Lapwings (subfamily Vanellinae) are any of various ground-nesting birds (familyCharadriidae) akin to plovers and dotterels. They range from 10 to 16 inches (25 to 41 cm) in length, and are noted for their slow, irregular wingbeats in flight and a shrill, wailing cry.
The traditional terms "plover", "lapwing", and "dotterel" do not correspond exactly to current taxonomic models; thus, several of the Vanellinae are often called plovers, and one a dotterel, while a few of the "true" plovers (subfamily Charadriinae) are known colloquially as lapwings. In general, a lapwing can be thought of as a larger plover.
In Europe's Anglophone countries, lapwing refers specifically to the northern lapwing, the only member of this group to occur in most of the continent and thus the first bird to go by the English name lapwing (also known as peewit or pyewipe).
In the fanciful taxonomy promoted by medieval courtesy books, a group of lapwings was called a "deceit".[1]
While authorities generally agree that there about 25 species of Vanellinae, classifications within the subfamily remain confused. Some workers[who?] have gone so far as to group all the "true" lapwings (except the red-kneed dotterel) into the single genus Vanellus. Current consensus favors a more moderate position, but it is unclear which genera to split. The Handbook of Birds of the World provisionally places all Vanellinae in Vanellus except the red-kneed dotterel, which is in the monotypicErythrogonys. Its plesiomorphichabitus resembles that of plovers, but details like the missing hallux (hind toe) are like those of lapwings: it is still not entirely clear whether it is better considered the most basal plover or lapwing.[2]
Many coloration details of the red-kneed dotterel also occur here and there among the living members of the main lapwing clade. Its position as the most basal of the living Vanellinae or just immediately outside it thus means that their last common ancestor – or even the last common ancestor of plovers and lapwings – almost certainly was a plover-sized bird with a black crown and breast-band, a white feather patch at the wrist, no hallux, and a lipochromic (probably red) bill with a black tip. Its legs were most likely black or the color of the bill's base.[3]
The fossil record of the Vanellinae is scant and mostly recent in origin; no Neogene lapwings seem to be known. On the other hand, it appears as if early in their evolutionary history the plovers, lapwings and dotterels must have been almost one and the same, and they are hard to distinguish osteologically even today. Thus, since the Red-kneed Dotterel is so distinct that it might arguably be considered a monotypic subfamily, reliably dating its divergence from a selection of true lapwings and plovers would also give a good idea of charadriid wader evolution altogether.
A mid-Oligocene – c.28 mya (million years ago) – fossil from Rupelmonde in Belgium has been assigned to Vanellus, but even if the genus were broadly defined, it is entirely unclear if the placement is correct. Its age ties in with the appearance of the first seemingly distinct Charadriinae at about the same time, and with the presence of more basal Charadriidae a few million years earlier. However, the assignment of fragmentary fossils to Charadriinae or Vanellinae is not easy. Thus, it is very likely that the charadriid waders originate around the Eocene-Oligocene boundary – roughly 40–30 mya – but nothing more can be said at present. If the Belgian fossil is not a true lapwing, there are actually no Vanellinae fossils known before the Quaternary.[4]
The Early Oligocene fossil Dolicopterus[5] from Ronzon, France may be such an ancestral member of the Charadriidae or even the Vanellinae, but it has not been studied in recent decades and is in dire need of review.[6]
Apart from the prehistoricVanellus, the extinct lapwing genus Viator has been described from fossils. Its remains were found in the tar pits of Talara in Peru and it lived in the Late Pleistocene. Little is known of this rather large lapwing; it may actually belong in Vanellus.[7]
The remaining Charadrii are highset and/or chunky birds, even decidedly larger than a lot of the scolopacid waders. The evolutionary trend regarding the Charadriidae – which make up most of the diversity of the Charadrii – thus runs contrary to Cope's Rule.[3]
Campbell, Kenneth E. Jr. (2002). A new species of Late Pleistocene lapwing from Rancho La Brea, California [English with Spanish abstract]. Condor104: 170–174. DOI:10.1650/0010-5422(2002)104[0170:ANSOLP]2.0.CO;2 HTML abstract and first page image
Mlíkovský, Jirí (2002). Cenozoic Birds of the World, Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press, Prague. ISBN80-901105-3-8
Piersma, Theunis & Wiersma, Popko (1996). Family Charadriidae (Plovers). In: del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew & Sargatal, Jordi (eds.): Handbook of Birds of the World (Volume 3: Hoatzin to Auks): 384–443, plates 35–39. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN84-87334-20-2
Thomas, Gavin H.; Wills, Matthew A. & Székely, Tamás (2004). A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny. BMC Evol. Biol.4: 28. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-28 PMID 15329156 PDF fulltext Supplementary Material
External linksEdit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vanellus.
October 17, 2023
lapwing, other, uses, disambiguation, subfamily, vanellinae, various, ground, nesting, birds, family, charadriidae, akin, plovers, dotterels, they, range, from, inches, length, noted, their, slow, irregular, wingbeats, flight, shrill, wailing, sblacksmith, lap. For other uses see Lapwing disambiguation Lapwings subfamily Vanellinae are any of various ground nesting birds family Charadriidae akin to plovers and dotterels They range from 10 to 16 inches 25 to 41 cm in length and are noted for their slow irregular wingbeats in flight and a shrill wailing cry LapwingsBlacksmith lapwing Vanellus armatus Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClade DinosauriaClass AvesOrder CharadriiformesFamily CharadriidaeSubfamily VanellinaeBonaparte 1842GeneraErythrogonysVanellus and see textThe traditional terms plover lapwing and dotterel do not correspond exactly to current taxonomic models thus several of the Vanellinae are often called plovers and one a dotterel while a few of the true plovers subfamily Charadriinae are known colloquially as lapwings In general a lapwing can be thought of as a larger plover In Europe s Anglophone countries lapwing refers specifically to the northern lapwing the only member of this group to occur in most of the continent and thus the first bird to go by the English name lapwing also known as peewit or pyewipe In the fanciful taxonomy promoted by medieval courtesy books a group of lapwings was called a deceit 1 Contents 1 Systematics 1 1 Evolution 1 2 List of species in taxonomic order 2 Footnotes 3 References 4 External linksSystematics EditSee also Vanellus While authorities generally agree that there about 25 species of Vanellinae classifications within the subfamily remain confused Some workers who have gone so far as to group all the true lapwings except the red kneed dotterel into the single genus Vanellus Current consensus favors a more moderate position but it is unclear which genera to split The Handbook of Birds of the World provisionally places all Vanellinae in Vanellus except the red kneed dotterel which is in the monotypic Erythrogonys Its plesiomorphic habitus resembles that of plovers but details like the missing hallux hind toe are like those of lapwings it is still not entirely clear whether it is better considered the most basal plover or lapwing 2 Many coloration details of the red kneed dotterel also occur here and there among the living members of the main lapwing clade Its position as the most basal of the living Vanellinae or just immediately outside it thus means that their last common ancestor or even the last common ancestor of plovers and lapwings almost certainly was a plover sized bird with a black crown and breast band a white feather patch at the wrist no hallux and a lipochromic probably red bill with a black tip Its legs were most likely black or the color of the bill s base 3 Evolution Edit nbsp Birdsong at Carrington Moss source source A lapwing and a chaffinch at Carrington Moss in England Problems playing this file See media help The fossil record of the Vanellinae is scant and mostly recent in origin no Neogene lapwings seem to be known On the other hand it appears as if early in their evolutionary history the plovers lapwings and dotterels must have been almost one and the same and they are hard to distinguish osteologically even today Thus since the Red kneed Dotterel is so distinct that it might arguably be considered a monotypic subfamily reliably dating its divergence from a selection of true lapwings and plovers would also give a good idea of charadriid wader evolution altogether A mid Oligocene c 28 mya million years ago fossil from Rupelmonde in Belgium has been assigned to Vanellus but even if the genus were broadly defined it is entirely unclear if the placement is correct Its age ties in with the appearance of the first seemingly distinct Charadriinae at about the same time and with the presence of more basal Charadriidae a few million years earlier However the assignment of fragmentary fossils to Charadriinae or Vanellinae is not easy Thus it is very likely that the charadriid waders originate around the Eocene Oligocene boundary roughly 40 30 mya but nothing more can be said at present If the Belgian fossil is not a true lapwing there are actually no Vanellinae fossils known before the Quaternary 4 The Early Oligocene fossil Dolicopterus 5 from Ronzon France may be such an ancestral member of the Charadriidae or even the Vanellinae but it has not been studied in recent decades and is in dire need of review 6 Apart from the prehistoric Vanellus the extinct lapwing genus Viator has been described from fossils Its remains were found in the tar pits of Talara in Peru and it lived in the Late Pleistocene Little is known of this rather large lapwing it may actually belong in Vanellus 7 The remaining Charadrii are highset and or chunky birds even decidedly larger than a lot of the scolopacid waders The evolutionary trend regarding the Charadriidae which make up most of the diversity of the Charadrii thus runs contrary to Cope s Rule 3 List of species in taxonomic order Edit Genus Vanellus Northern lapwing Vanellus vanellus White headed lapwing Vanellus albiceps Southern lapwing Vanellus chilensis Grey headed lapwing Vanellus cinereus Crowned lapwing Vanellus coronatus Long toed lapwing Vanellus crassirostris River lapwing or spur winged lapwing Vanellus duvaucelii Red wattled lapwing Vanellus indicus Masked lapwing Vanellus miles Spur winged lapwing or spur winged plover Vanellus spinosus Banded lapwing Vanellus tricolor Blacksmith lapwing Vanellus armatus Black headed lapwing Vanellus tectus Yellow wattled lapwing Vanellus malabaricus Senegal lapwing Vanellus lugubris Black winged lapwing Vanellus melanopterus African wattled lapwing Vanellus senegallus Spot breasted lapwing Vanellus melanocephalus Brown chested lapwing Vanellus superciliosus Javanese wattled lapwing Vanellus macropterus Sociable lapwing Vanellus gregarius White tailed lapwing Vanellus leucurus Pied lapwing Vanellus cayanus Andean lapwing Vanellus resplendensGenus Erythrogonys Red kneed dotterel Erythrogonys cinctusFootnotes Edit Lipton James 1991 An Exaltation of Larks Viking ISBN 978 0 670 30044 0 Piersma amp Wiersma 1996 Thomas et al 2004 a b Piersma amp Wiersma 1996 Piersma amp Wiersma 1996 Mlikovsky 2002 Not Dolichopterus contra Mlikovsky 2002 Mlikovsky 2002 Campbell 2002 References EditCampbell Kenneth E Jr 2002 A new species of Late Pleistocene lapwing from Rancho La Brea California English with Spanish abstract Condor 104 170 174 DOI 10 1650 0010 5422 2002 104 0170 ANSOLP 2 0 CO 2 HTML abstract and first page image Mlikovsky Jiri 2002 Cenozoic Birds of the World Part 1 Europe Ninox Press Prague ISBN 80 901105 3 8 PDF fulltext Piersma Theunis amp Wiersma Popko 1996 Family Charadriidae Plovers In del Hoyo Josep Elliott Andrew amp Sargatal Jordi eds Handbook of Birds of the World Volume 3 Hoatzin to Auks 384 443 plates 35 39 Lynx Edicions Barcelona ISBN 84 87334 20 2 Thomas Gavin H Wills Matthew A amp Szekely Tamas 2004 A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny BMC Evol Biol 4 28 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 4 28 PMID 15329156 PDF fulltext Supplementary MaterialExternal links Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vanellus Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lapwing amp oldid 1155711178, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
