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Kunlun Volcanic Group

January 11, 2023

Kunlun Volcanic Group (Chinese: 昆仑火山群), also known as Ashikule Volcanic Field, is a volcanic field in northwestern Tibet. Eight other volcanic fields are also in the area. The field is within a basin that also contains three lakes.

Kunlun Volcanic Group
Kunlun Volcanic Group
Highest point
Elevation5,808 m (19,055 ft)
Coordinates35°46′15″N 81°37′18″E / 35.77083°N 81.62167°E / 35.77083; 81.62167Coordinates: 35°46′15″N 81°37′18″E / 35.77083°N 81.62167°E / 35.77083; 81.62167[1]
Geography
LocationChina, Kunlun Mountains
Geology
Mountain typePyroclastic cones
Last eruptionMay 1951

Volcanism in the field has produced lavas and cones, with rocks having varying compositions dominated by trachyandesite. Volcanism in the field may be influenced by faults in the area.

The dates obtained from the field range from 5.0 ± 0.6 million years ago to 74,000 ± 4,000 years ago. An eruption of Ashi volcano was observed in 1951, making this one of China's youngest volcanoes.

Geological context

The Tibetan Plateau formed through the collision of India with Eurasia.[2] Potassium-rich volcanic activity in the Tibetan Plateau has been occurring since 50 million years ago. After 8 million years ago, this volcanism occurred mainly in northwestern Tibet.[3] It is not clear why volcanism occurs in the Tibetan plateau considering that the area is dominated by the collision between continents rather than subduction, which happens in other volcanically active areas.[4] Southward subduction of the Asian Plate and the northward one of the Indian Plate have been found.[5] Mélange from these subducting plates forms the source material of the magmas of the volcanic fields in northwestern Tibet,[6] although isotope data suggest that the Ashikule magma may not derive from subduction.[7] Magma generation in Ashikule could have been affected by garnet or garnet-containing crustal layers.[8] More generally, the crust beneath northern and central Tibet is suspected to be partially molten between 55–60 kilometres (34–37 mi) of depth.[4]

Rocks younger than 350,000 years have been found in the Tengchong system in the southeast and the Ashikule plateau in the northwestern part of Tibet.[9] These are also the only volcanic systems with Holocene activity in Tibet.[10] The volcanic areas of northwestern Tibet for the most part are situated at over 4,500 metres (14,800 ft) altitude and are poorly accessible.[3]

The Ashikule volcanic field is one among nine in northwestern Tibet, other volcanic fields are Dahongliutan, Heishibei, Kangxiwa, Keriya, Pulu, Qitai Daban, Quanshuigou and Tianshuihai.[11] Some of these volcanic centres are occasionally grouped with Ashikule in the Yutian-Yumen volcanic zone.[12] A pronounced seismic velocity anomaly in southern Tarim may be associated with the volcanism at Ashikule,[13] and a seismically imaged gap between the Tarim block and the Indian Plate below the crust may be a pathway for mantle upwelling that feeds the Ashikule volcanoes.[14][15]

Geography

The Ashikule volcanic field is located in the Kunlun Shan,[4] 131 kilometres (81 mi) south of Yutian County, Xinjiang.[16] It is one of the highest volcanic regions in the world[17] and being remote and with a harsh climate, poorly researched.[18] It occupies the southern parts of a large pull apart basin, the Ashikule Basin in the western Kunlun.[2] This basin covers a surface area of 700 square kilometres (270 sq mi) at an altitude of 4,700 metres (15,400 ft), sloping southeastward.[19] East-west stretching of the crust may play a role in volcanic activity there.[7] The numerous strike slip faults in the area could be involved too, whereas subduction of the Tarim Basin beneath the Kunlun is unlikely.[20] The Altyn Tagh fault crosses the field in east-northeast to south-southwest direction,[14] and several other fault zones such as the Kangxiwa fault pass north of the basin; they are involved in the genesis of the Ashikule basin.[21]

Geomorphology

There are 11[22] or 14 principal volcanoes in Ashikule, formed by lava, pumice and pyroclastics,[19] with a total volume of about 20 cubic kilometres (4.8 cu mi).[18] Spatter cones and volcanoes of Quaternary age are in the Ashikule area,[7] for a total amount of over 70 cones.[23] Over 20 volcanoes have been found in the eastern part of the field, they reach heights of several 100 metres (330 ft).[24] It features perfectly preserved cinder cones.[25] Silicic lava domes are also found.[4] The Ashikule basin is covered by 250 square kilometres (97 sq mi)[18]-200 square kilometres (77 sq mi) of lava from this field.[17] Various kinds of rock coatings have developed on these lavas, some of biogenic origin.[26] The entire field covers a surface of about 4,820 square kilometres (1,860 sq mi).[22]

Xi Shan is the westernmost volcano with a diameter of 500 metres (1,600 ft) and a height of 25–30 metres (82–98 ft)[19] With a summit height of 5,104.6 metres (16,747 ft) and a height of 400 metres (1,300 ft) above base, Dahei Shan volcano is the highest volcano at Ashikule and features a V-shaped crater.[27] 80 metres (260 ft) high Wuluke cone north of Wukule lake features a crater lake[28] and has sent out many lava flows, some of which entered Wuluke lake.[18] Migong Shan is east of Wuluke volcano. Yueya Shan has a 60 metres (200 ft) high secondary cone within its 300 metres (980 ft) wide crater; Maoniu Shan volcano is located nearby and they are surrounded by even smaller centres. Heilong Shan is a long volcanic ridge on the terraces of the Akesu River and to the east of it is the horseshoe-shaped Mati Shan and the 7–8 metres (23–26 ft) high Dong Shan.[29] Other volcanoes are known as Binhushan, Gaotaishan, Yinshan and Yizishan.[30]

The trachyandesitic Ashi volcano, also known as Ka-er-daxi or Vulkan,[1] (35°41′56″N 81°34′34″E / 35.69885°N 81.57623°E / 35.69885; 81.57623,[31]) is south of Ashikule lake in a lava plateau,[19] at an altitude of 4,868 metres (15,971 ft). The 350 metres (1,150 ft) wide cone features an uneroded 120 metres (390 ft) high cone with a 50 metres (160 ft) deep crater breached to the south.[32][27] Lava flows from Ashi extend both north and south and cover a surface area of 33 square kilometres (13 sq mi), reaching as far as lake Ashikule.[32]

There are three salt lakes in the area, Ashikule (also called Ashi or Aqqikkol), Shagesikule, and Wulukekule (also called Wuluke or Ulugkol).[19][1] Ashi is 5.5 kilometres (3.4 mi) long and Urukele 7 kilometres (4.3 mi).[33] 40 metres (130 ft) deep Ashikule covers a surface area of 14 square kilometres (5.4 sq mi) and formed when a valley was dammed by lava.[34] Wulukekule and Ashikule are separated from each other by lava. Between 13,000 and 11,000 years ago Ashikule and Shagesikule were one lake.[35] Playas of the same name are found in the area and are a source of mineral dust.[36] The basin is in the area of the upper Keriya River.[23]

Composition

The field is dominated by trachyandesite and trachydacite,[24] ranging from tephrite over trachyandesite to trachyte and rhyolite.[37] Ashi volcano has erupted trachyandesite. Phenocrysts in the rocks contain clinopyroxene, olivine, orthopyroxene and phlogopite.[38] Xenoliths of gneiss are found in the rocks of Ashi volcano.[27]

Ashikule and Tengchong have high ratios of thorium to uranium in their composition.[39] Thorium isotope data indicate that in comparison with the volcanoes of the Tengchong area, Ashikule volcanoes formed by slower melting of rocks.[40] The magmas of Ashikule probably did not form under the influence of water metasomatism.[41] The ultimate source rocks may be mafic-ultramafic rocks.[42] The magma of Ashi volcano formed by the mixing of trachyandesitic magma with a more silicic component.[43]

The conditions in the magma chamber of Ashi volcano have been estimated. There are two populations of rocks, one formed at temperatures of 1,135–1,176 °C (2,075–2,149 °F) at a depth of 18–25 kilometres (11–16 mi), the other at temperatures of 1,104–1,143 °C (2,019–2,089 °F) at a depth of 13–18 kilometres (8.1–11.2 mi).[44]

Climate

The Ashikule basin is one of the driest areas of Tibet.[36]

Discrepancies between dates obtained by surface exposure dating and potassium-argon dating on some rocks have been interpreted as being due to lava flows being covered by snow and ice in the past. From this it has been inferred that the Ashikule field was covered by glaciers during the Last Glacial Maximum, when temperatures decreased by 6–9 °C (11–16 °F).[45]

Geochronology

Some ages are 5.0 ± 0.6 and 2.7 ± 1.8 million years ago and were obtained by argon-argon dating.[46] Xi Shan volcano formed 2.8 million years ago. Mati Shan and a volcanic episode 120 kilometres (75 mi) north of Ashikule occurred 1.63-1.21 million years ago. Most volcanoes formed 670,000 - 500,000 years ago, two other minor episodes occurred 440,000 - 280,000 and 200,000 - 120,000 years ago.[29] Gaotaishan volcano is one million years and Binhushan volcano 370,000 years old.[17] A burst of volcanic activity took place 270,000 years ago, forming several volcanoes,[18] and Ashi and Wuluke cone erupted around 113,000 years ago.[47] Most of the lava flows around Ashi were erupted 66,000 years ago.[18] Sediments underlying volcanic rocks have ages of 9,700-6,700 years, indicating that eruptions took place during the Holocene.[48]

The latest eruption was on 27 May 1951,[24] at Ashi volcano as was reported by the newspaper Xinjiang Daily.[17] The report claimed that soldiers building a road heard roaring and saw a column of smoke, which continued for several days.[19] A volcanic ash layer from this eruption has been found in the Changce Ice Cap,[49] whereas the occurrence of lava flows at that time is unclear[18] and no rocks in the field itself have been conclusively linked to the eruption.[50]

Another unconfirmed report claims an eruption took place in the 19th century.[1] Presently, the field is dormant[7] and there is no evidence for the presence of a magma chamber (magmas may come from the mantle, however) nor of any ongoing deformation.[51] Fumarolic activity has been observed in the northern side of the crater of Ashi volcano.[32] It is one of the few active volcanic regions in China.[17]

The magnitude 7.2 2008 Yutian earthquake took place 30 kilometres (19 mi) south of the volcanic field, at the intersection of two major faults, the Karakax fault and the Altyn-Tagh fault.[52] Other earthquakes occurred in 2012 and 2014.[53] Volcanic activity may also be related to the Longmu-Gozha fault system;[54] conversely some volcanic landforms have been deformed by faulting.[55]

References

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  • Furuya, Masato; Yasuda, Takatoshi (November 2011). "The 2008 Yutian normal faulting earthquake (Mw 7.1), NW Tibet: Non-planar fault modeling and implications for the Karakax Fault". Tectonophysics. 511 (3–4): 125–133. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2011.09.003.
  • Guo, Zhengfu; Wilson, Marjorie; Zhang, Lihong; Zhang, Maoliang; Cheng, Zhihui; Liu, Jiaqi (June 2014). "The role of subduction channel mélanges and convergent subduction systems in the petrogenesis of post-collisional K-rich mafic magmatism in NW Tibet". Lithos. 198–199: 184–201. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2014.03.020.
  • Yu, Hongmei; Xu, Jiandong; Zhao, Bo; Shen, Huanhuan; Lin, Chuanyong (April 2014). "Magmatic Processes of Ashi Volcano, Western Kunlun Mountains, China". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition. 88 (2): 530–543. doi:10.1111/1755-6724.12212.
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  • Xu, Jiandong; Zhao, Bo; Yu, Hongmei; Wei, Feixiang; Chen, Zhengquan (1 January 2021). "Volcanic geology and petrochemistry of Ashikule volcanic field in western Kunlun Mountains of the Tibetan plateau". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 510 (1): 133–146. doi:10.1144/SP510-2020-133. ISSN 0305-8719.
  • Yu, Hongmei; Xu, Jiandong; Zhao, Bo; Wei, Feixiang (22 June 2020). "Magmatic systems beneath Ashikule volcanic cluster (Western Kunlun, China): insights from compositional and textural features of lavas". Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 13 (13): 528. doi:10.1007/s12517-020-05506-4. ISSN 1866-7538. S2CID 219959282.
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External links

  • GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION on the VOLCANIC GROUP in the WULUKEKULE (lake), Region of XINJIANG —— query the validity of "The ERUPTION of NO. 1 VOLCANO in 1951"
  • Origin of the Ashi volcano, Western Kunlun Mountains: Evidence from seismic tomography
  • Field Geological Exploration of the Ashikule Volcano Group in Western Kunlun Mountains

January 11, 2023
kunlun, volcanic, group, chinese, 昆仑火山群, also, known, ashikule, volcanic, field, volcanic, field, northwestern, tibet, eight, other, volcanic, fields, also, area, field, within, basin, that, also, contains, three, lakes, china, kunlun, mountainshighest, pointe. Kunlun Volcanic Group Chinese 昆仑火山群 also known as Ashikule Volcanic Field is a volcanic field in northwestern Tibet Eight other volcanic fields are also in the area The field is within a basin that also contains three lakes Kunlun Volcanic GroupKunlun Volcanic GroupChina Kunlun MountainsHighest pointElevation5 808 m 19 055 ft Coordinates35 46 15 N 81 37 18 E 35 77083 N 81 62167 E 35 77083 81 62167 Coordinates 35 46 15 N 81 37 18 E 35 77083 N 81 62167 E 35 77083 81 62167 1 GeographyLocationChina Kunlun MountainsGeologyMountain typePyroclastic conesLast eruptionMay 1951Volcanism in the field has produced lavas and cones with rocks having varying compositions dominated by trachyandesite Volcanism in the field may be influenced by faults in the area The dates obtained from the field range from 5 0 0 6 million years ago to 74 000 4 000 years ago An eruption of Ashi volcano was observed in 1951 making this one of China s youngest volcanoes Contents 1 Geological context 2 Geography 3 Geomorphology 4 Composition 5 Climate 6 Geochronology 7 References 7 1 Sources 8 External linksGeological context EditThe Tibetan Plateau formed through the collision of India with Eurasia 2 Potassium rich volcanic activity in the Tibetan Plateau has been occurring since 50 million years ago After 8 million years ago this volcanism occurred mainly in northwestern Tibet 3 It is not clear why volcanism occurs in the Tibetan plateau considering that the area is dominated by the collision between continents rather than subduction which happens in other volcanically active areas 4 Southward subduction of the Asian Plate and the northward one of the Indian Plate have been found 5 Melange from these subducting plates forms the source material of the magmas of the volcanic fields in northwestern Tibet 6 although isotope data suggest that the Ashikule magma may not derive from subduction 7 Magma generation in Ashikule could have been affected by garnet or garnet containing crustal layers 8 More generally the crust beneath northern and central Tibet is suspected to be partially molten between 55 60 kilometres 34 37 mi of depth 4 Rocks younger than 350 000 years have been found in the Tengchong system in the southeast and the Ashikule plateau in the northwestern part of Tibet 9 These are also the only volcanic systems with Holocene activity in Tibet 10 The volcanic areas of northwestern Tibet for the most part are situated at over 4 500 metres 14 800 ft altitude and are poorly accessible 3 The Ashikule volcanic field is one among nine in northwestern Tibet other volcanic fields are Dahongliutan Heishibei Kangxiwa Keriya Pulu Qitai Daban Quanshuigou and Tianshuihai 11 Some of these volcanic centres are occasionally grouped with Ashikule in the Yutian Yumen volcanic zone 12 A pronounced seismic velocity anomaly in southern Tarim may be associated with the volcanism at Ashikule 13 and a seismically imaged gap between the Tarim block and the Indian Plate below the crust may be a pathway for mantle upwelling that feeds the Ashikule volcanoes 14 15 Geography EditThe Ashikule volcanic field is located in the Kunlun Shan 4 131 kilometres 81 mi south of Yutian County Xinjiang 16 It is one of the highest volcanic regions in the world 17 and being remote and with a harsh climate poorly researched 18 It occupies the southern parts of a large pull apart basin the Ashikule Basin in the western Kunlun 2 This basin covers a surface area of 700 square kilometres 270 sq mi at an altitude of 4 700 metres 15 400 ft sloping southeastward 19 East west stretching of the crust may play a role in volcanic activity there 7 The numerous strike slip faults in the area could be involved too whereas subduction of the Tarim Basin beneath the Kunlun is unlikely 20 The Altyn Tagh fault crosses the field in east northeast to south southwest direction 14 and several other fault zones such as the Kangxiwa fault pass north of the basin they are involved in the genesis of the Ashikule basin 21 Geomorphology EditThere are 11 22 or 14 principal volcanoes in Ashikule formed by lava pumice and pyroclastics 19 with a total volume of about 20 cubic kilometres 4 8 cu mi 18 Spatter cones and volcanoes of Quaternary age are in the Ashikule area 7 for a total amount of over 70 cones 23 Over 20 volcanoes have been found in the eastern part of the field they reach heights of several 100 metres 330 ft 24 It features perfectly preserved cinder cones 25 Silicic lava domes are also found 4 The Ashikule basin is covered by 250 square kilometres 97 sq mi 18 200 square kilometres 77 sq mi of lava from this field 17 Various kinds of rock coatings have developed on these lavas some of biogenic origin 26 The entire field covers a surface of about 4 820 square kilometres 1 860 sq mi 22 Xi Shan is the westernmost volcano with a diameter of 500 metres 1 600 ft and a height of 25 30 metres 82 98 ft 19 With a summit height of 5 104 6 metres 16 747 ft and a height of 400 metres 1 300 ft above base Dahei Shan volcano is the highest volcano at Ashikule and features a V shaped crater 27 80 metres 260 ft high Wuluke cone north of Wukule lake features a crater lake 28 and has sent out many lava flows some of which entered Wuluke lake 18 Migong Shan is east of Wuluke volcano Yueya Shan has a 60 metres 200 ft high secondary cone within its 300 metres 980 ft wide crater Maoniu Shan volcano is located nearby and they are surrounded by even smaller centres Heilong Shan is a long volcanic ridge on the terraces of the Akesu River and to the east of it is the horseshoe shaped Mati Shan and the 7 8 metres 23 26 ft high Dong Shan 29 Other volcanoes are known as Binhushan Gaotaishan Yinshan and Yizishan 30 The trachyandesitic Ashi volcano also known as Ka er daxi or Vulkan 1 35 41 56 N 81 34 34 E 35 69885 N 81 57623 E 35 69885 81 57623 31 is south of Ashikule lake in a lava plateau 19 at an altitude of 4 868 metres 15 971 ft The 350 metres 1 150 ft wide cone features an uneroded 120 metres 390 ft high cone with a 50 metres 160 ft deep crater breached to the south 32 27 Lava flows from Ashi extend both north and south and cover a surface area of 33 square kilometres 13 sq mi reaching as far as lake Ashikule 32 There are three salt lakes in the area Ashikule also called Ashi or Aqqikkol Shagesikule and Wulukekule also called Wuluke or Ulugkol 19 1 Ashi is 5 5 kilometres 3 4 mi long and Urukele 7 kilometres 4 3 mi 33 40 metres 130 ft deep Ashikule covers a surface area of 14 square kilometres 5 4 sq mi and formed when a valley was dammed by lava 34 Wulukekule and Ashikule are separated from each other by lava Between 13 000 and 11 000 years ago Ashikule and Shagesikule were one lake 35 Playas of the same name are found in the area and are a source of mineral dust 36 The basin is in the area of the upper Keriya River 23 Composition EditThe field is dominated by trachyandesite and trachydacite 24 ranging from tephrite over trachyandesite to trachyte and rhyolite 37 Ashi volcano has erupted trachyandesite Phenocrysts in the rocks contain clinopyroxene olivine orthopyroxene and phlogopite 38 Xenoliths of gneiss are found in the rocks of Ashi volcano 27 Ashikule and Tengchong have high ratios of thorium to uranium in their composition 39 Thorium isotope data indicate that in comparison with the volcanoes of the Tengchong area Ashikule volcanoes formed by slower melting of rocks 40 The magmas of Ashikule probably did not form under the influence of water metasomatism 41 The ultimate source rocks may be mafic ultramafic rocks 42 The magma of Ashi volcano formed by the mixing of trachyandesitic magma with a more silicic component 43 The conditions in the magma chamber of Ashi volcano have been estimated There are two populations of rocks one formed at temperatures of 1 135 1 176 C 2 075 2 149 F at a depth of 18 25 kilometres 11 16 mi the other at temperatures of 1 104 1 143 C 2 019 2 089 F at a depth of 13 18 kilometres 8 1 11 2 mi 44 Climate EditThe Ashikule basin is one of the driest areas of Tibet 36 Discrepancies between dates obtained by surface exposure dating and potassium argon dating on some rocks have been interpreted as being due to lava flows being covered by snow and ice in the past From this it has been inferred that the Ashikule field was covered by glaciers during the Last Glacial Maximum when temperatures decreased by 6 9 C 11 16 F 45 Geochronology EditSome ages are 5 0 0 6 and 2 7 1 8 million years ago and were obtained by argon argon dating 46 Xi Shan volcano formed 2 8 million years ago Mati Shan and a volcanic episode 120 kilometres 75 mi north of Ashikule occurred 1 63 1 21 million years ago Most volcanoes formed 670 000 500 000 years ago two other minor episodes occurred 440 000 280 000 and 200 000 120 000 years ago 29 Gaotaishan volcano is one million years and Binhushan volcano 370 000 years old 17 A burst of volcanic activity took place 270 000 years ago forming several volcanoes 18 and Ashi and Wuluke cone erupted around 113 000 years ago 47 Most of the lava flows around Ashi were erupted 66 000 years ago 18 Sediments underlying volcanic rocks have ages of 9 700 6 700 years indicating that eruptions took place during the Holocene 48 The latest eruption was on 27 May 1951 24 at Ashi volcano as was reported by the newspaper Xinjiang Daily 17 The report claimed that soldiers building a road heard roaring and saw a column of smoke which continued for several days 19 A volcanic ash layer from this eruption has been found in the Changce Ice Cap 49 whereas the occurrence of lava flows at that time is unclear 18 and no rocks in the field itself have been conclusively linked to the eruption 50 Another unconfirmed report claims an eruption took place in the 19th century 1 Presently the field is dormant 7 and there is no evidence for the presence of a magma chamber magmas may come from the mantle however nor of any ongoing deformation 51 Fumarolic activity has been observed in the northern side of the crater of Ashi volcano 32 It is one of the few active volcanic regions in China 17 The magnitude 7 2 2008 Yutian earthquake took place 30 kilometres 19 mi south of the volcanic field at the intersection of two major faults the Karakax fault and the Altyn Tagh fault 52 Other earthquakes occurred in 2012 and 2014 53 Volcanic activity may also be related to the Longmu Gozha fault system 54 conversely some volcanic landforms have been deformed by faulting 55 References Edit a b c d Kunlun Volcanic Group Global Volcanism Program Smithsonian Institution a b Yu et al 2014 p 530 a b Guo et al 2014 p 184 a b c d Cooper et al 2002 p 2 Guo et al 2014 p 185 Guo et al 2014 p 193 a b c d Furuya amp Yasuda 2011 p 126 Jiandong 2014 p 594 Zou Haibo Fan Qicheng Schmitt Axel K Sui Jianli July 2010 U Th dating of zircons from Holocene potassic andesites Maanshan volcano Tengchong SE Tibetan Plateau by depth profiling Time scales and nature of magma storage Lithos 118 1 2 202 doi 10 1016 j lithos 2010 05 001 Zou et al 2014 p 132 Guo et al 2014 pp 185 186 Deng J F Mo X X Zhao H L Wu Z X Luo Z H Su S G May 2004 A new model for the dynamic evolution of Chinese lithosphere continental roots plume tectonics Earth Science Reviews 65 3 4 241 doi 10 1016 j earscirev 2003 08 001 PEI Shun Ping XU Zhong Huai WANG Su Yun M Hearn Thomas March 2002 Pn Velocity Tomography in Xinjiang China and Adjacent Regions Chinese Journal of Geophysics 45 2 221 doi 10 1002 cjg2 234 a b Wei et al 2017 p 176 Wei Wei Zhao Dapeng 1 February 2020 Intraplate volcanism and mantle dynamics of Mainland China New constraints from shear wave tomography Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 188 12 doi 10 1016 j jseaes 2019 104103 Bi Hua Wang Zhonggang Wang Yuanlong Zhu Xiaoqing December 1999 History of tectono magmatic evolution in the Western Kunlun Orogen Science in China Series D Earth Sciences 42 6 616 doi 10 1007 BF02877788 S2CID 129824878 a b c d e Yu et al 2014 p 531 a b c d e f g Zou Vazquez amp Fan 2020 p 3 a b c d e f Liu amp Maimaiti 1989 p 187 Cooper et al 2002 pp 15 16 Yu et al 2020 p 2 a b Canon Tapia Edgardo 1 October 2021 Vent distribution and sub volcanic systems Myths fallacies and some plausible facts Earth Science Reviews 221 11 doi 10 1016 j earscirev 2021 103768 ISSN 0012 8252 a b Guo Huadong Vernon Singhroy Thomas Galen Farr 1 November 1997 New Technology for Geosciences VSP p 25 ISBN 978 90 6764 265 1 a b c Wang Erchie 2003 Late Cenozoic geological evolution of the foreland basin bordering the West Kunlun range in Pulu area Constraints on timing of uplift of northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau Journal of Geophysical Research 108 B8 9 Bibcode 2003JGRB 108 2401W doi 10 1029 2002JB001877 Zhang Zhaochong Xiao Xuchang Wang Jun Wang Yong Kusky Timothy M January 2008 Post collisional Plio Pleistocene shoshonitic volcanism in the western Kunlun Mountains NW China Geochemical constraints on mantle source characteristics and petrogenesis Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 31 4 6 381 doi 10 1016 j jseaes 2007 06 003 Anthony J Parsons A D Abrahams 20 March 2009 Geomorphology of Desert Environments Springer Science amp Business Media p 153 ISBN 978 1 4020 5719 9 a b c Liu amp Maimaiti 1989 p 188 Liu amp Maimaiti 1989 pp 188 189 a b Liu amp Maimaiti 1989 p 189 Yu et al 2020 p 3 Krinsley Dorn amp DiGregorio 2009 pp 552 53 a b c Yu et al 2014 p 532 Krinsley Dorn amp DiGregorio 2009 p 553 Zheng Mianping 6 December 2012 An Introduction to Saline Lakes on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau Springer Science amp Business Media p 35 ISBN 978 94 011 5458 1 Li Bingyuan Wang Sumin Zhu Liping Li Yuanfang December 2001 12 kaBP lake environment on the Tibetan Plateau Science in China Series D Earth Sciences 44 S1 327 doi 10 1007 BF02912002 S2CID 195306306 a b Krinsley Dorn amp DiGregorio 2009 p 552 Luo Zhaohua Xiao Xuchang Cao Yongqing Mo Xuanxue Su Shangguo Deng Jinfu Zhang Wenhui December 2001 The Cenozoic mantle magmatism and motion of lithosphere on the north margin of the Tibetan Plateau Science in China Series D Earth Sciences 44 S1 14 doi 10 1007 BF02911966 S2CID 130129698 Jiandong 2014 p 556 Zou et al 2014 p 138 Zou et al 2014 p 137 Cooper et al 2002 p 14 Cooper et al 2002 p 15 Yu et al 2014 p 539 Yu et al 2014 p 538 Kong P Huang F Fink D December 2003 Pleistocene Glaciations on the Northwestern Tibet AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts 2003 32B 0284 Bibcode 2003AGUFMPP32B0284K Jiandong 2014 p 558 Zou Vazquez amp Fan 2020 p 7 Pan Bo Liu Guoming Cheng Tao Zhang Jingwei Sun Zigang Ma Baojun Wu Haijun Liang Guojing Guo Mingrui Kong Qingjun Wei Feixiang Zhao Ciping Zhao Qiang 1 January 2021 Development and status of active volcano monitoring in China Geological Society London Special Publications 510 1 229 doi 10 1144 SP510 2020 62 ISSN 0305 8719 Trevor D Davies Martyn Tranter H Gerald Jones 29 June 2013 Seasonal Snowpacks Processes of Compositional Change Springer Science amp Business Media p 367 ISBN 978 3 642 75112 7 Xu et al 2021 p 2 Ji Lingyun Xu Jiandong Liu Lei Zhang Wenting 1 January 2021 A review of present day deformation of active volcanoes in China between 1970 and 2013 Geological Society London Special Publications 510 1 8 doi 10 1144 SP510 2019 228 ISSN 0305 8719 Furuya amp Yasuda 2011 p 125 Wei et al 2017 p 177 Chevalier Marie Luce Pan Jiawei Li Haibing Sun Zhiming Liu Dongliang Pei Junling Xu Wei Wu Chan April 2015 First tectonic geomorphology study along the Longmu Gozha Co fault system Western Tibet Gondwana Research 41 12 doi 10 1016 j gr 2015 03 008 Xu et al 2021 p 3 Sources Edit Cooper Kari M Reid Mary R Dunbar N W McIntosh W C November 2002 Origin of mafic magmas beneath northwestern Tibet Constraints from Th U disequilibria Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 3 11 1 23 Bibcode 2002GGG 3 1065C doi 10 1029 2002GC000332 Furuya Masato Yasuda Takatoshi November 2011 The 2008 Yutian normal faulting earthquake Mw 7 1 NW Tibet Non planar fault modeling and implications for the Karakax Fault Tectonophysics 511 3 4 125 133 doi 10 1016 j tecto 2011 09 003 Guo Zhengfu Wilson Marjorie Zhang Lihong Zhang Maoliang Cheng Zhihui Liu Jiaqi June 2014 The role of subduction channel melanges and convergent subduction systems in the petrogenesis of post collisional K rich mafic magmatism in NW Tibet Lithos 198 199 184 201 doi 10 1016 j lithos 2014 03 020 Yu Hongmei Xu Jiandong Zhao Bo Shen Huanhuan Lin Chuanyong April 2014 Magmatic Processes of Ashi Volcano Western Kunlun Mountains China Acta Geologica Sinica English Edition 88 2 530 543 doi 10 1111 1755 6724 12212 Jiandong Xu 20 December 2014 Geological features and eruption history of Ashikule volcano clusters in western Kunlun Mountain Acta Petrologica Sinica 30 12 ISSN 1000 0569 via ResearchGate Krinsley David Dorn Ronald I DiGregorio Barry 2009 Astrobiological implications of Rock Varnish in Tibet Astrobiology 9 6 551 562 doi 10 1089 ast 2008 0238 PMID 19663762 S2CID 18891658 Liu Jiaqui Maimaiti Yiming January 1989 Distribution and ages of AshikuIe voIcanoes on the West Kunlun Mountains West China PDF Bulletin of Glacier Research 7 187 190 Retrieved 2 November 2016 Wei Feixiang Prytulak Julie Xu Jiandong Wei Wei Hammond James O S Zhao Bo September 2017 The cause and source of melting for the most recent volcanism in Tibet A combined geochemical and geophysical perspective PDF Lithos 288 289 175 190 doi 10 1016 j lithos 2017 07 003 ISSN 0024 4937 Xu Jiandong Zhao Bo Yu Hongmei Wei Feixiang Chen Zhengquan 1 January 2021 Volcanic geology and petrochemistry of Ashikule volcanic field in western Kunlun Mountains of the Tibetan plateau Geological Society London Special Publications 510 1 133 146 doi 10 1144 SP510 2020 133 ISSN 0305 8719 Yu Hongmei Xu Jiandong Zhao Bo Wei Feixiang 22 June 2020 Magmatic systems beneath Ashikule volcanic cluster Western Kunlun China insights from compositional and textural features of lavas Arabian Journal of Geosciences 13 13 528 doi 10 1007 s12517 020 05506 4 ISSN 1866 7538 S2CID 219959282 Zou Haibo Shen Chuan Chou Fan Qicheng Lin Ke April 2014 U series disequilibrium in young Tengchong volcanics Recycling of mature clay sediments or mudstones into the SE Tibetan mantle Lithos 192 195 132 141 doi 10 1016 j lithos 2014 01 017 Zou Haibo Vazquez Jorge Fan Qicheng 1 April 2020 Timescales of magmatic processes in post collisional potassic lavas northwestern Tibet Lithos 358 359 105418 doi 10 1016 j lithos 2020 105418 ISSN 0024 4937 External links EditGEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION on the VOLCANIC GROUP in the WULUKEKULE lake Region of XINJIANG query the validity of The ERUPTION of NO 1 VOLCANO in 1951 Origin of the Ashi volcano Western Kunlun Mountains Evidence from seismic tomography Field Geological Exploration of the Ashikule Volcano Group in Western Kunlun Mountains Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kunlun Volcanic Group amp oldid 1087523017, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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