Language code

A language code is a code that assigns letters or numbers as identifiers or classifiers for languages. These codes may be used to organize library collections or presentations of data, to choose the correct localizations and translations in computing, and as a shorthand designation for longer forms of language names.

Difficulties of classification

Language code schemes attempt to classify the complex world of human languages, dialects, and variants. Most schemes make some compromises between being general and being complete enough to support specific dialects.

For example, Spanish is spoken in over 20 countries in North America, Central America, the Caribbean, and Europe. Spanish spoken in Mexico will be slightly different from Spanish spoken in Peru. Different regions of Mexico will have slightly different dialects and accents of Spanish. A language code scheme might group these all as "Spanish" for choosing a keyboard layout, most as "Spanish" for general usage, or separate each dialect to allow region-specific variation.

Common schemes

List of some common language code schemes

Scheme	Notes	Examples for English	Examples for Spanish
Glottolog codes	Created for minority languages as a scientific alternative to the industrial ISO 639‑3 standard. Intentionally do not resemble abbreviations.	stan1293 – standard English macr1271 – macro-English (Modern English, incl. creoles) midd1317 – Middle English merc1242 – Mercian (Middle to Modern English) olde1238 – Old English angl1265 – Anglian (Old to Modern English, incl. Scots)	stan1288 – standard Spanish olds1249 – Old Spanish cast1243 – Castilic (Old to Modern Spanish, incl. Extremaduran and creoles)
IETF language tag	An IETF best practice, specified by BCP 47,^[1] for language tags easy to parse by computer. The tag system is extensible to region, dialect, and private designations. It references ISO 639, ISO 3166 and ISO 15924.	en – English, as shortest ISO 639 code. en-US – English as used in the United States (US is the ISO 3166‑1 country code for the United States) Source: IETF memo^[2]	es – Spanish, as shortest ISO 639 code. es-419 – Spanish appropriate for the Latin America and Caribbean region, using the UN M.49 region code
ISO 639‑1	Two-letter code system made official in 2002, containing 136 codes at the time. Many systems use two-letter ISO 639‑1 codes supplemented by three-letter ISO 639‑2 codes when no two-letter code is applicable. There are 183 two-letter codes registered as of June 2021. See: List of ISO 639 language codes	en	es – Spanish
ISO 639‑2	Three-letter system of 464 codes. See: List of ISO 639-2 codes	eng – three-letter code enm – Middle English, c. 1100–1500 ang – Old English, c. 450–1100 cpe – other English-based creoles and pidgins	spa – Spanish
ISO 639‑3	An extension of ISO 639‑2 to cover all known, living or dead, spoken or written languages in 7,589 entries. See: List of ISO 639-3 codes	eng – three-letter code enm – Middle English, c. 1100–1500 aig – Antigua and Barbuda Creole English ang – Old English, c. 450–1100 svc – Vincentian Creole English	spa – Spanish spq – Spanish, Loreto-Ucayali ssp – Spanish sign language
Linguasphere Register code-system	Two-digit + one to six letter Linguasphere Register code-system published in 2000,^[3] containing over 32,000 codes within 10 sectors of reference, covering the world's languages and speech communities. Navigate also the hierarchy of the Linguasphere Register code-system published online by hortensj-garden.org ^[4]	Within hierarchy of Linguasphere Register code-system: 5= Indo-European phylosector 52= Germanic phylozone 52-A Germanic set 52-AB English + Anglo-Creole chain 52-ABA English net 52-ABA-c Global English (outer unit) 52-ABA-ca to 52-ABA-cwe (186 varieties) Compare: 52-ABA-a Scots + Northumbrian outer unit & 52-ABA-b "Anglo-English" outer unit (= South Great Britain traditional varieties + Old Anglo-Irish)	Within hierarchy of Linguasphere Register code-system: 5= Indo-European phylosector 51= Romanic phylozone 51-A Romance set 51-AA Romance chain 51-AAA West Romance net 51-AAA-b Español/Castellano (outer unit) 51-AAA-ba to 51-AAA-bkk (58 varieties) Compare: 51-AAA-a Português + Galego outer unit & 51-AAA-c Astur + Leonés outer unit, etc.
SIL codes (10th–14th editions)	Codes created for use in the Ethnologue, a publication of SIL International that lists language statistics. The publication now uses ISO 639‑3 codes.	ENG	SPN
Verbix language codes	Constructed codes starting with old SIL codes and adding more information.^[5]	ENG	SPN

See also

• Accept-Language
• Codes for constructed languages
• Country code
• Flag icons for languages
• List of ISO 639-1 codes - codes for common languages
• List of ISO 639-2 codes - expanded 3 character code list of all languages coded by ISO
• Locale (computer software)

References

1. "Information on BCP 47 » RFC Editor".
2. Best Current Practice 47 – Tags for Identifying Languages, IETF
3. . l’Observatoire linguistique (Linguasphere Observatory). Archived from the original on 27 April 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
4. "Linguasphere Register hierarchy". Retrieved 8 June 2016.
5. Verbix language codes 2009-04-01 at the Wayback Machine, Verbix

External links

• List of usual language codes and its variants
• Language Tags in HTML and XML
• Language Identifiers in the Markup Context