In geology, a mélange is a large-scale breccia, a mappable body of rock characterized by a lack of continuous bedding and the inclusion of fragments of rock of all sizes, contained in a fine-grained deformed matrix. The mélange typically consists of a jumble of large blocks of varied lithologies. Both tectonic and sedimentary processes can form mélange.
Mélange occurrences are associated with thrust faulted terranes in orogenic belts. A mélange is formed in the accretionary wedge above a subduction zone. The ultramaficophiolite sequences which have been obducted onto continental crust are typically underlain by a mélange. Smaller-scale localized mélanges may also occur in shear or fault zones, where coherent rock has been disrupted and mixed by shearing forces.
Shale matrix mélange with clasts of sandstone and greenstone on Marshall's Beach, San Francisco, US
Large-scale melanges formed in active continental margin settings generally consist of altered oceanic crustal material and blocks of continental slopesediments in a sheared mudstonematrix. The mixing mechanisms in such settings may include tectonic shearing forces, ductile flow of a water-charged or deformable matrix (such as serpentinite), sedimentary action (such as slumping, gravity-flow, and olistostromal action), or some combination of these. Some larger blocks of rock may be as much as 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) across.
Before the advent of plate tectonics in the early 1970s, it was difficult to explain mélanges in terms of known geological mechanisms. A particularly troubling paradox was the occurrence of blueschist blocks (low temperature and high pressure metamorphic rocks) in direct contact with graywacke (a coarse sandstone with lithic fragments) that was deposited in a sedimentary environment.
Examples include the Franciscan Complex along the Coast Ranges of central and northern California and the Bay of Islands ophiolite complex in Newfoundland. The Gwna Mélange in the UK extends through Anglesey and the Llŷn Peninsula onto Bardsey Island in North Wales. The Northern Palawan melange is distributed in the Philippines' Miniloc Island[clarify], west coast of Inabamalaki Island, west coast of El Nido[clarify]; Cudugman Point on Bacuit Bay, and in the Cuyo Group of Islands. It consists of a jumble of various rock types contained in a matrix of grey-green slaty mudstone and siltstone.
The Eastern Desert of Egypt is part of the Neoproterozoic Arabian-Nubian Shield and displays different occurrences of Neoproterozoic ophiolitic mélanges. The mélanges contain exotic and native blocks and fragments of variable sizes and types set in a sheared and schistosevolcaniclastic matrix. The main exotic blocks are ophiolitic and include metamorphosed ultramafic rocks, metagabbros, massive and pillowed metabasalts and pelagic sedimentary rocks. Based on the mode of occurrences of the ophiolitic components and the processes of mélange formation, the ophiolitic mélanges of the Central Eastern Desert are classified and mapped into tectonic mélange, olistostrome and olistostromal mélange. Both tectonic and sedimentary processes played a major role during mélange formation in a back-arc or inter-arc setting.[1]
Etymologyedit
The term mélange in English is a loan word from French, used to mean a mixture of disparate components. Its derivation, and therefore to some extent its connotation, is similar to mêlée.[2]Mélange is the modern form of the Old French noun meslance, which comes from the infinitivemesler, meaning "to mix".[3]
Referencesedit
^Classification and origin of the Neoproterozoic ophiolitic mélanges in the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt; Authors: El Bahariya, Gaafar A. Affiliation: AA (Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt; Publication:Tectonophysics, Volume 568, pp. 357–70. 09/2012 Origin: ELSEVIER doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2012.03.020 Bibliographic Code: 2012Tectp.568..357E
Blatt, Harvey and Robert Tracy (1996), Petrology, 2nd ed., Freeman (pp. 178, 514), ISBN0-7167-2438-3.
Hsu, K.J., 1970, Preliminary report and geologic guide to Franciscan melanges of the Morro Bay – San Simeon area, San Luis Obispo County, California: California Geological Survey Special Publication 35.
Raymond, L.A., 1984, Classification of melanges: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 198, pp. 7–20.
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This article is about the geological term For other uses see Melange This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations May 2012 Learn how and when to remove this template message In geology a melange is a large scale breccia a mappable body of rock characterized by a lack of continuous bedding and the inclusion of fragments of rock of all sizes contained in a fine grained deformed matrix The melange typically consists of a jumble of large blocks of varied lithologies Both tectonic and sedimentary processes can form melange Melange from Narooma Australia Melange occurrences are associated with thrust faulted terranes in orogenic belts A melange is formed in the accretionary wedge above a subduction zone The ultramafic ophiolite sequences which have been obducted onto continental crust are typically underlain by a melange Smaller scale localized melanges may also occur in shear or fault zones where coherent rock has been disrupted and mixed by shearing forces Shale matrix melange with clasts of sandstone and greenstone on Marshall s Beach San Francisco US Large scale melanges formed in active continental margin settings generally consist of altered oceanic crustal material and blocks of continental slope sediments in a sheared mudstone matrix The mixing mechanisms in such settings may include tectonic shearing forces ductile flow of a water charged or deformable matrix such as serpentinite sedimentary action such as slumping gravity flow and olistostromal action or some combination of these Some larger blocks of rock may be as much as 1 kilometre 0 62 mi across Before the advent of plate tectonics in the early 1970s it was difficult to explain melanges in terms of known geological mechanisms A particularly troubling paradox was the occurrence of blueschist blocks low temperature and high pressure metamorphic rocks in direct contact with graywacke a coarse sandstone with lithic fragments that was deposited in a sedimentary environment Contents 1 Examples 2 Etymology 3 References 4 External linksExamples editExamples include the Franciscan Complex along the Coast Ranges of central and northern California and the Bay of Islands ophiolite complex in Newfoundland The Gwna Melange in the UK extends through Anglesey and the Llŷn Peninsula onto Bardsey Island in North Wales The Northern Palawan melange is distributed in the Philippines Miniloc Island clarify west coast of Inabamalaki Island west coast of El Nido clarify Cudugman Point on Bacuit Bay and in the Cuyo Group of Islands It consists of a jumble of various rock types contained in a matrix of grey green slaty mudstone and siltstone The Eastern Desert of Egypt is part of the Neoproterozoic Arabian Nubian Shield and displays different occurrences of Neoproterozoic ophiolitic melanges The melanges contain exotic and native blocks and fragments of variable sizes and types set in a sheared and schistose volcaniclastic matrix The main exotic blocks are ophiolitic and include metamorphosed ultramafic rocks metagabbros massive and pillowed metabasalts and pelagic sedimentary rocks Based on the mode of occurrences of the ophiolitic components and the processes of melange formation the ophiolitic melanges of the Central Eastern Desert are classified and mapped into tectonic melange olistostrome and olistostromal melange Both tectonic and sedimentary processes played a major role during melange formation in a back arc or inter arc setting 1 Etymology editThe term melange in English is a loan word from French used to mean a mixture of disparate components Its derivation and therefore to some extent its connotation is similar to melee 2 Melange is the modern form of the Old French noun meslance which comes from the infinitive mesler meaning to mix 3 References edit Classification and origin of the Neoproterozoic ophiolitic melanges in the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt Authors El Bahariya Gaafar A Affiliation AA Geology Department Faculty of Science Tanta University Tanta Egypt Publication Tectonophysics Volume 568 pp 357 70 09 2012 Origin ELSEVIER doi 10 1016 j tecto 2012 03 020 Bibliographic Code 2012Tectp 568 357E Online Etymology Dictionary Online Etymology Dictionary Blatt Harvey and Robert Tracy 1996 Petrology 2nd ed Freeman pp 178 514 ISBN 0 7167 2438 3 Hsu K J 1970 Preliminary report and geologic guide to Franciscan melanges of the Morro Bay San Simeon area San Luis Obispo County California California Geological Survey Special Publication 35 Raymond L A 1984 Classification of melanges Geological Society of America Special Paper 198 pp 7 20 British Geological Survey Geology of the country around Aberdaron HMSO London 1993 ISBN 0 11 884487 3External links edit nbsp Look up melange in Wiktionary the free dictionary Trenches and melanges from the University of Alberta Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Melange amp 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