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Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.

February 15, 2024

Lafayette Square is a seven-acre (30,000 m2) public park located within President's Park in Washington, D.C., directly north of the White House on H Street, bounded by Jackson Place on the west, Madison Place on the east and Pennsylvania Avenue on the south. It is named for the Marquis de Lafayette, a French aristocrat and hero of the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) and includes several statues of revolutionary heroes from Europe, including Lafayette, and at its center a famous statue of early 19th century U.S. president and general Andrew Jackson on horseback with both of the horse's front hooves raised.

Lafayette Square
Aerial view: Lafayette Square is the greenspace to the left of Pennsylvania Avenue (center), the White House grounds are to the right
Coordinates38°53′58.3″N 77°02′11.6″W / 38.899528°N 77.036556°W / 38.899528; -77.036556
Area7 acres (2.8 ha)

Lafayette Square and the surrounding structures were designated the Lafayette Square Historic District in 1970.

History edit

Initial plans edit

 
Major General Marquis Gilbert de Lafayette, an 1891 statue of Lafayette by Alexandre Falguière and Antonin Mercié in Lafayette Square
 
The Andrew Jackson statue of Andrew Jackson by Clark Mills, pictured c. 1900, erected in Lafayette Park in 1853

Planned as part of the pleasure grounds surrounding the Executive Mansion, the square was originally part of President's Park, which is the larger National Park Service unit that also includes the White House grounds, The Ellipse, the Eisenhower Executive Office Building and grounds and the Treasury Building and grounds. In 1804, President Thomas Jefferson had Pennsylvania Avenue cut through that park and separated what would become Lafayette Square from the White House grounds. In 1824, the park was officially renamed in honor of the Marquis de Lafayette, the French general whose involvement was indispensable in securing victory in the American Revolutionary War.[1][2][3]

Named in honor of the naval war hero Commodore Steven Decatur,[4] the Decatur House borders Lafayette Square.[5] Used for slave trading,[5] the house remains as one of few surviving examples of an urban slave market.[6]

The land on what is now Lafayette Square was formerly used at various times as "a racetrack, a graveyard, a zoo, a slave market, an encampment for soldiers during the War of 1812, and the site of many political protests and celebrations."[6] In the early and mid-19th century, the buildings around the square included the homes of Washington's most prominent residents, including William Wilson Corcoran, Martin van Buren, Henry Clay, Dolley Madison, John Hay, and Henry Adams.[6]

19th century edit

In 1851, Andrew Jackson Downing was commissioned by President Millard Fillmore to landscape Lafayette Square in the picturesque style.[6] On February 27, 1859, US Representative Daniel Sickles killed Philip Barton Key II in Lafayette Square. Key had come to the park for an affair with Sickles's wife, only to be discovered and killed by Sickles.[7]

20th century edit

 
Clark Mills' equestrian statue of President Andrew Jackson, erected in 1853

In the 20th century, the area around the square became less residential, with buildings increasingly occupied by offices and professional groups,[6] especially in the 1920s, and the construction of the Treasury Annex.[8] The last resident, Mary Chase Morris of the O'Toole House (730 Jackson Place), died during the Great Depression era, and her former home became an office building.[6]

Today's plan for the park dates from the 1930s. The park has five large statues. In the center stands Clark Mills' equestrian statue of President Andrew Jackson, erected in 1853; it is the first bronze statue cast in the United States.[9] In the four corners are statues of foreign Revolutionary War heroes:[6]

Lafayette Square was a popular cruising spot for gay men until the 1950s Lavender scare.[14]

In the 1960s, Lafayette Square became more noted for its use as a protest location. Protests related to nuclear weapons, Israel, and the Vietnam War were held there.[15]

In the 1970s, the park was overrun with a large Eastern gray squirrel population, possibly "the highest density of squirrels ever recorded in scientific literature," which eventually destroyed many trees and flowers in the park.[16] The squirrels' large numbers were sustained because the public overfed the squirrels and also because nestboxes had been once been installed and maintained by the National Park Service.[16] In 1985 and 1987, the issue was solved by a project in which the nest boxes were removed and many squirrels were captured and relocated away from Lafayette Square, to Fort Dupont Park and elsewhere.[16]

In 1989, Drug Enforcement Administration agents arranged a crack cocaine purchase in Lafayette Park prior to US President George H. W. Bush's delivery of a national address that was part of his ongoing effort against drug abuse.[17]

Thomas and Concepcion Picciotto are founders of the White House Peace Vigil, which is the longest running anti-nuclear peace vigil in U.S. history, at Lafayette Square.[18]

21st century edit

Further information: Donald Trump photo-op at St. John's Church § Clearing Lafayette Square and St. John's

On June 1, 2020, amid mass protests in Washington, DC and nationally, which followed the murder of George Floyd in Minneapolis; Lafayette Square and surrounding city streets were forcefully evicted of protesters, reporters, and clergy by police in riot gear using tear gas and clubbing them with batons. A day after the incident, a DOJ official said that U.S. Attorney General William Barr had personally ordered the park and surrounding areas to be cleared which resulted in a display of police aggression against a largely peaceful crowd.[19] The act, carried out by U.S. Park Police, Arlington County police, Federal Bureau of Prisons officers, and Secret Service officers,[20] was condemned by critics as a violation of the First Amendment right to freedom of assembly.[21][22] Bureau of Prison officials fired pepper spray munitions, contrary to the instructions of Park Police leadership.[20] Although the D.C. Metropolitan Police was not involved in the initial advance of police against the crowd, MPD officers fired tear gas at demonstrators as they moved away from the park toward 17th Street.[20]

A report by the U.S. Department of Interior Office of Inspector General (OIG), released in June 2021, was limited to examining the Park Police under its jurisdiction. It concluded that the Park Police action was part of a plan to install "antiscale fencing" and that these plans were made before Barr arrived on the scene at 6:10 p.m. and before Trump walked to the church.[23][24][25][26] However, Park Police commanders could not agree on who gave the order to deploy or explain why radio transmissions were not recorded.[26] The OIG report found that, contrary to the Park Police operational plan, the Secret Service began their operation at 6:16 p.m., soon after Barr arrived and a full seven minutes before any dispersal order was given by the Park Police.[26] The Secret Service apologized for this incident but the OIG for the Department of the Interior and the OIG for the Department of Homeland Security declined to investigate their actions.[26][27] Similarly, the Park Police also deployed prior to completing dispersal orders.[26] Park Police did not explain why the operation began before a widely announced curfew as requested by DC Police.[26] The OIG report further stated that the Park Police's orders to disperse were not heard by all of the crowd and were generally ineffective.[20] The OIG report stated that the evidence obtained by the OIG concerning Park Police "did not support a finding" that Trump's visit was the reason why the park was cleared.[20][23][25][24] The OIG report concluded that the decision to clear the park was lawful and consistent with Interior's policy, but made no conclusions on whether the decision to clear the park was a good decision,[25] nor did the OIG report make any conclusions about whether the police use of force was appropriate.[20] The OIG report focused on the role of Park Police (which is part of the Interior Department), and not on the role of other agencies, such as the Secret Service, which is part of the Homeland Security Department. Interior OIG investigators did not interview Secret Service or White House personnel.[20] As a result, the OIG report stated that OIG "cannot assess whether" Barr's visit to the park or any planned movement by Trump "influenced the Secret Service's actions, including its early deployment on to H Street."[24] In 2020, Joseph V. Cuffari, the DHS Inspector General, blocked recommendations from his staff to conduct an investigation into the Secret Service’s actions in the clearing of Lafayette Square.[27]

On June 22, 2020, demonstrators attempted to tear down the statue of Andrew Jackson at the center of the square. Following this incident, Lafayette Square was closed to the public. It was reopened on May 10, 2021.[28]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Lafayette Square Historic District. May 1, 1802". National Park Service. p. 175. from the original on April 9, 2020. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
  2. ^ "Foundation Document: The White House and President's Park" (PDF). National Park Service. (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2017. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
  3. ^ "Reservation List: The Parks of the National Park System, Washington, DC" (PDF). www.nps.gov. National Park Service; Land Resources Program Center; National Capital Region. (PDF) from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
  4. ^ "The Historic Decatur House". White House Historical Association. from the original on 2020-07-21. Retrieved 2020-06-24.
  5. ^ a b DeNeen L. Brown, A history lesson for Trump: Lafayette Square was once bordered by 'slave pens' 2020-06-07 at the Wayback Machine, Washington Post (June 5, 2020).
  6. ^ a b c d e f g "Lafayette Square, Washington, DC". General Services Administration. from the original on 2020-06-30. Retrieved 2020-06-24.
  7. ^ Marlowe, Beth (May 15, 2015). "A few bad days in Washington, D.C., history". Washington Post. from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
  8. ^ Sixteenth Street Architecture (Vol. 1), Commission of Fine Arts, 1978, pp. 1-7.
  9. ^ Kames M. Goode. "Four Salutes to the Nation: The Equestrian Statues of General Andrew Jackson". White House Historical Association. from the original on 2021-09-04. Retrieved 2020-06-24.
  10. ^ "Major General Marquis Gilbert de Lafayette, (sculpture)". Inventory of American Sculpture, Smithsonian Institution Research Information System. Smithsonian American Art Museum. IAS DC000217. from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-10-28.
  11. ^ "Major General Comte Jean de Rochambeau, (sculpture)". Inventory of American Sculpture, Smithsonian Institution Research Information System. Smithsonian American Art Museum. IAS DC000072. from the original on 2020-06-25. Retrieved 2020-06-24.
  12. ^ "Brigadier General Thaddeus Kosciuszko, (sculpture)". Inventory of American Sculpture, Smithsonian Institution Research Information System. Smithsonian American Art Museum. IAS DC000215. from the original on 2020-06-27. Retrieved 2020-06-24.
  13. ^ "Major General Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, (sculpture)". Inventory of American Sculpture, Smithsonian Institution Research Information System. Smithsonian American Art Museum. IAS DC000216. from the original on 2020-06-28. Retrieved 2020-06-24.
  14. ^ "Telling All Americans' Stories: LGBTQ Heritage Introduction". National Park Service. from the original on 2020-06-07. Retrieved 2020-06-07.
  15. ^ "Demonstrating At The Front Door Of The White House". Arnold & Porter. 1996. from the original on 2022-03-18. Retrieved 2022-02-14.
  16. ^ a b c John Kelly, Remembering the Great Squirrel Purge of Lafayette Square 2019-06-20 at the Wayback Machine, Washington Post (April 10, 2016).
  17. ^ Isikoff, Michael (September 22, 1989). "Drug Buy Set Up For Bush Speech". The Washington Post. from the original on April 19, 2020. Retrieved June 7, 2020.
  18. ^ Colman McCarthy (February 8, 2009). "From Lafayette Square Lookout, He Made His War Protest Permanent". The Washington Post. from the original on August 17, 2019. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
  19. ^ Carol D. Leonnig, Matt Zapotosky, Josh Dawsey & Rebecca Tan, Barr personally ordered removal of protesters near White House, leading to use of force against largely peaceful crowd 2020-08-10 at the Wayback Machine, Washington Post (June 2, 2020).
  20. ^ a b c d e f g Tom Jackman, Report: Park Police didn’t clear Lafayette Square protesters for Trump visit Archived 2021-06-10 at archive.today, Washington Post (June 9, 2021).
  21. ^ Epps, Garrett (June 2, 2020). "Trump's Grotesque Violation of the First Amendment". The Atlantic. from the original on 2020-06-03. Retrieved 2020-11-04.
  22. ^ Baker, Peter; Haberman, Maggie; Rogers, Katie; Kanno-Youngs, Zolan; Benner, Katie; Willis, Haley; Triebert, Christiaan; Botti, David (June 2, 2020). "How Trump's Idea for a Photo Op Led to Havoc in a Park". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 6, 2020. Retrieved 2020-11-04.
  23. ^ a b Ebbs, Stephanie. "Police did not clear Lafayette Park area so Trump could hold 'Bible' photo op: Watchdog". ABC News. from the original on 2021-06-18. Retrieved 2021-06-09.
  24. ^ a b c Wild, Whitney (9 June 2021). "Watchdog report finds Park Police did not clear racial injustice protesters from Lafayette Park for Trump's visit to St. John's Church last June". CNN. from the original on 2021-06-09. Retrieved 2021-06-09.
  25. ^ a b c Dilanian, Ken (9 June 2021). "Police did not clear D.C.'s Lafayette Park of protesters so Trump could hold a photo op, new report says". NBC News. from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
  26. ^ a b c d e f "Review of U.S. Park Police Actions at Lafayette Park" (PDF). June 2021.
  27. ^ a b Carol D. Leonnig, DHS watchdog declined to pursue investigations into Secret Service during Trump administration, documents show 2021-06-11 at the Wayback Machine, Washington Post (April 19, 2021).
  28. ^ Marissa J. Lang (May 10, 2021). "D.C.'s Lafayette Square opens gates to pedestrians for first time in nearly a year". The Washington Post. from the original on May 12, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2021.

Further reading edit

  • Blair, Gist. "Lafayette Square." Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, DC vol 28 (1926): 133-173 online.
  • Helfrich, Kurt. "Modernism for Washington? The Kennedys and the Redesign of Lafayette Square." Washington History 8.1 (1996): 16-37 online.
  • Keck, Andrew S. "A Toast to the Union: Clark Mills' Equestrian Statue of Andrew Jackson in Lafayette Square." Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, DC 71 (1971): 289–313. online
  • Moser, Edward P. The White House's Unruly Neighborhood: Crime, Scandal and Intrigue in the History of Lafayette Square (McFarland, 2020) online review.
  • Winner, Viola Hopkins. "Henry Adams and Lafayette Square, 1877-1885." Virginia Quarterly Review 62.3 (1986): 478–489. online

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C..
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February 15, 2024
lafayette, square, washington, lafayette, square, seven, acre, public, park, located, within, president, park, washington, directly, north, white, house, street, bounded, jackson, place, west, madison, place, east, pennsylvania, avenue, south, named, marquis, . Lafayette Square is a seven acre 30 000 m2 public park located within President s Park in Washington D C directly north of the White House on H Street bounded by Jackson Place on the west Madison Place on the east and Pennsylvania Avenue on the south It is named for the Marquis de Lafayette a French aristocrat and hero of the American Revolutionary War 1775 1783 and includes several statues of revolutionary heroes from Europe including Lafayette and at its center a famous statue of early 19th century U S president and general Andrew Jackson on horseback with both of the horse s front hooves raised Lafayette SquareAerial view Lafayette Square is the greenspace to the left of Pennsylvania Avenue center the White House grounds are to the rightCoordinates38 53 58 3 N 77 02 11 6 W 38 899528 N 77 036556 W 38 899528 77 036556Area7 acres 2 8 ha Lafayette Square and the surrounding structures were designated the Lafayette Square Historic District in 1970 Contents 1 History 1 1 Initial plans 1 2 19th century 1 3 20th century 1 4 21st century 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External linksHistory editInitial plans edit nbsp Major General Marquis Gilbert de Lafayette an 1891 statue of Lafayette by Alexandre Falguiere and Antonin Mercie in Lafayette Square nbsp The Andrew Jackson statue of Andrew Jackson by Clark Mills pictured c 1900 erected in Lafayette Park in 1853Planned as part of the pleasure grounds surrounding the Executive Mansion the square was originally part of President s Park which is the larger National Park Service unit that also includes the White House grounds The Ellipse the Eisenhower Executive Office Building and grounds and the Treasury Building and grounds In 1804 President Thomas Jefferson had Pennsylvania Avenue cut through that park and separated what would become Lafayette Square from the White House grounds In 1824 the park was officially renamed in honor of the Marquis de Lafayette the French general whose involvement was indispensable in securing victory in the American Revolutionary War 1 2 3 Named in honor of the naval war hero Commodore Steven Decatur 4 the Decatur House borders Lafayette Square 5 Used for slave trading 5 the house remains as one of few surviving examples of an urban slave market 6 The land on what is now Lafayette Square was formerly used at various times as a racetrack a graveyard a zoo a slave market an encampment for soldiers during the War of 1812 and the site of many political protests and celebrations 6 In the early and mid 19th century the buildings around the square included the homes of Washington s most prominent residents including William Wilson Corcoran Martin van Buren Henry Clay Dolley Madison John Hay and Henry Adams 6 19th century edit In 1851 Andrew Jackson Downing was commissioned by President Millard Fillmore to landscape Lafayette Square in the picturesque style 6 On February 27 1859 US Representative Daniel Sickles killed Philip Barton Key II in Lafayette Square Key had come to the park for an affair with Sickles s wife only to be discovered and killed by Sickles 7 20th century edit nbsp Clark Mills equestrian statue of President Andrew Jackson erected in 1853In the 20th century the area around the square became less residential with buildings increasingly occupied by offices and professional groups 6 especially in the 1920s and the construction of the Treasury Annex 8 The last resident Mary Chase Morris of the O Toole House 730 Jackson Place died during the Great Depression era and her former home became an office building 6 Today s plan for the park dates from the 1930s The park has five large statues In the center stands Clark Mills equestrian statue of President Andrew Jackson erected in 1853 it is the first bronze statue cast in the United States 9 In the four corners are statues of foreign Revolutionary War heroes 6 Major General Marquis Gilbert de Lafayette depicting the Marquis de Lafayette of France by sculptors Alexandre Falguiere and Antonin Mercie installed 1891 10 Major General Comte Jean de Rochambeau depicting the comte de Rochambeau of France by sculptor Fernand Hamar dedicated 1902 11 Brigadier General Thaddeus Kosciuszko depicting Tadeusz Kosciuszko of Poland by sculptor Antoni Popiel dedicated 1910 12 Major General Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben depicting the Baron von Stueben of Prussia by sculptor Albert Jaegers dedicated 1910 13 Lafayette Square was a popular cruising spot for gay men until the 1950s Lavender scare 14 In the 1960s Lafayette Square became more noted for its use as a protest location Protests related to nuclear weapons Israel and the Vietnam War were held there 15 In the 1970s the park was overrun with a large Eastern gray squirrel population possibly the highest density of squirrels ever recorded in scientific literature which eventually destroyed many trees and flowers in the park 16 The squirrels large numbers were sustained because the public overfed the squirrels and also because nestboxes had been once been installed and maintained by the National Park Service 16 In 1985 and 1987 the issue was solved by a project in which the nest boxes were removed and many squirrels were captured and relocated away from Lafayette Square to Fort Dupont Park and elsewhere 16 In 1989 Drug Enforcement Administration agents arranged a crack cocaine purchase in Lafayette Park prior to US President George H W Bush s delivery of a national address that was part of his ongoing effort against drug abuse 17 Thomas and Concepcion Picciotto are founders of the White House Peace Vigil which is the longest running anti nuclear peace vigil in U S history at Lafayette Square 18 21st century edit Further information Donald Trump photo op at St John s Church Clearing Lafayette Square and St John s On June 1 2020 amid mass protests in Washington DC and nationally which followed the murder of George Floyd in Minneapolis Lafayette Square and surrounding city streets were forcefully evicted of protesters reporters and clergy by police in riot gear using tear gas and clubbing them with batons A day after the incident a DOJ official said that U S Attorney General William Barr had personally ordered the park and surrounding areas to be cleared which resulted in a display of police aggression against a largely peaceful crowd 19 The act carried out by U S Park Police Arlington County police Federal Bureau of Prisons officers and Secret Service officers 20 was condemned by critics as a violation of the First Amendment right to freedom of assembly 21 22 Bureau of Prison officials fired pepper spray munitions contrary to the instructions of Park Police leadership 20 Although the D C Metropolitan Police was not involved in the initial advance of police against the crowd MPD officers fired tear gas at demonstrators as they moved away from the park toward 17th Street 20 A report by the U S Department of Interior Office of Inspector General OIG released in June 2021 was limited to examining the Park Police under its jurisdiction It concluded that the Park Police action was part of a plan to install antiscale fencing and that these plans were made before Barr arrived on the scene at 6 10 p m and before Trump walked to the church 23 24 25 26 However Park Police commanders could not agree on who gave the order to deploy or explain why radio transmissions were not recorded 26 The OIG report found that contrary to the Park Police operational plan the Secret Service began their operation at 6 16 p m soon after Barr arrived and a full seven minutes before any dispersal order was given by the Park Police 26 The Secret Service apologized for this incident but the OIG for the Department of the Interior and the OIG for the Department of Homeland Security declined to investigate their actions 26 27 Similarly the Park Police also deployed prior to completing dispersal orders 26 Park Police did not explain why the operation began before a widely announced curfew as requested by DC Police 26 The OIG report further stated that the Park Police s orders to disperse were not heard by all of the crowd and were generally ineffective 20 The OIG report stated that the evidence obtained by the OIG concerning Park Police did not support a finding that Trump s visit was the reason why the park was cleared 20 23 25 24 The OIG report concluded that the decision to clear the park was lawful and consistent with Interior s policy but made no conclusions on whether the decision to clear the park was a good decision 25 nor did the OIG report make any conclusions about whether the police use of force was appropriate 20 The OIG report focused on the role of Park Police which is part of the Interior Department and not on the role of other agencies such as the Secret Service which is part of the Homeland Security Department Interior OIG investigators did not interview Secret Service or White House personnel 20 As a result the OIG report stated that OIG cannot assess whether Barr s visit to the park or any planned movement by Trump influenced the Secret Service s actions including its early deployment on to H Street 24 In 2020 Joseph V Cuffari the DHS Inspector General blocked recommendations from his staff to conduct an investigation into the Secret Service s actions in the clearing of Lafayette Square 27 On June 22 2020 demonstrators attempted to tear down the statue of Andrew Jackson at the center of the square Following this incident Lafayette Square was closed to the public It was reopened on May 10 2021 28 See also editArchitecture of Washington D C Navy Yard UrnsReferences edit Lafayette Square Historic District May 1 1802 National Park Service p 175 Archived from the original on April 9 2020 Retrieved December 4 2017 Foundation Document The White House and President s Park PDF National Park Service Archived PDF from the original on 24 February 2017 Retrieved 2 December 2017 Reservation List The Parks of the National Park System Washington DC PDF www nps gov National Park Service Land Resources Program Center National Capital Region Archived PDF from the original on 22 February 2017 Retrieved 25 November 2017 The Historic Decatur House White House Historical Association Archived from the original on 2020 07 21 Retrieved 2020 06 24 a b DeNeen L Brown A history lesson for Trump Lafayette Square was once bordered by slave pens Archived 2020 06 07 at the Wayback Machine Washington Post June 5 2020 a b c d e f g Lafayette Square Washington DC General Services Administration Archived from the original on 2020 06 30 Retrieved 2020 06 24 Marlowe Beth May 15 2015 A few bad days in Washington D C history Washington Post Archived from the original on July 16 2020 Retrieved September 2 2017 Sixteenth Street Architecture Vol 1 Commission of Fine Arts 1978 pp 1 7 Kames M Goode Four Salutes to the Nation The Equestrian Statues of General Andrew Jackson White House Historical Association Archived from the original on 2021 09 04 Retrieved 2020 06 24 Major General Marquis Gilbert de Lafayette sculpture Inventory of American Sculpture Smithsonian Institution Research Information System Smithsonian American Art Museum IAS DC000217 Archived from the original on 2016 03 04 Retrieved 2015 10 28 Major General Comte Jean de Rochambeau sculpture Inventory of American Sculpture Smithsonian Institution Research Information System Smithsonian American Art Museum IAS DC000072 Archived from the original on 2020 06 25 Retrieved 2020 06 24 Brigadier General Thaddeus Kosciuszko sculpture Inventory of American Sculpture Smithsonian Institution Research Information System Smithsonian American Art Museum IAS DC000215 Archived from the original on 2020 06 27 Retrieved 2020 06 24 Major General Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben sculpture Inventory of American Sculpture Smithsonian Institution Research Information System Smithsonian American Art Museum IAS DC000216 Archived from the original on 2020 06 28 Retrieved 2020 06 24 Telling All Americans Stories LGBTQ Heritage Introduction National Park Service Archived from the original on 2020 06 07 Retrieved 2020 06 07 Demonstrating At The Front Door Of The White House Arnold amp Porter 1996 Archived from the original on 2022 03 18 Retrieved 2022 02 14 a b c John Kelly Remembering the Great Squirrel Purge of Lafayette Square Archived 2019 06 20 at the Wayback Machine Washington Post April 10 2016 Isikoff Michael September 22 1989 Drug Buy Set Up For Bush Speech The Washington Post Archived from the original on April 19 2020 Retrieved June 7 2020 Colman McCarthy February 8 2009 From Lafayette Square Lookout He Made His War Protest Permanent The Washington Post Archived from the original on August 17 2019 Retrieved September 2 2017 Carol D Leonnig Matt Zapotosky Josh Dawsey amp Rebecca Tan Barr personally ordered removal of protesters near White House leading to use of force against largely peaceful crowd Archived 2020 08 10 at the Wayback Machine Washington Post June 2 2020 a b c d e f g Tom Jackman Report Park Police didn t clear Lafayette Square protesters for Trump visit Archived 2021 06 10 at archive today Washington Post June 9 2021 Epps Garrett June 2 2020 Trump s Grotesque Violation of the First Amendment The Atlantic Archived from the original on 2020 06 03 Retrieved 2020 11 04 Baker Peter Haberman Maggie Rogers Katie Kanno Youngs Zolan Benner Katie Willis Haley Triebert Christiaan Botti David June 2 2020 How Trump s Idea for a Photo Op Led to Havoc in a Park The New York Times Archived from the original on June 6 2020 Retrieved 2020 11 04 a b Ebbs Stephanie Police did not clear Lafayette Park area so Trump could hold Bible photo op Watchdog ABC News Archived from the original on 2021 06 18 Retrieved 2021 06 09 a b c Wild Whitney 9 June 2021 Watchdog report finds Park Police did not clear racial injustice protesters from Lafayette Park for Trump s visit to St John s Church last June CNN Archived from the original on 2021 06 09 Retrieved 2021 06 09 a b c Dilanian Ken 9 June 2021 Police did not clear D C s Lafayette Park of protesters so Trump could hold a photo op new report says NBC News Archived from the original on 18 June 2021 Retrieved 9 June 2021 a b c d e f Review of U S Park Police Actions at Lafayette Park PDF June 2021 a b Carol D Leonnig DHS watchdog declined to pursue investigations into Secret Service during Trump administration documents show Archived 2021 06 11 at the Wayback Machine Washington Post April 19 2021 Marissa J Lang May 10 2021 D C s Lafayette Square opens gates to pedestrians for first time in nearly a year The Washington Post Archived from the original on May 12 2021 Retrieved May 10 2021 Further reading editBlair Gist Lafayette Square Records of the Columbia Historical Society Washington DC vol 28 1926 133 173 online Helfrich Kurt Modernism for Washington The Kennedys and the Redesign of Lafayette Square Washington History 8 1 1996 16 37 online Keck Andrew S A Toast to the Union Clark Mills Equestrian Statue of Andrew Jackson in Lafayette Square Records of the Columbia Historical Society Washington DC 71 1971 289 313 online Moser Edward P The White House s Unruly Neighborhood Crime Scandal and Intrigue in the History of Lafayette Square McFarland 2020 online review Winner Viola Hopkins Henry Adams and Lafayette Square 1877 1885 Virginia Quarterly Review 62 3 1986 478 489 onlineExternal links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lafayette Square Washington D C The White House White House Historical Association Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lafayette Square Washington D C amp oldid 1203433173, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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