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Laziness

January 01, 1970

See also: Lethargy
For the computer science concept, see Lazy evaluation.

Laziness (also known as indolence or sloth) is disinclination to activity or exertion despite having the ability to act or to exert oneself. It is often used as a pejorative; terms for a person seen to be lazy include "couch potato", "slacker", and "bludger". Related concepts include sloth, a Christian sin, abulia, a medical term for reduced motivation, and lethargy, a state of lacking energy.

Scene in club lounge, by Thomas Rowlandson

Despite the famed neurologist Sigmund Freud's discussion of the "pleasure principle", Leonard Carmichael noted in 1954 that "laziness" is not a word that appears in the table of contents of most technical books on psychology".[1] A 1931 survey found high-school students more likely to attribute their failing performance to laziness, while teachers ranked "lack of ability" as the major cause, with laziness coming in second.[2] Laziness should not be confused with avolition, a negative symptom of certain mental and neurodevelopmental disorders such as depression, ADHD, ASD, sleep disorders, substance use disorders and schizophrenia.[3][4]

Psychology edit

Laziness may reflect a lack of self-esteem, a lack of positive recognition by others, a lack of discipline stemming from low self-confidence, or a lack of interest in the activity or belief in its efficacy.[5] Laziness may manifest as procrastination or vacillation. Studies of motivation suggest that laziness may be caused by a decreased level of motivation, lack of interest, and confidence which in turn can be caused by over-stimulation or excessive impulses or distractions. These increase the release of dopamine, a neurotransmitter responsible for reward and pleasure. The more dopamine that is released, the greater intolerance one has for valuing and accepting productive and rewarding action.[6][full citation needed] This desensitization leads to dulling of the neural patterns and affects negatively the anterior insula of the brain responsible for risk perception.[7]

ADHD specialists say engaging in multiple activities can cause behavioral problems such as attention/focus failure, perfectionism, and pessimism. In these circumstances, laziness can manifest as a negative coping mechanism (aversion), the desire to avoid certain situations to counter certain experiences, and preconceived ill results.[8] Lacanian thought says "laziness is the "acting out" of archetypes from societal programming and negative child-rearing practices." Thomas Goetz, University of Konstanz, Germany, and John Eastwood, York University, Canada, concur that aversive states such as laziness can be equally adaptive for making change[9] and toxic if allowed to fester. An outlook found to be helpful in their studies is "being mindful and not looking for ways out of it, simultaneously to be also open to creative and active options if they should arise." They point out that a relentless engaging in activities without breaks can cause oscillations of failure,[10] which may result in mental health issues.[11]

It has also been shown that laziness can render one apathetic to reactant mental health issues such as anger, anxiety, indifference, substance abuse, and depression.

Related concepts edit

Economics edit

See also: Protestant work ethic and Achievement ideology

Economists have differing views of laziness. Frédéric Bastiat argues that idleness is the result of people focusing on the pleasant immediate effects of their actions rather than potentially more positive long-term consequences. Others note that humans seem to have a tendency to seek after leisure. Hal Cranmer writes, "For all these arguments against laziness, it is amazing we work so hard to achieve it. Even those hard-working Puritans were willing to break their backs every day in exchange for an eternity of lying around on a cloud and playing the harp. Every industry is trying to do its part to give its customers more leisure time."[13] Ludwig von Mises writes, "The expenditure of labor is deemed painful. Not to work is considered a state of affairs more satisfactory than working. Leisure is, other things being equal, preferred to travail (work). People work only when they value the return of labor higher than the decrease in satisfaction brought about by the curtailment of leisure. To work involves disutility."[14]

Literary edit

Laziness in American literature is figured as a fundamental problem with social and spiritual consequences. In 1612 John Smith in his A Map of Virginia is seen using a jeremiad to address idleness. In the 1750s this sort of advocating reached its apex in literature. David Bertelson in The Lazy South (1767) expressed this as a substitution of "spiritual industry" over "patriotic industry". Writers like William Byrd went to a great extent and censured North Carolina as land of lubbers. Thomas Jefferson in his Notes on the State of Virginia (1785) acknowledges a small portion of the people have only seen labor and identifies the cause of this indolence to the rise of "slave-holding" society. Jefferson raised his concerns what this deleterious system will bring to the economic system. Later by the 1800s the rise of Romanticism changed attitudes of the society, values of work were re-written; stigmatization of idleness was overthrown with glamorous notions. John Pendleton Kennedy was a prominent writer in romanticizing sloth and slavery: in Swallow Barn (1832) he equated idleness and its flow as living in oneness with nature. Mark Twain in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885) contrasts realist and romantic perspective of "laziness" and calls attention to the essential convention of aimlessness and transcendence that connects the character. In 20th century the poor whites were portrayed in the grotesque caricatures of early southern laziness. In Flannery O'Connor's Wise Blood (1952) and Good Country People (1955) she depicts spiritual backwardness as the cause for disinclination to work. The lack of any social function which could be valued equally with a luxurious lifestyle was closely portrayed through lives of displaced aristocrats and their indolence. Jason Compson, Robert Penn Warren and William Styron were some of the writers who explored this perspective. The lack of meaningful work was defined as a void which aristocrats needed to fill with pompous culture; Walker Percy is a writer who has thoroughly mined the subject. Percy's characters are often exposed to the emptiness (spiritual sloth) of contemporary life, and come to rectify it with renewed spiritual resources.[15]

Religion edit

Christianity edit

Main article: Sloth (deadly sin)

One of the Catholic seven deadly sins is sloth, which is often defined as spiritual and/or physical apathy or laziness. Sloth is discouraged in Hebrews 6:12 and 2 Thessalonians, and associated with wickedness in one of the parables of Jesus in the Gospel of Matthew (Matthew 25:26). In the Wisdom books of Proverbs and Ecclesiastes, it is stated that laziness can lead to poverty (Proverbs 10:4, Ecclesiastes 10:18).[16][17] According to Peter Binsfeld's Binsfeld's Classification of Demons, Belphegor is thought to be its chief demon.[18]

Islam edit

The Arabic term used in the Quran for laziness, inactivity and sluggishness is كَسَل (kasal).[19] The opposite of laziness is Jihad al-Nafs, i.e. the struggle against the self, against one's own ego. Among the five pillars of Islam, praying five times a day and fasting during Ramaḍān are part of actions against laziness.

Buddhism edit

Main article: Kausīdya

In Buddhism, the term kausīdya is commonly translated as "laziness" or "spiritual sloth". Kausīdya is defined as clinging to unwholesome activities such as lying down and stretching out, procrastinating, and not being enthusiastic about or engaging in virtuous activity.

In selected societies edit

Southern United States edit

From 1909 to 1915, the Rockefeller Sanitary Commission for the Eradication of Hookworm Disease sought to eradicate hookworm infestation from 11 southern U.S. states. Hookworms were popularly known as "the germ of laziness" because they produced listlessness and weakness in the people they infested. Hookworms infested 40 percent of southerners and were identified in the North as the cause of the South's alleged backwardness.[20]

Indonesia edit

It was alleged[21] that indolence was the reason for backward conditions in Indonesia, such as the failure to implement Green Revolution agricultural methods. But a counter-argument is that the Indonesians, living very precariously, sought to play it safe by not risking a failed crop, given that not all experiments introduced by outsiders had been successful.[22]

Animals edit

It is common for animals (even those like hummingbirds that have high energy needs) to forage for food until satiated, and then spend most of their time doing nothing, or at least nothing in particular. They seek to "satisfice" their needs rather than obtaining an optimal diet or habitat. Even diurnal animals, which have a limited amount of daylight in which to accomplish their tasks, follow this pattern. Social activity comes in a distant third to eating and resting for foraging animals. When more time must be spent foraging, animals are more likely to sacrifice time spent on aggressive behavior than time spent resting. Extremely efficient predators have more free time and thus often appear more lazy than relatively inept predators that have little free time.[23] Beetles likewise seem to forage lazily due to a lack of foraging competitors.[24] On the other hand, some animals, such as pigeons and rats, seem to prefer to respond for food rather than eat equally available "free food" in some conditions.[25]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Leonard Carmichael (Apr 1954), "Laziness and the Scholarly Life", The Scientific Monthly, 78 (4): 208–213, Bibcode:1954SciMo..78..208C, JSTOR 21392
  2. ^ Harry Howard Gilbert (Jan 1931), "High-School Students' Opinions on Reasons for Failure in High-School Subjects", The Journal of Educational Research, 23 (1): 46–49, doi:10.1080/00220671.1931.10880126, JSTOR 27525294
  3. ^ "NIMH · Schizophrenia". nih.gov.
  4. ^ Johnston, Charlotte; Freeman, Wendy (2002). "Parents' Beliefs About ADHD: Implications for Assessment and Treatment". The ADHD Report. 10: 6–9. doi:10.1521/adhd.10.1.6.20567.
  5. ^ "Laziness: Fact or Fiction?". Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  6. ^ Wemesfelder, F.
  7. ^ "Brain Chemicals Predict Laziness - Risk, Reward & Hard Work". Live Science. May 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  8. ^ Peter, University of Calgary
  9. ^ theotomji (23 August 2014). "Who Moved My Cheese [Original] - Spencer Johnson". Archived from the original on 2021-12-22. Retrieved 23 November 2016 – via YouTube.
  10. ^ TED Blog Video (4 April 2013). "Two Monkeys Were Paid Unequally: Excerpt from Frans de Waal's TED Talk". Archived from the original on 2021-12-22. Retrieved 23 November 2016 – via YouTube.
  11. ^ Motivation and Emotion, Vol. 38
  12. ^ Schuster, Aaron. "It is Very Difficult to Do Nothing. Notes on Laziness". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  13. ^ Cranmer, Hal (April 5, 2002), In Defense of Laziness, Ludwig von Mises Institute
  14. ^ von Mises, Ludwig (1949), "Action Within the World", Human Action
  15. ^ Joseph M. Flora et al. (2002). The Companion to Southern Literature: Themes, Genres, Places, People, Movements, and Motifs, p. 420 - 423. LSU Press. ISBN 9780807126929.
  16. ^ "Top 7 Bible Verses About Laziness". 31 January 2015. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  17. ^ "What Does the Bible Say About Laziness?". Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  18. ^ Defoe, Daniel (2003). The Political History of the Devil. New York: AMS Press. p. 338. ISBN 0-404-63544-X.
  19. ^ "The Quranic Arabic Corpus - Quran Dictionary". Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  20. ^ Ronald L. Numbers (Jan 15, 1982), Review: The War against Hookworm, vol. 215, Science, New Series, pp. 280–281, JSTOR 1688243
  21. ^ Seavoy, Ronald (April 7, 2011). "Social Restraints on Food Production in Indonesian Subsistence Culture". Cambridge University Press. 8.
  22. ^ Karen A. Laidlaw; Ronald E. Seavoy (March 1979), "The "Ethic of Indolence": Another View", Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 10 (1): 190–193, JSTOR 20070277
  23. ^ Joan M. Herbers (1981), "Time Resources and Laziness in Animals", Oecologia, 49 (2): 252–262, Bibcode:1981Oecol..49..252H, doi:10.1007/BF00349198, JSTOR 4216378, PMID 28309319, S2CID 23783404
  24. ^ Bernd Heinrich; Elizabeth Mcclain (Mar–Apr 1986), ""Laziness" and Hypothermia as a Foraging Strategy in Flower Scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)", Physiological Zoology, 59 (2): 273–282, doi:10.1086/physzool.59.2.30156041, JSTOR 30156041, S2CID 87569125
  25. ^ Elkan R. Gamzu; David R. Williams; Barry Schwartz; Robert L. Welker; Gary Hansen; Larry A. Engberg; David R. Thomas (Jul 27, 1973), "Pitfalls of Organismic Concepts: "Learned Laziness"?", Science, 181 (4097), Science, New Series: 367–369, Bibcode:1973Sci...181..367G, doi:10.1126/science.181.4097.367, JSTOR 1736630, PMID 17832034

External links edit

  • Jachimowicz, Jon. "Laziness Is More Complex Than You Think". Huffington Post.


January 01, 1970
laziness, also, lethargy, computer, science, concept, lazy, evaluation, also, known, indolence, sloth, disinclination, activity, exertion, despite, having, ability, exert, oneself, often, used, pejorative, terms, person, seen, lazy, include, couch, potato, sla. See also Lethargy For the computer science concept see Lazy evaluation Laziness also known as indolence or sloth is disinclination to activity or exertion despite having the ability to act or to exert oneself It is often used as a pejorative terms for a person seen to be lazy include couch potato slacker and bludger Related concepts include sloth a Christian sin abulia a medical term for reduced motivation and lethargy a state of lacking energy Scene in club lounge by Thomas Rowlandson Despite the famed neurologist Sigmund Freud s discussion of the pleasure principle Leonard Carmichael noted in 1954 that laziness is not a word that appears in the table of contents of most technical books on psychology 1 A 1931 survey found high school students more likely to attribute their failing performance to laziness while teachers ranked lack of ability as the major cause with laziness coming in second 2 Laziness should not be confused with avolition a negative symptom of certain mental and neurodevelopmental disorders such as depression ADHD ASD sleep disorders substance use disorders and schizophrenia 3 4 Contents 1 Psychology 1 1 Related concepts 2 Economics 3 Literary 4 Religion 4 1 Christianity 4 2 Islam 4 3 Buddhism 5 In selected societies 5 1 Southern United States 5 2 Indonesia 6 Animals 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksPsychology editLaziness may reflect a lack of self esteem a lack of positive recognition by others a lack of discipline stemming from low self confidence or a lack of interest in the activity or belief in its efficacy 5 Laziness may manifest as procrastination or vacillation Studies of motivation suggest that laziness may be caused by a decreased level of motivation lack of interest and confidence which in turn can be caused by over stimulation or excessive impulses or distractions These increase the release of dopamine a neurotransmitter responsible for reward and pleasure The more dopamine that is released the greater intolerance one has for valuing and accepting productive and rewarding action 6 full citation needed This desensitization leads to dulling of the neural patterns and affects negatively the anterior insula of the brain responsible for risk perception 7 ADHD specialists say engaging in multiple activities can cause behavioral problems such as attention focus failure perfectionism and pessimism In these circumstances laziness can manifest as a negative coping mechanism aversion the desire to avoid certain situations to counter certain experiences and preconceived ill results 8 Lacanian thought says laziness is the acting out of archetypes from societal programming and negative child rearing practices Thomas Goetz University of Konstanz Germany and John Eastwood York University Canada concur that aversive states such as laziness can be equally adaptive for making change 9 and toxic if allowed to fester An outlook found to be helpful in their studies is being mindful and not looking for ways out of it simultaneously to be also open to creative and active options if they should arise They point out that a relentless engaging in activities without breaks can cause oscillations of failure 10 which may result in mental health issues 11 It has also been shown that laziness can render one apathetic to reactant mental health issues such as anger anxiety indifference substance abuse and depression Related concepts edit Acedia a state of listlessness Avolition decreases the motivation to initiate and perform self directed purposeful activities Athymhormia disorder of motivation Aboulia neurological with anatomical damage Amotivational syndrome normally in the context of heavy cannabis use Procrastination the delaying of fulfilling tasks Counter productive work behavior Senioritis the decreased motivation to study which is said to affect those nearing the end of their studies Leisure which for the Ancient Greeks referred to intellectual cultivation outside of productive labor 12 Economics editSee also Protestant work ethic and Achievement ideology Economists have differing views of laziness Frederic Bastiat argues that idleness is the result of people focusing on the pleasant immediate effects of their actions rather than potentially more positive long term consequences Others note that humans seem to have a tendency to seek after leisure Hal Cranmer writes For all these arguments against laziness it is amazing we work so hard to achieve it Even those hard working Puritans were willing to break their backs every day in exchange for an eternity of lying around on a cloud and playing the harp Every industry is trying to do its part to give its customers more leisure time 13 Ludwig von Mises writes The expenditure of labor is deemed painful Not to work is considered a state of affairs more satisfactory than working Leisure is other things being equal preferred to travail work People work only when they value the return of labor higher than the decrease in satisfaction brought about by the curtailment of leisure To work involves disutility 14 Literary editLaziness in American literature is figured as a fundamental problem with social and spiritual consequences In 1612 John Smith in his A Map of Virginia is seen using a jeremiad to address idleness In the 1750s this sort of advocating reached its apex in literature David Bertelson in The Lazy South 1767 expressed this as a substitution of spiritual industry over patriotic industry Writers like William Byrd went to a great extent and censured North Carolina as land of lubbers Thomas Jefferson in his Notes on the State of Virginia 1785 acknowledges a small portion of the people have only seen labor and identifies the cause of this indolence to the rise of slave holding society Jefferson raised his concerns what this deleterious system will bring to the economic system Later by the 1800s the rise of Romanticism changed attitudes of the society values of work were re written stigmatization of idleness was overthrown with glamorous notions John Pendleton Kennedy was a prominent writer in romanticizing sloth and slavery in Swallow Barn 1832 he equated idleness and its flow as living in oneness with nature Mark Twain in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 1885 contrasts realist and romantic perspective of laziness and calls attention to the essential convention of aimlessness and transcendence that connects the character In 20th century the poor whites were portrayed in the grotesque caricatures of early southern laziness In Flannery O Connor s Wise Blood 1952 and Good Country People 1955 she depicts spiritual backwardness as the cause for disinclination to work The lack of any social function which could be valued equally with a luxurious lifestyle was closely portrayed through lives of displaced aristocrats and their indolence Jason Compson Robert Penn Warren and William Styron were some of the writers who explored this perspective The lack of meaningful work was defined as a void which aristocrats needed to fill with pompous culture Walker Percy is a writer who has thoroughly mined the subject Percy s characters are often exposed to the emptiness spiritual sloth of contemporary life and come to rectify it with renewed spiritual resources 15 Religion editChristianity edit Main article Sloth deadly sin One of the Catholic seven deadly sins is sloth which is often defined as spiritual and or physical apathy or laziness Sloth is discouraged in Hebrews 6 12 and 2 Thessalonians and associated with wickedness in one of the parables of Jesus in the Gospel of Matthew Matthew 25 26 In the Wisdom books of Proverbs and Ecclesiastes it is stated that laziness can lead to poverty Proverbs 10 4 Ecclesiastes 10 18 16 17 According to Peter Binsfeld s Binsfeld s Classification of Demons Belphegor is thought to be its chief demon 18 Islam edit The Arabic term used in the Quran for laziness inactivity and sluggishness is ك س ل kasal 19 The opposite of laziness is Jihad al Nafs i e the struggle against the self against one s own ego Among the five pillars of Islam praying five times a day and fasting during Ramaḍan are part of actions against laziness Buddhism edit Main article Kausidya In Buddhism the term kausidya is commonly translated as laziness or spiritual sloth Kausidya is defined as clinging to unwholesome activities such as lying down and stretching out procrastinating and not being enthusiastic about or engaging in virtuous activity In selected societies editSouthern United States edit From 1909 to 1915 the Rockefeller Sanitary Commission for the Eradication of Hookworm Disease sought to eradicate hookworm infestation from 11 southern U S states Hookworms were popularly known as the germ of laziness because they produced listlessness and weakness in the people they infested Hookworms infested 40 percent of southerners and were identified in the North as the cause of the South s alleged backwardness 20 Indonesia edit It was alleged 21 that indolence was the reason for backward conditions in Indonesia such as the failure to implement Green Revolution agricultural methods But a counter argument is that the Indonesians living very precariously sought to play it safe by not risking a failed crop given that not all experiments introduced by outsiders had been successful 22 Animals editIt is common for animals even those like hummingbirds that have high energy needs to forage for food until satiated and then spend most of their time doing nothing or at least nothing in particular They seek to satisfice their needs rather than obtaining an optimal diet or habitat Even diurnal animals which have a limited amount of daylight in which to accomplish their tasks follow this pattern Social activity comes in a distant third to eating and resting for foraging animals When more time must be spent foraging animals are more likely to sacrifice time spent on aggressive behavior than time spent resting Extremely efficient predators have more free time and thus often appear more lazy than relatively inept predators that have little free time 23 Beetles likewise seem to forage lazily due to a lack of foraging competitors 24 On the other hand some animals such as pigeons and rats seem to prefer to respond for food rather than eat equally available free food in some conditions 25 See also editCritique of work Diligence Discipline Dopamine Executive function Goldbricking Goofing off Histamine In Praise of Idleness and Other Essays Kurt von Hammerstein Equord Classification of officers Lethargy Procrastination Psychostimulants Temporal discounting That Which Is Seen and That Which Is Not Seen The Right To Be Lazy Time management Underachievement WillpowerReferences edit Leonard Carmichael Apr 1954 Laziness and the Scholarly Life The Scientific Monthly 78 4 208 213 Bibcode 1954SciMo 78 208C JSTOR 21392 Harry Howard Gilbert Jan 1931 High School Students Opinions on Reasons for Failure in High School Subjects The Journal of Educational Research 23 1 46 49 doi 10 1080 00220671 1931 10880126 JSTOR 27525294 NIMH Schizophrenia nih gov Johnston Charlotte Freeman Wendy 2002 Parents Beliefs About ADHD Implications for Assessment and Treatment The ADHD Report 10 6 9 doi 10 1521 adhd 10 1 6 20567 Laziness Fact or Fiction Retrieved 23 November 2016 Wemesfelder F Brain Chemicals Predict Laziness Risk Reward amp Hard Work Live Science May 2012 Retrieved 23 November 2016 Peter University of Calgary theotomji 23 August 2014 Who Moved My Cheese Original Spencer Johnson Archived from the original on 2021 12 22 Retrieved 23 November 2016 via YouTube TED Blog Video 4 April 2013 Two Monkeys Were Paid Unequally Excerpt from Frans de Waal s TED Talk Archived from the original on 2021 12 22 Retrieved 23 November 2016 via YouTube Motivation and Emotion Vol 38 Schuster Aaron It is Very Difficult to Do Nothing Notes on Laziness a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Cranmer Hal April 5 2002 In Defense of Laziness Ludwig von Mises Institute von Mises Ludwig 1949 Action Within the World Human Action Joseph M Flora et al 2002 The Companion to Southern Literature Themes Genres Places People Movements and Motifs p 420 423 LSU Press ISBN 9780807126929 Top 7 Bible Verses About Laziness 31 January 2015 Retrieved 23 November 2016 What Does the Bible Say About Laziness Retrieved 23 November 2016 Defoe Daniel 2003 The Political History of the Devil New York AMS Press p 338 ISBN 0 404 63544 X The Quranic Arabic Corpus Quran Dictionary Retrieved 23 November 2016 Ronald L Numbers Jan 15 1982 Review The War against Hookworm vol 215 Science New Series pp 280 281 JSTOR 1688243 Seavoy Ronald April 7 2011 Social Restraints on Food Production in Indonesian Subsistence Culture Cambridge University Press 8 Karen A Laidlaw Ronald E Seavoy March 1979 The Ethic of Indolence Another View Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 10 1 190 193 JSTOR 20070277 Joan M Herbers 1981 Time Resources and Laziness in Animals Oecologia 49 2 252 262 Bibcode 1981Oecol 49 252H doi 10 1007 BF00349198 JSTOR 4216378 PMID 28309319 S2CID 23783404 Bernd Heinrich Elizabeth Mcclain Mar Apr 1986 Laziness and Hypothermia as a Foraging Strategy in Flower Scarabs Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Physiological Zoology 59 2 273 282 doi 10 1086 physzool 59 2 30156041 JSTOR 30156041 S2CID 87569125 Elkan R Gamzu David R Williams Barry Schwartz Robert L Welker Gary Hansen Larry A Engberg David R Thomas Jul 27 1973 Pitfalls of Organismic Concepts Learned Laziness Science 181 4097 Science New Series 367 369 Bibcode 1973Sci 181 367G doi 10 1126 science 181 4097 367 JSTOR 1736630 PMID 17832034External links editLaziness at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Definitions from Wiktionary nbsp Media from Commons nbsp Quotations from Wikiquote nbsp Textbooks from Wikibooks Jachimowicz Jon Laziness Is More Complex Than You Think Huffington Post Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Laziness amp oldid 1222037274, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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