2022, Gagliardi joined the Mixed–VI–IaC subgroup.
64. On 20 December 2019, deputy Davide Bendinelli left the FI group and joined the IV group.
65. On 21 January 2021, deputy Renata Polverini left the FI group and joined the Mixed–CD subgroup. On 25 February 2021, she left the Mixed–CD subgroup. On 21 May 2021, she joined back the FI group.
66. On 16 February 2021, deputies Osvaldo Napoli, Daniela Ruffino, and Guido Della Frera left the FI group and joined the Mixed–C!–PP subgroup. On 27 May 2021, they joined the CI group. On 17 March 2022, deputies Napoli and Ruffino left te CI group and joined the Mixed–Az–+Eu–RI subgroup. On 28 June 2022, Della Frera joined the Mixed–VI–IaC subgroup.
67. On 27 July 2021, deputy Giusi Bartolozzi left the FI and joined the Mixed group.
68. On 18 November 2021, deputy Gianluca Rospi (originally a member of the M5S group, then of the Cambiamo! group) left the CI group and joined the FI group.
69. On 30 November 2021, deputy Alessandro Sorte (originally in the FI group) left the Mixed group and re-joined the FI group.
70. On 19 February 2020, deputy Michela Rostan left the LeU group and joined the IV group. On 2 February 2021, she joined the Mixed group. On 3 June 2022, she joined the FI group.
71. On 13 July 2022, deputy Elio Vito (FI) resigned from his seat in the Chamber of Deputies. Deputy Michaela Di Donna was appointed in his stead, and she joined the Mixed group.
72. On 21 July 2022, deputies Renato Brunetta and Mariastella Gelmini left the FI group and joined the Mixed group. On 25 July 2022, deputies Anna Lisa Baroni and Roberto Caon also left the FI group and joined the Mixed group. On 26 July 2022, deputy Giuseppina Versace did so too, as well as deputies Rossella Sessa and Mara Carfagna on 27 July 2022, deputy Luigi Casciello on 28 July 2022, deputy Paolo Russo on 1 August 2022, deputy Antonio Pentangelo on 5 September 2022, and deputy Vincenza Labriola on 14 September 2022.
73. On 6 September 2022, deputy Dario Bond left the FI group and joined the FdI group.
74. On 14 May 2019, deputy Salvatore Caiata left the Mixed–10VM group and joined the FdI group.
75. On 6 August 2020, deputy Maria Teresa Baldini left the FdI group and joined the Mixed group. On 18 August, she joined the FI group. On 27 May 2021, she joined the formation of the CI group. On 23 December 2021, she joined the IV group. On 14 July 2022, she joined the Mixed–CI subgroup.
76. On 22 July 2021, deputy Giovanni Russo, who was elected with the M5S and had switched to the Mixed group, joined the FdI group.
77. On 9 September 2022, deputy Gianfranco Di Sarno left the IpF group and joined the FdI group.
78. On 9 September 2022, deputy Felice Maurizio D'Ettore left the Mixed–VI–IaC subgroup and joined the FdI group.
79. On 24 February 2022, Lombardo (originally a M5S member, then into the Mixed–CD group, then into the Mixed–Eco–FdV group) left the Mixed–MAIE–PSI–Eco subgroup; on 1 March 2022, he joined the CI group. On 21 June 2022, he joined the newly formed IpF group. On 5 September 2022, he left the IpF group and joined the Mixed group.
80. On 8 September 2022, deputy Margherita Del Sesto left the IpF group and joined the Mixed group.
81. On 17 October 2019, deputy Catello Vitiello left the Mixed–C!–10VM group and joined IV.
82. On 25 October 2019, deputy Giuseppina Occhionero left the LeU group and joined the IV group.
83. On 26 November 2020, deputies Nunzio Angiola and Flora Frate, formerly in the M5S group and later into the Mixed group, joined the Mixed-A-+Eu-Rad subgroup. On 25 May 2021, Frate left the subgroup. On 23 December 2021, Frate joined the IV group.
84. On 3 March 2021, deputy Rossella Muroni left the LeU group and joined the Mixed group. On 10 March 2021, she joined the Mixed–Eco–FdV subgroup.
85. On 4 June 2021, deputy Jessica Costanzo joined the Mixed–Alt subgroup. On 6 May 2022, she left the subgroup.
86. On 1 December 2021, deputy Claudio Pedrazzini (originally a member of FI) left the CI group and joined the Mixed group. On 11 March 2022, he joined the Mixed–Az–+Eu–RI subgroup.
87. On 8 May 2018, deputy Eugenio Sangregorio (Mixed group) joined the Mixed–NcI–USEI component.
88. On 11 March 2021, deputy Francesco Forciniti (Mixed group) joined the Mixed–Alt subgroup.
89. On 19 May 2021, deputy Leda Volpi joined the Mixed–Alt subgroup.
90. On 20 May 2021, deputy Maria Laura Paxia left the Mixed–Alt subgroup.
91. On 28 October 2021, deputy Massimo Enrico Baroni, originally a M5S member, left the Mixed–Alt subgroup. On 27 April 2022, he joined back the Mixed–Alt subgroup.
92. On 17 November 2021, deputy Raphael Raduzzi of the Mixed–N.I. group joined the Mixed–Alt subgroup.
93. On 10 February, deputy Paolo Nicolò Romano left the Mixed–Alt subgroup and joined the Mixed–EV group.
94. On 16 June 2022, deputy Simona Vietina, elected with FI and then switched to CI, left the CI group and joined the Mixed group. On 28 June 2022, she joined the Mixed–VI–IaC subgroup.
95. On 28 June 2022, deputies Marco Marin, Stefano Mugnai, Guido Germano Pettarin, Simona Vietina, Cosimo Sibilia, Felice Maurizio D'Ettore, Elisabetta Ripani, Giorgio Silli, Manuela Gagliardi, Fabiola Bologna, and Guido Della Frera (all formerly in the Coraggio Italia group) formed the Mixed–VI–IaC component of the Mixed group.
96. On 7 July 2022, deputies Mario Alejandro Borghese and Antonio Tasso left the Mixed–MAIE–PSI subgroup and joined the Mixed–CI subgroup.
97. On 26 November 2020, deputy Riccardo Magi left the Mixed-CD-IiE subgroup and joined the Mixed-A-+Eu-Rad subgroup.
98. On 23 September 2020, deputy Fausto Longo (Mixed–NI) joined the Mixed-AP subgroup. On 26 January 2021, he joined the Mixed–MAIE subgroup.
99. On 10 March 2021, deputies Lorenzo Fioramonti and Rossella Muroni, who were in the Mixed group, deputies Alessadro Fusacchia and Antonio Lombardo, who were in the Mixed–CD subgroup, and deputy Andrea Cecconi, who was in the Mixed–MAIE subgroup, formed the new Mixed–Eco–FdV component. On 1 August 2021, deputies Cecconi, Fioramonti, Fusacchia, Lombardo and Muroni merged the Mixed–Eco subgroup into the Mixed–MAIE–PSI–ECO subgroup.
100. On 30 March 2022, deputy Rosa Menga, formerly a M5S member until 19 February 2021, joined the Mixed–EV group.
101. On 8 February 2022, deputy Silvia Benedetti joined the Mixed–M–PaP–PRC component.
102. On 8 February 2022, deputy Doriana Sarli joined the Mixed–M–PaP–PRC component.
103. On 6 May 2020, deputies Gianluca Rospi, Michele Nitti and Antonio Zennaro formed the subgroup "Popolo Protagonista – Popular Alternative" in the Mixed group. On 16 June 2020, deputy Fabiola Bologna (Mixed–NI) joined the PP-AP group. On 23 September 2020, Nitti and Zennaro leave the Mixed–AP subgroup and become therefore non-inscrits. On 26 January 2021, the Mixed–AP subgroup is dissolved, therefore Bologna and Rospi become non-inscrits. On 10 February 2021, Bologna and Rospi form the Mixed–PP–AP subgroup of the Mixed group. On 27 May 2021, Bologna and Rospi joined the CI group. On 28 June 2022, Bologna joined the Mixed–VI–IaC subgroup.

Senate

See also: List of members of the Italian Senate, 2018-

In this legislature the number of elected Senators was 314, instead of the usual 315: in the Sicily constituency the total number of assigned seats to the M5S exceeded the number of candidates in the party's list.^[7] Including the six life senators, the total number of senators was therefore 320. On 31 July 2019, the Senate commission on elections finalized a decision about the missing seat in Sicily, assigning it to the M5S.^[8] The total number of senators is currently 321.

• President: Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati (FI), elected on 24 March 2018
• Vice Presidents: Roberto Calderoli (Lega), Ignazio La Russa (FdI), Paola Taverna (M5S), Anna Rossomando (PD)

Parliamentary groups in the Senate of the Republic

Initial composition^[9]					Current composition^[10]
Parliamentary group			Seats		Parliamentary group			Seats	Change	Notes
	Five Star Movement		109			Five Star Movement		62	47	^[note 1]
	Forza Italia Berlusconi for President		61			Forza Italia Berlusconi for President – UDC		47	14	^[note 2]
	League – Salvini Premier		58			League – Salvini Premier – Sardinian Action Party		61	3	^[note 3]
	Democratic Party		52			Democratic Party		38	14	^[note 4]
	Brothers of Italy		18			Brothers of Italy		21	3	^[note 5]
	For the Autonomies		8			For the Autonomies		8
						Italia Viva – PSI		15	15	^[note 6]
						United for the Constitution – C.A.L. (Constitution, Environment, Labour) – Alternativa – PC – Ancora Italia – Progetto SMART – IdV		13	13	^[note 7]
						Together for the Future – Democratic Centre		11	11	^[note 8]
	Mixed		12			Mixed		42	30	^[note 9]
		Free and Equal	4				Free and Equal – Eco-solidarity	6	2	^[note 10]
		More Europe	1				+Europe – Action	4	3	^[note 11]
		PSI – MAIE – USEI	3						3
							Italia al centro (IdeA – Cambiamo!, Europeanists, Us of the Centre)	9	9	^[note 12]
							Italexit for Italy – Human Value Party	4	4	^[note 13]
							MAIE – Coraggio Italia	3	3	^[bi]^[ah]^[n]
							ManifestA – Power to the People – Communist Refoundation Party – European Left	2	2	^[bj]^[b]
		Non inscrits	4				Non inscrits	14	10	^[note 14]
	Non-inscrit Life Senators		2			Non-inscrit Life Senators		2
Total seats			320		Total seats			320

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3. ^{[z][ao][ap][aq][g][ab][m][k][ar][as][at][au]}
4. ^{[ap][av][aa][aw][ax][ay][az][p][ba][bb]}
5. ^{[bc][ar][o][aj]}
6. ^{[aa][aw][ac][az][as][bd][u]}
7. ^{[be][bf][r][at][v]}
8. ^[w][x]
9. ^{[aa][h][i][j][l][q][a][e][t][at][w][al][an][bb]}
10. ^[f][bg]
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1. On 3 January 2019, senators Saverio De Bonis and Gregorio De Falco joined the Mixed group. On 18 November 2020, senator De Falco joined the Mixed-+Eu-A subgroup. On 30 December 2020, senator De Bonis joined the Mixed-MAIE subgroup. On 26 January 2021, both joined the new Europeanists group. On 30 March 2021, after the dissolution of the Eur group, they joined the Mixed group. On 19 January 2022, senator De Bonis joined the FI group.
2. On 29 June 2019, senator Paola Nugnes left the M5S group and joined the Mixed group. On 11 September 2019, she joined the Mixed–LeU group. On 29 April 2021, she left the Mixed–LeU subgroup. On 24 June 2022, she joined the Mixed–ManifestA subgroup.
3. On 1 August 2019, senator Emma Pavanelli joined the M5S group, filling the missing M5S seat in Sicily.
4. On 24 September 2019, senator Gelsomina Vono left the M5S group and joined IV. On 19 January 2022, she joined the FI group.
5. On 6 November 2019, senator Elena Fattori left the M5S group and joined the Mixed group. On 12 January 2021, she joined the Mixed–LeU subgroup. On 29 April 2021, she left the Mixed–LeU subgroup.
6. On 22 November 2019, senator Franco Ortolani (M5S) passed away; his seat (Naples) was opened for by-election, and was won by the centre-left candidate Sandro Ruotolo, who on 5 March 2020 became Senator joining the Mixed group. On 29 April 2021, Ruotolo joined the Mixed–LeU–Eco subgroup.
7. On 11 December 2019, senators Ugo Grassi, Stefano Lucidi and Francesco Urraro left the M5S group and joined the Lega group. On 17 May 2022, Grassi left the Lega group. On 6 June 2022, Grassi joined the Mixed–IaC subgroup.
8. On 4 January 2020, senator Gianluigi Paragone was expelled from the M5S and joined the Mixed group. On 14 September 2021, he joined the Mixed–I–PVU subgroup.
9. On 15 January 2020, senator Luigi Di Marzio left the M5S group and joined the Mixed group.
10. On 4 February 2020, after being expelled from the M5S, senator Lello Ciampolillo left its group and joined the Mixed group.
11. On 17 March 2020, senator Vittoria Bogo Deledda (M5S) died; her seat was opened for by-election, and was won by the centre-right candidate Carlo Doria, who on 5 October 2020 joined the Lega group.
12. On 24 April 2020, senator Mario Michele Giarrusso left the M5S group and joined the Mixed group. On 14 September 2021, he joined the Mixed–I–PVU subgroup.
13. On 23 June 2020, senator Alessandra Riccardi left the M5S group and joined the Lega group.
14. On 20 October 2020, senator Marinella Pacifico left the M5S group and joined the Mixed group. On 29 March 2021, she joined the Mixed–IeC subgroup. On 21 June 2022, she left the Mixed–IaC subgroup. On 11 July 2022, she joined the Mixed–MAIE–CI subgroup.
15. On 27 October 2020, senator Tiziana Carmela Rosaria Drago left the M5S group and joined the Mixed group. On 18 March 2021, she joined the FdI group.
16. On 11 November 2020, senator Gianni Marilotti left the M5S group and joined the Aut group. On 26 January 2021, he joined the Europeanists group. On 30 March 2021, after the dissolution of the Eur group, he joined the Mixed group. On 15 April, he joined the PD group.
17. On 19 February 2021, 15 senators left the M5S group and joined the Mixed group.
18. On 25 February 2021, senator Emanuele Dessì left the M5S group and joined the Mixed group. On 11 November 2021, Dessì formed the Mixed–PC component. On 27 April 2022, he joined the CAL–PC–IdV group.
19. On 8 March 2021, senator Francesco Mollame left the M5S group and joined the Mixed group. On 14 April 2021, he joined the Lega group. On 6 May 2022, he joined the Mixed–IaC subgroup.
20. On 28 July 2021, senator Elena Botto left the M5S group and joined the Mixed group.
21. On 19 January 2022, senator Elvira Lucia Evangelista left the M5S group and joined the IV group.
22. On 18 May 2022, senator Vito Rosario Petrocelli left the M5S group and joined the CAL group.
23. On 21 June 2022, 10 senators from the M5S group belonging to Together for the Future (IpF) joined the Mixed group. On 29 June 2022, they formed the IpF group.
24. On 14 July 2022, senator Cinzia Leone left the M5S group and joined the IpF–CD group.
25. On 18 July 2022, senator Fabio Di Micco, originally a member of M5S and later in the Mixed group, joined the M5S group again.
26. On 30 July 2019, the election of senator Matteo Salvini (Lega) was invalidated. On 1 August 2019, senator Fulvia Michela Caligiuri replaced him, and joined the FI group.
27. On 18 September 2019, thirteen senators from the PD (including Matteo Renzi and Teresa Bellanova), one from FI (Donatella Conzatti) and one from the Mixed group (Riccardo Nencini) formed the IV—PSI group.
28. On 2 June 2020, senator Elena Testor left the FI group and joined the Lega group.
29. On 1 July 2020, senator Vincenzo Carbone left the FI group and joined IV.
30. On 22 July 2020, senators Gaetano Quagliariello, Paolo Romani and Massimo Vittorio Berutti left the FI group and joined the Mixed group. On 5 August they create the component IdeA–Cambiamo! of the Mixed group.
31. On 28 July 2020, senator Alessandrina Lonardo left the FI group and joined the Mixed group. On 23 December 2021, she joined the Mixed–I–C–EU–NdC subgroup.
32. On 11 October 2020, senator Raffaele Fantetti left the FI group and joined the Mixed-MAIE subgroup. On 26 January 2021, he joined the new Europeanists group. On 30 March 2021, after the dissolution of the Eur group, he joined the Mixed group. On 6 May 2021, he joined the Mixed–IeC subgroup.
33. On 26 January 2021, senator Maria Rosaria Rossi left the FI group and joined the Europeanists group. On 30 March 2021, after the dissolution of the Eur group, she joined the Mixed–IeC group.
34. On 26 January 2021, senator Andrea Causin left the FI group and joined the Europeanists group. On 30 March 2021, after the dissolution of the Eur group, he joined the Mixed group. On 23 December 2021, he joined the Mixed–I–C–EU–NdC subgroup. On 10 July 2022, he left the Mixed–IaC subgroup and joined the Mixed–MAIE–CI subgroup.
35. On 27 May 2021, senator Sandro Mario Biasotti left the FI group and joined the Mixed group. On 7 June 2021, he joined the Mixed–IeC component.
36. On 18 July 2021, senator Lucio Malan left the FI group and joined the FdI group.
37. On 1 February 2022, senator Barbara Masini left the FI group and joined the Mixed–+Eu–Az subgroup.
38. On 20 July 2022, senator Andrea Cangini left FI and joined the Mixed group.
39. On 17 August 2022, senator Niccolò Ghedini died.
40. On 29 August 2022, senators Domenico De Siano and Luigi Cesaro left the FI group and joined the Mixed group.
41. On 31 July 2019, the election of senator Kristalia Rachele Papaevangeliu (Lega) was invalidated. Senator Matteo Salvini replaced her, and joined the Lega group.
42. On 31 July 2019, the election of senator Edoardo Patriarca (PD) was invalidated. Senator Stefano Corti replaced his seat, and joined the Lega group.
43. On 2 December 2019, governor of Umbria Donatella Tesei (Lega) left her seat in the Senate; the seat was opened for by-election, and was won by the centre-right candidate Valeria Alessandrini (Lega). Alessandrini joined the group on 18 March.
44. On 12 October 2020, senator Claudio Barbaro left the Lega group and joined the Mixed group. On 9 December 2020, he joined the FdI group.
45. On 6 August 2021, senator Valeria Sudano left the IV–PSI group and joined the Lega group.
46. On 17 November 2021, senator Rosellina Sbrana left the Lega group and joined the Mixed group. On 27 April 2022, she joined the CAL–PC–IdV group.
47. On 17 February 2022, senator William De Vecchis left the Lega group and joined the Mixed–Italexit subgroup.
48. On 10 September 2019, senator Matteo Richetti left the PD group and joined the Mixed group. On 18 November 2020 he joined the Mixed-+Eu-A subgroup.
49. On 7 October 2019, senator Annamaria Parente left the PD group and joined IV.
50. On 25 February 2020, senator Tommaso Cerno left the PD group and joined the Mixed group. On 18 January 2021, he joined the PD group again.
51. On 26 January 2021, senator Tatjana Rojc left the PD group and joined the Europeanists group. On 30 March 2021, she joined back the PD group after the dissolution of the Eur group.
52. On 21 March 2021, senator Eugenio Comincini left the IV group and joined the PD group.
53. On 12 January 2022, senator Fabio Porta was appointed to the seat left by senator Adriano Cario, after his invalidation.
54. On 6 September 2022, senator Gianni Pittella left the PD group and joined the Mixed group.
55. On 15 June 2020, senator Stefano Bertacco (FdI) died; his seat was opened for by-election, and was held by the centre-right, with candidate Luca De Carlo becoming Senator, and joining the FdI group on 5 October 2020.
56. On 4 December 2021, senator Leonardo Grimani left the IV group and joined the Mixed group. On 4 May 2022, he joined the Mixed–+E–A subgroup.
57. On 27 April 2022, the group C.A.L.–PC–IdV is formed; senators Rosa Silvana Abate, Luisa Angrisani, Margherita Corrado, Mattia Crucioli, Bianca Laura Granato, Virginia La Mura, Barbara Lezzi, and Rosellina Sbrana from the Mixed group join the group. On 3 May 2022, senators Silvana Giannuzzi and Cataldo Mininno from the Mixed group also joined the group.
58. On 20 July 2021, senator Elio Lannutti (former M5S) forms the Mixed–IdV subgroup. On 27 April 2022, he joined the CAL–PC–IdV group.
59. On 19 January 2021, senator Maurizio Buccarella (Mixed group) joined the subgroup Mixed–MAIE–It23. On 26 January 2021, he joined the Europeanists group. On 30 March 2021, after the dissolution of the Eur group, he joined the Mixed group. On 29 April 2021, he joined the Mixed–LeU–Eco subgroup.
60. On 14 September 2021, senators Gianluigi Paragone, Carlo Martelli, and Mario Michele Giarrusso formed the Mixed–I–PVU subgroup.
61. On 26 January 2021, all the senators from the Mixed–MAIE subgroup moved to the new group Europeanists–MAIE–CD. On 30 March 2021, after the dissolution of the Eur group, the MAIE senators (Adriano Cario and Ricardo Merlo) formed the Mixed–MAIE subgroup. On 22 November 2021, the Mixed–MAIE subgroup was dissolved. On 2 December 2021, the election of senator Adriano Cario was invalidated due to election fraud allegations. On the same day, senator Ricardo Antonio Merlo formed the Mixed–MAIE subgroup again.
62. On 20 July 2021, senator Matteo Mantero (former M5S) forms the Mixed–PaP subgroup.
63. On 22 June 2021, former M5S senators Luisa Angrisani, Margherita Corrado, Mattia Crucioli, and Bianca Laura Granato formed the Mixed–Alt–LPC subgroup. On 9 November 2021, the subgroup was dissolved.

Main legislative acts

• Dignity decree (Italian: decreto dignità), approved on 7 August 2018. The bill imposed additional limits on the temporary employment contracts, issued fines on companies which received government aid and decide to relocate abroad, and banned advertising of gambling operators.^[11]
• Security decree (Italian: decreto sicurezza), or Salvini decree, approved on 28 November 2018. Strongly pushed by then Interior Minister Matteo Salvini, the bill involves measures regarding public safety and immigration. The new legislation abolished the status of humanitarian protection, extended the period of immigration detention in the Italian identification centres, increased funding for repatriation, extended the list of crimes that imply a nullification of refugee or protection status, and introduced the possibility of canceling the Italian citizenship acquired by a foreigner citizen in case they committed a terrorism-related crime.^[12]
• Anti-corruption decree (Italian: decreto anti-corruzione), also known as "Spazza-corrotti" (English: corruption-sweeper), approved on 18 December 2018. The decree increased the punishment and introduced a ban from public service for officers convicted for corruption, reformed the statute of limitations by expanding the time span for prescription, and included new rules for the regulation of political party funding.^[13]
• 2019 budget law (Italian: legge di bilancio 2019), approved on 30 December 2018. The bill introduced new taxes on web-based businesses and a strategy to drive up government revenues by selling public properties. The 2019 budget included a target deficit of 2.04% of the GDP, meeting the requests of the European Commission after a first proposal of 2.4%.^[14]
• Citizens' income and "quota 100" decree (Italian: decreto reddito di cittadinanza e quota 100), approved on 27 March 2019. The bill introduced a means-tested "citizens' income" to support poor families of up to 780 euros per month for a single unemployed person, and up to 1032 euros per month for a family. The bill also lowered the age of retirement based on the "100 quota": workers can retire when the sum of their age and their pension contribution years adds up to 100.^[15]
• Self-defense decree (Italian: decreto legittima difesa), approved on 28 March 2019. The bill introduced limitations to legal action against persons who attack an intruder, legitimating the self-defense also in case of "perceived" threat.^[16]
• Economic growth decree (Italian: decreto crescita), approved on 27 June 2019. After two consecutive quarters of negative national growth, the government passed a bill introducing various tax cuts and investment boosts.^[17]
• Security (no. 2) decree (Italian: decreto sicurezza – bis), approved on 5 August 2019. The bill covers mainly two topics: migrant rescue at sea, and public order management during demonstrations. The bill allowed the Interior Minister to limit or forbid the passage of ships in national waters for security and public-order reasons, and issued sanctions up to 1 million euros and possibly the seizure of the vessel against the ship captains who violate this law. Regarding public order management, the bill introduces harsher punishments for the usage of rockets, petards, sticks, bats, and helmets during demonstrations, and for the interruption of a public service.^[18]
• Constitutional law – Reduction of the number of MPs (Italian: legge costituzionale – riduzione del numero dei parlamentari), approved on 8 October 2019. The constitutional law reduces the size of the two houses of Parliament, from 630 to 400 in the Chamber of Deputies and from 315 to 200 in the Senate.^[19]
• Climate decree (Italian: decreto clima), approved on 10 December 2019. The bill is the first step of the government proposed "Green New Deal" plan; it introduced incentives for reducing the use of plastic packaging by shopkeepers, and incentives to car, moped or scooter drivers to use public transport in their cities.^[20]
• 2020 budget law (Italian: legge di bilancio 2020), approved on 24 December 2019. This budget law was the first of the Conte II cabinet, and introduced tax cuts and a crack-down on tax evasion. The budget keeps the Italian deficit for 2020 at 2.2% of the GDP, and introduced safeguard clauses in order to keep the 2021 deficit at 1.8%, like the previously planned target agreed with the European Commission.^[21]
• 2021 budget law (Italian: legge di bilancio 2021), approved on 23 December 2020. It introduced, among other things, new tax cuts and incentives to buy electric cars. The budget targets the fiscal deficit to fall to 7% of GDP in 2021.^[22]
• 2022 budget law (Italian: legge di bilancio 2022), approved on 30 December 2021. Among other things, it lowered the number of income tax bands from five to four, and replaced the "100 quota" with the "102 quota": workers can retire when the sum of their age and their pension contribution years adds up to 102 rather than to 100 like it was since 2019. The budget targets the fiscal deficit to fall to 5.6% of GDP in 2022.^[23]
• Constitutional law - Right to vote at age 18 in Senate elections (Italian: legge costituzionale - diritto al voto per i diciottenni al Senato), approved on 8 July 2021. This constitutional law modifies article 58 of the Italian Constitution, and lowers the minimum voting age for Senate elections from 25 to 18.^[24]

Legislation related to the COVID-19 pandemic

See also: COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in Italy

In order to counter the health, economic, and social effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Italian government enacted multiple legislative acts, usually of the type known as "decree of the President of the Council of ministers" (Italian: decreto del Presidente del Consiglio dei ministri) or DPCM.^[25] Most of these decrees were later approved by both houses of Parliament.

• COVID decree (Italian: decreto Covid), approved on 4 March 2020. This decree imposed a full lockdown in 10 comuni in Lombardy and one in Veneto; additionally, it imposed a partial lockdown in Lombardy, Veneto, Emilia-Romagna, and the provinces of Savona and Pesaro-Urbino.^[26]
• Cure Italy decree Italian: decreto Cura Italia, approved on 24 April 2020. This decree introduced measures to support the national health service and to enhance financial aid to businesses, workers, and families that were hit by the pandemic. The government allocated 25 billion euros to fund these measures.^[27]
• Relaunch decree (Italian: decreto rilancio), approved on 16 July 2020. This decree expanded and enhanced the measures taken in the previous "Cure Italy decree", with an allocated funding of additional 54.9 billion euros.^[28]
• Green pass decree (Italian: decreto green pass), approved on 15 September 2021. It introduced the requirement that a person show a EU Digital COVID Certificate in order to access certain venues, such as cafes, hospitals, restaurants and theatres. Subsequent amendments extended the requirement to cover all workplaces as well, and introduced fines for unvaccinated people older than 50. Most of the provisions contained in the decree ceased to have effect in June 2022.

References

1. "XVIII Legislatura - Home Page". camera.it. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
2. "senato.it - Senato della Repubblica". www.senato.it. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
3. Casalini, Simona (28 December 2017). "Mattarella scioglie le Camere, si vota il 4 marzo" [Mattarella dissolves the Parliament, election is on 4 March]. La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 10 February 2019.
4. Rapisarda, Carmelo (11 March 2018). "Mai un Parlamento così 'nuovo', con tanti giovani e tante donne. Un rapporto" [Never was a Parliament 'newer', with as many young (MPs) and female (MPs). A report]. AGI (in Italian). Retrieved 10 February 2019.
5. "XVIII Legislatura - Deputati e Organi - Modifiche Intervenute". www.camera.it.
6. "XVIII Legislatura - Deputati e Organi - Composizione Gruppi Parlamentari". www.camera.it. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
7. "Il Movimento 5 Stelle ha eletto troppi parlamentari" [The Five Star Movement elected too many MPs]. Il Post (in Italian). 8 March 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
8. "Legislatura 18ª - Aula - Ordine del giorno della seduta n. 140 del 31/07/2019". www.senato.it (in Italian). Retrieved 4 September 2019.
9. "senato.it - Variazioni dei Gruppi parlamentari". www.senato.it.
10. "senato.it - Composizione dei Gruppi parlamentari". www.senato.it.
11. "Italy's Conte Government's First Decree - Decreto Dignità". Equinox Advisory. 3 July 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
12. Camilli, Annalisa (27 November 2018). "Cosa prevede il decreto sicurezza e immigrazione". Internazionale (in Italian). Retrieved 26 December 2019.
13. "Anticorruzione, in Gazzetta la legge spazzacorrotti". Altalex (in Italian). Retrieved 26 December 2019.
14. Graham, Darin (29 December 2018). "Italy's parliament approves 2019 budget in confidence vote". euronews. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
15. "Italian government approves overhaul of welfare and pensions". www.thelocal.it. 18 January 2019. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
16. "Italy just made it easier to claim self-defence if you hurt or kill an intruder". www.thelocal.it. 28 March 2019. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
17. "Italian government wins confidence vote on economic growth decree". Reuters. 21 June 2019. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
18. Camilli, Annalisa (24 July 2019). "Tutto quello che c'è da sapere sul decreto sicurezza bis". Internazionale (in Italian). Retrieved 26 December 2019.
19. "Italy shrinks parliament 'to save €1bn'". 8 October 2019. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
20. Giuffrida, Angela (10 October 2019). "Italy proposes to cut prices for food sold without packaging". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
21. Fonte, Giuseppe; Jones, Gavin (16 October 2019). "Italy's cabinet approves 2020 budget that cuts taxes, targets evaders". Reuters. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
22. "Italy faces confidence vote on 2021 budget amid Renzi tensions". Reuters. 22 December 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
23. "Italy parliament gives final approval to 2022 budget". 30 December 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
24. "Italian Senate endorses lowering voting age from 25 to 18". euronews. 8 July 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
25. "Misure per il contenimento e gestione dell'emergenza epidemiologica". www.governo.it (in Italian). 20 March 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
26. "DECRETO-LEGGE 23 febbraio 2020, n. 6". www.gazzettaufficiale.it. Gazzetta Ufficiale. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
27. "Decreto Cura Italia: testo e novità per imprese e famiglie". Money.it (in Italian). 17 March 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
28. "Decreto Rilancio spiegato: testo, bonus e novità. La guida". Money.it (in Italian). 16 July 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.