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Knights of Liberty (vigilante group)

April 07, 2024

This article is about the World War I vigilante organization. For the anti-slavery organization, see Knights of Liberty.

The Knights of Liberty (sometimes Liberty Knights, Loyalty Knights, or Knights of Loyalty[1]) was an American volunteer nationalist secret society and vigilance committee active circa 1917–1918, claiming responsibility for violence against perceived disloyalty during World War I. They are known for the 1917 Tulsa Outrage in Oklahoma, the 1918 lynching of Olli Kinkkonen in Minnesota, and a spree of 1918 tarring and feathering events in Wisconsin and California.

Background edit

 
1917 poster for Liberty Bonds
 
1918 German propaganda depicting an American "inquisition" against pacifists.

On April 6, 1917, the United States declared war on the German Empire, entering into World War I. Needing additional manpower to ensure the nation's security domestically and appealing to Americans' sense of volunteerism and "vigilante tradition", President Woodrow Wilson authorized the founding of the semi-official American Protective League that year.[2][3][4] Other similar organizations sprang up, including the Knights of Liberty, National Security League, Boy Spies of America, Sedition Slammers, American Rights League, American Defense League, and Anti-Yellow-Dog League. These organizations, encouraged by local, state, and federal government, had a goal of targeting those they considered disloyal.[5][6][7][8][9]

The extent of the Knights of Liberty's relationship to the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) has been debated. KKK member and Tulsa community leader W. Tate Brady was identified as having led the group's initial attack on Industrial Workers of the World members in 1917.[10][11] Contemporaneously described as a "modern Ku Klux Klan",[12] "Klu Klux Clan [sic] organization",[13] and "'Ku-Klux' of Oklahomans",[14] it is unclear whether such terms were comparisons to the Klan's secretive and violent nature or if the organizations were actually related.[13] Some writers have referred to the Knights of Liberty as a "suspected branch" of the Klan,[15] while others have called the KKK a "different franchise from the Knights perhaps, but with overlapping membership and a similar propensity for showy and sadistic violence."[11] Some scholars have linked the Knights to the KKK participation in the later 1921 Tulsa race massacre, which has in turn, been questioned by others.[16] In 1949, a member of one KKK offshoot told the Saturday Evening Post regarding such groups, "They go under all sorts of names. Some of them—like the Knights of Liberty and the Seventy-Sixers—don't even have the word Klan in their title. But they ain't a thing but old Ku Kluxes."[17]

Criticism of the war effort led to a number of violent incidents, including abductions, beatings, tarring and feathering cases, and lynchings in 1917 and 1918.[18] The Knights of Liberty claimed responsibility for a number of these incidents and threats. These included actions directed at those suspected of pro-German sentiment, as well as labor activists, pacifists, and "slackers" (similar to the later term draft dodgers) around the country. The Knights of Liberty's actions were covered in a number of US newspapers as well as abroad.[19] The organization's membership and aims were described in 1918 by one newspaper:[20]

...its members are almost wholly business and professional men of high standing, men who beyond the draft age and unfitted by years or physical condition to join the military forces of the nation, are determined to do their bit by suppressing disloyalty and seeing to it that the nation shall not be assailed from within.

Particularly in the spring of 1918, anti-German sentiment grew significantly as Americans heard of the happenings on the Western Front. A Council of National Defense representative for the Midwest commented, "All over this part of the country men are being tarred and feathered and some are being lynched.... These cases do not get into the newspapers nor is an effort ever made to punish the individuals concerned. In fact, as a rule, it has the complete backing of public opinion..."[21] Though Wilson would later denounce mob violence in July 1918,[22] a response described as slow and "muted",[23] actions aimed at the disloyal continued; many believed in an obligation to assist the nation through patriotic vigilance and coercion.[3]

Threats edit

The Knights of Liberty's threats to local residents were published in newspapers:[24][25]

“You have reached the end of the road. If you say one more word, even in a whisper, or lift one finger, against this country or her allies, you are a marked man. If the law cannot reach you, we can—AND WE WILL! ... While our boys are fighting for us in France you are fighting against us at home. Aided by German gold, you have been continually at work, poisoning the minds of the ignorant, seeking to hinder the raising of government funds, discouraging enlistments, obstructing the merciful work of the Red Cross, striving to spread disaffection and unrest among our loyal working people; and in countless other devious, subtle and stealthy ways carrying out the orders of your imperial master, the German kaiser. ... You have sold your soul to the Prussian devil, but perhaps you still have your common sense. If so you will take this warning in deadly earnest. If you don’t believe we mean what we say, try us, and you will find that what we applied to the traitor—was mild compared to what will happen to you.

— Duluth News Tribune, March 24, 1918

Warning! To all Pro-German sympathizers, slackers and knockers against Liberty Bonds and other War Measures: While our brave boys are falling in France and facing a hundred million Huns far over the ocean, we,

The Knights of Liberty

Of Oklahoma and Texas, feel that we would be cowards, curs and traitors to allow sneering and unpatriotic citizens to live among us without being punished. We therefore call your attention to the fact that your health and peace will best be conserved by either getting in strong and doing your full duty or looking for other localities.

WE HAVE STOOD ALL WE WILL STAND!

The incident of Monday night will be repeated as often as necessary to make our country 100 per cent patriotic. In behalf of the boys who are dying over there, we are

The Knights of Liberty

— The Altus Weekly News, March 21, 1918

Incidents edit

 
 
Example of a tarring and feathering victim. German-American farmer John Meints of Luverne, Minnesota, was tarred and feathered in August 1918 during World War I for allegedly not supporting war bond drives.[26]

Oklahoma edit

The organization initially started in 1917 as a vigilance committee focusing on labor:[27] one author writes, "Tulsa business men organized the 'Knights of Liberty' to serve as their shock troops."[28] Over the course of the year, the local Tulsa Daily World had focused on the supposed German control of the Industrial Workers of the World (I.W.W.) union.[11][10] On November 9, 1917, the Knights of Liberty perpetrated the Tulsa Outrage. That day, eleven I.W.W. members were convicted of vagrancy or failure to own liberty bonds. While being taken to the county jail along with six others who had been arrested, they were abducted by forty to fifty men – led by KKK member and Tulsa founder W. Tate Brady and police chief Ed Lucas – wearing black robes and masks calling themselves the Knights of Liberty. The seventeen men were taken to a deserted area where they were stripped and each bound to a tree, whipped, and tarred and feathered. Chased off with guns through barbed wire, they were turned away by local farmers "in the name of the outraged women and children of Belgium".[11] The men returned to Tulsa to find threatening signs posted around the city signed by the "Vigilance Committee". Acting with state and local government support, prominent community members were among the mob. The local newspaper stated no effort was made to determine who the forty to fifty men were.[29][3][11] Articles about the event were widely published throughout the country and other Knights of Liberty groups formed shortly afterwards.[10][30] In 2001, the Oklahoma Commission to Study the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 called the incident "an important step along the road to the race riot."[31]

In March 1918, ten cars of masked men belonging to the Knights of Liberty kidnapped two farmers, Henry Huffman and O. F. Westbrook, in Altus, Oklahoma. The two were said to have supported German aims, not purchased liberty bonds, and "openly had cursed the government". They were stripped, whipped, tarred and feathered, and forced to kiss the American flag. They were told to leave the county. A newspaper report stated that the Knights of Liberty in southwest Oklahoma had over 500 members and that "more tarring and feathering activities are expected."[32] Making a connection between the Knights of Liberty and the Ku Klux Klan, one newspaper headline regarding the incident read "Ku Klux Klans Are Busy",[33] while another read "Modern Ku Klux to Chastise Slackers".[34]

In Tulsa in April 1918, the Knights of Liberty kidnapped, stripped, whipped, and tarred and feathered John Kubecka, a German American. He was said to have made derogatory statements about the government.[35][36]

In Durant, the Knights of Liberty abducted "Red" Scott, a man held in the city jail for vagrancy, in May that year. He was tied to a tree and flogged, with a threat signed by the Knights of Liberty posted above his head, stating, "This is a convict, loafer and thug. Loafers, disloyalists and crooks cannot stay in Durant. Every 'vag' not at work in twenty-four hours will be dealt with severely."[37]

An Enid newspaper framed several June 1918 occurrences in positive, religious terms: "as a result of their evangelistic propaganda", an Austrian American farmer who had not purchased any liberty bonds was beaten and "[converted] to giving gospel" by the "accommodating Knights", while their "proselytizing" had a "wholesome", "salutory" impact on several others.[38][39] In another event in Enid, a laundry wagon driver thought he had seen a portrait of the Kaiser on the wall of an old woman's home, leading him to notify the county clerk. The clerk in turn informed the Knights of Liberty, who went to her home to discover it was a portrait of Allied commander General Foch.[40]

On September 20, 1918, the Knights of Liberty began to repeatedly threaten Julius Hüssy, the editor of Oklahoma Vorwärts, a German-language weekly newspaper. He was threatened with mob violence if he did not stop publishing the newspaper by October 4. On October 17, fifty men, some of whom were well-known community members or in public service, showed up and threatened him in person, causing him to shutter his newspaper after 18 years.[41][27]

Two or three dozen black-clad and masked Knights of Liberty appeared in Tulsa in October 1918 to warn citizens to purchase liberty bonds.[42] An October 1919 article stated the Tulsa Knights of Liberty were considering re-forming in order to fight car theft.[43]

Minnesota edit

The organization announced its presence in Minnesota in March 1918, when it began sending threats signed "The Knights of Liberty, Minnesota Division" to two suspected pro-German residents.[44] At the time they were estimated to have 500 members in Duluth.[20] There, their first victim – Gustaf Landin, a Swedish American photographer – had previously made negative comments about the sale of liberty bonds and "governmental things in general". He was lured from home under the pretense of photographing a wedding party, then driven to a deserted area. Landin's clothes were torn off; he was whipped, tarred and feathered. He was made to kiss the American flag and his life threatened. He was told to warn the other men they had previously threatened. The group was described as being a "thoroughly organized group of men".[20] In April, they painted a Bemidji shop-owner's store yellow, telling him he had 30 days to leave town.[45] Later that year in September, several Duluth men including Finnish American dockworker Olli Kinkkonen renounced their citizenship to avoid fighting in World War I. The Knights of Liberty threatened the men; the letter was published in the local news. Kinkkonen was abducted from his boarding house, tarred and feathered, and lynched in a Duluth park. His body was discovered two weeks later and declared a suicide due to humiliation.[46] Stating the act was a warning to other slackers, the Knights of Liberty took responsibility.[15] Other local newspapers and the Nonpartisan League decried the official explanation and lack of investigation into the event.[47][48] The governor offered a reward for information but no further action was taken.

In April 1919, the Knights of Liberty claimed in an Ely newspaper that they were still active around the country.[49]

Wisconsin edit

At the beginning of World War I, Wisconsin – with its many German residents and first-generation German immigrants – had a lower level of support for war against the Germans, leading it to be called the "Traitor State". Organizations including the Wisconsin Loyalty Legion and Council of Defense took action to intimidate residents.[50][51] The Knights of Liberty claimed responsibility for a series of tarring and feathering attacks in the Ashland area between the spring and fall of 1918,[13] stating, "We have no purpose to do injustice to any man, but we do feel that any treasonable and seditious acts, or utterances, demand prompt punishment. These cases must not be allowed to run indefinitely, without anything being done. We want action and we want it now."[52]

In March 1918, E. A. Schimler (sometimes spelled Schimmel), a language professor at Northland College from Germany, was suspected by the Knights of Liberty of being a German agent. They kidnapped, tarred and feathered him. He described the attack as well-organized; the Knights referred to their treatment of him as "lenient". The case was not investigated.[53][54] Weeks later, suspected pro-German bartender Adolph Anton was abducted, stripped, tarred and feathered.[55] He and his wife claimed to recognize two of the men;[13][56] the cases were dismissed – a decision cheered by local spectators – and he moved to Indiana.[57][58][59]

In May, German-born tax assessor William Landraint was not reappointed to his position after being accused of disloyalty. Abducted outside a hotel by about 50 Knights of Liberty, he had a bag placed over his head and was strangled.[60] Landraint was then taken away, stripped, handcuffed, tarred and feathered. Though many people witnessed the event, none spoke up on the identities of the men involved.[60] He requested police protection[61] and later moved away to Saint Paul.[62][63][64]

The Knights of Liberty drove a German man, Emil Kunze, out of town in June after he heard them planning to tar and feather him. He requested police protection but ended up leaving his job and moving away.[65][66] The next month, Martin Johnson, a farmer, was said to have made statements against the Red Cross's work and the government. He was abducted after giving some men directions to a fishing stream. They were said to have "acted in a business-like manner" as they drove him to a secluded area where he was stripped, tarred and feathered.[67][68]

In October that year, John Oestrych, a farmer, was tarred and feathered for failing to buy liberty bonds.[69]

One scholar notes the strength of anti-German sentiment at the time leading to a lack of coverage and condemnation.[70] Another comments that the string of events was notably not covered in the Milwaukee Journal's statewide news columns. He states it was "certainly not a coincidence" that the tarring and feathering events took place in Ashland as it was the meeting place for a number of members of the Republican Loyalty Union Party.[13] William T. Evjue from The Capital Times placed some of the blame for the continuing violence on local newspapers' lack of condemnation; Ashland newspaper editor John C. Chapple was called "one of the ultra-reactionaries of the state".[13][71]

The mayor of Ashland criticized the Knights' methods, writing in an open letter that "pro-Germanism has nothing to do with it. It is simply a question of whether law or anarchy is to prevail in Ashland" and "[t]he victim of mob outrage may or may not be a pro-German or even a German spy", urging "sincere...but...misguided patriots" to aid law enforcement against disloyalty in more appropriate ways.[72] Governor Emanuel L. Philipp requested the public's help "to aid me in the suppression of the spirit of lawlessness which has been promoted under the guise of Loyalty";[13] however, local citizens were uncooperative.[73] Upon investigating the first two attacks, state Attorney General Spencer Haven found the town's citizens "proud" and "generally satisfied". He described the Knights of Liberty as "a secret organization, presumably composed of many of Ashland's leading citizens who are absolutely loyal and determined there shall be absolutely no disloyalty in their city."[74]

California edit

In May 1918, the Knights of Liberty took action in California. George Koetzer was abducted 50 members of the Knights of Liberty and brought to a secluded location in San Jose where the men tied him to a tree and tarred and feathered him. Koetzer was chained to a cannon. The Knights of Liberty were said to have also hanged a man named Henry Steinmoltz and taken him away in a vehicle, though the Secret Service and police later described the Steinmoltz incident as a hoax.[75][76][77] The Knights of Liberty then sent anonymous letters describing their acts to the police and federal officials.[78] The city manager decried the Knights' vigilante methods; they called a local newspaper, warning he "had better go easy" and "The Knights of Liberty have more applications for membership than we can handle. We soon will be ready to come out in the open and then Manager Reed and everyone will be agreeably surprised at the class of men who compose its membership."[79] No actions were taken against the police officers who allowed Koetzer to be taken.[80] Several San Jose men requested to stay in the jail for their safety due to the threats against them by the Knights of Liberty; one was later hospitalized "in a state of nervous collapse".[81][82]

One Swiss German man was tied to the tree outside the courthouse in San Rafael and another man threatened. Because the crowd sympathized with the Knights, no action was taken by the sheriff.[83]

Later that month, a Red Cross fundraiser in San Jose featured, "dressed in their robes of mystery, robes of the Ku Klux Klan...the 'Knights of Liberty' band", playing patriotic music.[84]

The Knights of Liberty announced further action, sending threats to dozens of San Franciscans, businessmen in Visalia, and people in Northern California.[85][86] Their threats were decried by the police and the typewriter used to produce the letters was eventually found. Officials promised to stop the Knights; the Department of Justice was said by J. M. Inman to have asked them and other similar groups to disband.[76][87] The San Francisco chief of police stated that the city would not tolerate the Knights of Liberty nor mob rule.[88] Major General John F. Morrison spoke harshly against the organization, urging citizens to use legal means of addressing disloyalty: "If any American citizens are so anxious to display their loyalty, let them display it by standing loyally by the constitution of the United States... Tarring or feathering or mob violence is not in the spirit of the American constitution."[89] The Provost Marshal Guard offered the assistance of 50 men to the police chief to combat the Knights of Liberty, and the US Marshal requested the ability to appoint more deputy marshals in 12 to 20 California cities.[90]

Membership edit

The Knights of Liberty were said to have 160 members in Leonardville, Kansas, a town of 380, in April 1916.[91] In California, they claimed 82 members in the San Jose area, as well as branches in a number of other cities in the state, in May 1918.[80] In November 1918, they claimed a membership of 75,000 in Minnesota and over 2,000,000 nationwide,[92] significantly higher than the 250,000 to 300,000 members of the American Protective League.[2][93] They claimed 800 members in Ashland, Wisconsin, in January 1919.[1]

Reactions edit

Local media covered the Tulsa Outrage in a generally positive tone, calling it "a party, a real American party" and referring to the Knights of Liberty as "patriotic".[29] One Kansas City, Missouri man wrote an ode to the Knights of Liberty following the event, which was published in newspapers.[94] The National Civil Liberties Bureau wrote in 1918 that the general response to the Tulsa Outrage was overwhelmingly positive, with a few newspapers such as the Evening Post and St. Louis Post-Dispatch condemning the event.[95] Criticism was directed towards the Knights of Liberty for not doing enough.[28]

After Olli Kinkkonen's death in Minnesota, the governor stated he would not tolerate mob violence and offered a $500 reward for information. The Nation argued that he should have taken stronger action to stop the Knights: "$10,000 would not have been too much to check the attempt to create a northern Ku-Klux."[96] The "tardiness" and "spirit" of the governor's response has been described as leading one Minnesota journalist to write in an editorial, "The governor has made the discovery that there is a law against dragging a man out of his home and beating him up and subjecting him to all kinds of indignities.... Mobs have been doing – free and unmolested – so many Hun stunts in this state that we had almost come to believe that the mob was a new form of law and order enforcement."[97]

One newspaper reacted with sarcasm:[98]

...Germany has grossly mistreated Belgium, committing revolting brutalities there. To prove this, let us put on masks, call ourselves "Knights of Liberty," capture a man with a German name and, after forcing him to kiss the flag, hang him on a tree till he is dead.

The Oil & Gas Journal in 1918 referred to the Knights of Liberty's cases of flogging and tarring-and-feathering around the country as a concept from Tulsa and mostly justified.[99]

Writer and political activist Max Eastman called the group "cowardly masked upper-class mobs".[100]

A more recent (1981) book calls the Knights of Liberty "some of the worst vigilante groups in the Midwest and in California".[101]

Media edit

The Knights of Liberty feature in All Men Fear Me, a historical fiction mystery set in Oklahoma during World War I.[102] A similar organization called the Patriotic Knights of Liberty is part of the fiction novel Murder at Wrigley Field.[103] A fictionalized account of Olli Kinkkonen's life, including his murder by the Knights of Liberty, is featured in the novel Suomalaiset: People of the Marsh[104] and in a poem in Approaching the Gate: Poems.[105]

Other organizations with the name edit

The name Knights of Liberty was also used by several other organizations: an 1820 French anti-Bourbon association,[106] a mid-1800s anti-slavery organization founded by Moses Dickson, an 1880s Jewish anarchist group in London,[107] an American veterans' organization starting in 1919,[108] and a New York anti-KKK group founded in 1923 by a former KKK member.[109]

See also edit

References edit

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  2. ^ a b Nagle, Bethany. "The American Protective League and White House Security During World War One". The White House Historical Association. from the original on February 19, 2024. Retrieved February 12, 2024.
  3. ^ a b c Capozzola, Christopher (March 2002). "The Only Badge Needed Is Your Patriotic Fervor: Vigilance, Coercion, and the Law in World War I America". The Journal of American History. 88 (4). doi:10.2307/2700601. from the original on February 14, 2024. Retrieved February 14, 2024.
  4. ^ Heale, Michael J. (1990). American anticommunism: combating the enemy within, 1830-1970. The American Moment. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-8018-4050-0. Retrieved February 24, 2024 – via Archive.org.
  5. ^ Hochschild, Adam (October 2, 2018). "1. Lessons from a Dark Time". Lessons from a Dark Time and Other Essays. University of California Press. p. 13. doi:10.1525/9780520969674-fm. ISBN 978-0-520-96967-4. from the original on March 13, 2024. Retrieved February 9, 2024.
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  7. ^ Hannigan, Robert E. (December 31, 2017). "5. The Whole Force of the Nation". The Great War and American Foreign Policy, 1914–24. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 102. doi:10.9783/9780812293289-006. ISBN 978-0-8122-9328-9. from the original on February 8, 2024. Retrieved February 8, 2024.
  8. ^ "Spies Among Us: World War I and The American Protective League". The New York Public Library. from the original on June 12, 2023. Retrieved February 8, 2024.
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  15. ^ a b Lubotina, Paul (2015). "Corporate Supported Ethnic Conflict on the Mesabi Range, 1890-1930". Upper Country: A Journal of the Lake Superior Region. 3 (1): 45. from the original on June 6, 2023. Retrieved February 6, 2024.
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April 07, 2024
knights, liberty, vigilante, group, this, article, about, world, vigilante, organization, anti, slavery, organization, knights, liberty, knights, liberty, sometimes, liberty, knights, loyalty, knights, knights, loyalty, american, volunteer, nationalist, secret. This article is about the World War I vigilante organization For the anti slavery organization see Knights of Liberty The Knights of Liberty sometimes Liberty Knights Loyalty Knights or Knights of Loyalty 1 was an American volunteer nationalist secret society and vigilance committee active circa 1917 1918 claiming responsibility for violence against perceived disloyalty during World War I They are known for the 1917 Tulsa Outrage in Oklahoma the 1918 lynching of Olli Kinkkonen in Minnesota and a spree of 1918 tarring and feathering events in Wisconsin and California Contents 1 Background 2 Threats 3 Incidents 3 1 Oklahoma 3 2 Minnesota 3 3 Wisconsin 3 4 California 4 Membership 5 Reactions 6 Media 7 Other organizations with the name 8 See also 9 ReferencesBackground edit nbsp 1917 poster for Liberty Bonds nbsp 1918 German propaganda depicting an American inquisition against pacifists On April 6 1917 the United States declared war on the German Empire entering into World War I Needing additional manpower to ensure the nation s security domestically and appealing to Americans sense of volunteerism and vigilante tradition President Woodrow Wilson authorized the founding of the semi official American Protective League that year 2 3 4 Other similar organizations sprang up including the Knights of Liberty National Security League Boy Spies of America Sedition Slammers American Rights League American Defense League and Anti Yellow Dog League These organizations encouraged by local state and federal government had a goal of targeting those they considered disloyal 5 6 7 8 9 The extent of the Knights of Liberty s relationship to the Ku Klux Klan KKK has been debated KKK member and Tulsa community leader W Tate Brady was identified as having led the group s initial attack on Industrial Workers of the World members in 1917 10 11 Contemporaneously described as a modern Ku Klux Klan 12 Klu Klux Clan sic organization 13 and Ku Klux of Oklahomans 14 it is unclear whether such terms were comparisons to the Klan s secretive and violent nature or if the organizations were actually related 13 Some writers have referred to the Knights of Liberty as a suspected branch of the Klan 15 while others have called the KKK a different franchise from the Knights perhaps but with overlapping membership and a similar propensity for showy and sadistic violence 11 Some scholars have linked the Knights to the KKK participation in the later 1921 Tulsa race massacre which has in turn been questioned by others 16 In 1949 a member of one KKK offshoot told the Saturday Evening Post regarding such groups They go under all sorts of names Some of them like the Knights of Liberty and the Seventy Sixers don t even have the word Klan in their title But they ain t a thing but old Ku Kluxes 17 Criticism of the war effort led to a number of violent incidents including abductions beatings tarring and feathering cases and lynchings in 1917 and 1918 18 The Knights of Liberty claimed responsibility for a number of these incidents and threats These included actions directed at those suspected of pro German sentiment as well as labor activists pacifists and slackers similar to the later term draft dodgers around the country The Knights of Liberty s actions were covered in a number of US newspapers as well as abroad 19 The organization s membership and aims were described in 1918 by one newspaper 20 its members are almost wholly business and professional men of high standing men who beyond the draft age and unfitted by years or physical condition to join the military forces of the nation are determined to do their bit by suppressing disloyalty and seeing to it that the nation shall not be assailed from within Particularly in the spring of 1918 anti German sentiment grew significantly as Americans heard of the happenings on the Western Front A Council of National Defense representative for the Midwest commented All over this part of the country men are being tarred and feathered and some are being lynched These cases do not get into the newspapers nor is an effort ever made to punish the individuals concerned In fact as a rule it has the complete backing of public opinion 21 Though Wilson would later denounce mob violence in July 1918 22 a response described as slow and muted 23 actions aimed at the disloyal continued many believed in an obligation to assist the nation through patriotic vigilance and coercion 3 Threats editThe Knights of Liberty s threats to local residents were published in newspapers 24 25 You have reached the end of the road If you say one more word even in a whisper or lift one finger against this country or her allies you are a marked man If the law cannot reach you we can AND WE WILL While our boys are fighting for us in France you are fighting against us at home Aided by German gold you have been continually at work poisoning the minds of the ignorant seeking to hinder the raising of government funds discouraging enlistments obstructing the merciful work of the Red Cross striving to spread disaffection and unrest among our loyal working people and in countless other devious subtle and stealthy ways carrying out the orders of your imperial master the German kaiser You have sold your soul to the Prussian devil but perhaps you still have your common sense If so you will take this warning in deadly earnest If you don t believe we mean what we say try us and you will find that what we applied to the traitor was mild compared to what will happen to you Duluth News Tribune March 24 1918Warning To all Pro German sympathizers slackers and knockers against Liberty Bonds and other War Measures While our brave boys are falling in France and facing a hundred million Huns far over the ocean we The Knights of LibertyOf Oklahoma and Texas feel that we would be cowards curs and traitors to allow sneering and unpatriotic citizens to live among us without being punished We therefore call your attention to the fact that your health and peace will best be conserved by either getting in strong and doing your full duty or looking for other localities WE HAVE STOOD ALL WE WILL STAND The incident of Monday night will be repeated as often as necessary to make our country 100 per cent patriotic In behalf of the boys who are dying over there we areThe Knights of Liberty The Altus Weekly News March 21 1918Incidents edit nbsp nbsp Example of a tarring and feathering victim German American farmer John Meints of Luverne Minnesota was tarred and feathered in August 1918 during World War I for allegedly not supporting war bond drives 26 Oklahoma edit The organization initially started in 1917 as a vigilance committee focusing on labor 27 one author writes Tulsa business men organized the Knights of Liberty to serve as their shock troops 28 Over the course of the year the local Tulsa Daily World had focused on the supposed German control of the Industrial Workers of the World I W W union 11 10 On November 9 1917 the Knights of Liberty perpetrated the Tulsa Outrage That day eleven I W W members were convicted of vagrancy or failure to own liberty bonds While being taken to the county jail along with six others who had been arrested they were abducted by forty to fifty men led by KKK member and Tulsa founder W Tate Brady and police chief Ed Lucas wearing black robes and masks calling themselves the Knights of Liberty The seventeen men were taken to a deserted area where they were stripped and each bound to a tree whipped and tarred and feathered Chased off with guns through barbed wire they were turned away by local farmers in the name of the outraged women and children of Belgium 11 The men returned to Tulsa to find threatening signs posted around the city signed by the Vigilance Committee Acting with state and local government support prominent community members were among the mob The local newspaper stated no effort was made to determine who the forty to fifty men were 29 3 11 Articles about the event were widely published throughout the country and other Knights of Liberty groups formed shortly afterwards 10 30 In 2001 the Oklahoma Commission to Study the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 called the incident an important step along the road to the race riot 31 In March 1918 ten cars of masked men belonging to the Knights of Liberty kidnapped two farmers Henry Huffman and O F Westbrook in Altus Oklahoma The two were said to have supported German aims not purchased liberty bonds and openly had cursed the government They were stripped whipped tarred and feathered and forced to kiss the American flag They were told to leave the county A newspaper report stated that the Knights of Liberty in southwest Oklahoma had over 500 members and that more tarring and feathering activities are expected 32 Making a connection between the Knights of Liberty and the Ku Klux Klan one newspaper headline regarding the incident read Ku Klux Klans Are Busy 33 while another read Modern Ku Klux to Chastise Slackers 34 In Tulsa in April 1918 the Knights of Liberty kidnapped stripped whipped and tarred and feathered John Kubecka a German American He was said to have made derogatory statements about the government 35 36 In Durant the Knights of Liberty abducted Red Scott a man held in the city jail for vagrancy in May that year He was tied to a tree and flogged with a threat signed by the Knights of Liberty posted above his head stating This is a convict loafer and thug Loafers disloyalists and crooks cannot stay in Durant Every vag not at work in twenty four hours will be dealt with severely 37 An Enid newspaper framed several June 1918 occurrences in positive religious terms as a result of their evangelistic propaganda an Austrian American farmer who had not purchased any liberty bonds was beaten and converted to giving gospel by the accommodating Knights while their proselytizing had a wholesome salutory impact on several others 38 39 In another event in Enid a laundry wagon driver thought he had seen a portrait of the Kaiser on the wall of an old woman s home leading him to notify the county clerk The clerk in turn informed the Knights of Liberty who went to her home to discover it was a portrait of Allied commander General Foch 40 On September 20 1918 the Knights of Liberty began to repeatedly threaten Julius Hussy the editor of Oklahoma Vorwarts a German language weekly newspaper He was threatened with mob violence if he did not stop publishing the newspaper by October 4 On October 17 fifty men some of whom were well known community members or in public service showed up and threatened him in person causing him to shutter his newspaper after 18 years 41 27 Two or three dozen black clad and masked Knights of Liberty appeared in Tulsa in October 1918 to warn citizens to purchase liberty bonds 42 An October 1919 article stated the Tulsa Knights of Liberty were considering re forming in order to fight car theft 43 Minnesota edit The organization announced its presence in Minnesota in March 1918 when it began sending threats signed The Knights of Liberty Minnesota Division to two suspected pro German residents 44 At the time they were estimated to have 500 members in Duluth 20 There their first victim Gustaf Landin a Swedish American photographer had previously made negative comments about the sale of liberty bonds and governmental things in general He was lured from home under the pretense of photographing a wedding party then driven to a deserted area Landin s clothes were torn off he was whipped tarred and feathered He was made to kiss the American flag and his life threatened He was told to warn the other men they had previously threatened The group was described as being a thoroughly organized group of men 20 In April they painted a Bemidji shop owner s store yellow telling him he had 30 days to leave town 45 Later that year in September several Duluth men including Finnish American dockworker Olli Kinkkonen renounced their citizenship to avoid fighting in World War I The Knights of Liberty threatened the men the letter was published in the local news Kinkkonen was abducted from his boarding house tarred and feathered and lynched in a Duluth park His body was discovered two weeks later and declared a suicide due to humiliation 46 Stating the act was a warning to other slackers the Knights of Liberty took responsibility 15 Other local newspapers and the Nonpartisan League decried the official explanation and lack of investigation into the event 47 48 The governor offered a reward for information but no further action was taken In April 1919 the Knights of Liberty claimed in an Ely newspaper that they were still active around the country 49 Wisconsin edit At the beginning of World War I Wisconsin with its many German residents and first generation German immigrants had a lower level of support for war against the Germans leading it to be called the Traitor State Organizations including the Wisconsin Loyalty Legion and Council of Defense took action to intimidate residents 50 51 The Knights of Liberty claimed responsibility for a series of tarring and feathering attacks in the Ashland area between the spring and fall of 1918 13 stating We have no purpose to do injustice to any man but we do feel that any treasonable and seditious acts or utterances demand prompt punishment These cases must not be allowed to run indefinitely without anything being done We want action and we want it now 52 In March 1918 E A Schimler sometimes spelled Schimmel a language professor at Northland College from Germany was suspected by the Knights of Liberty of being a German agent They kidnapped tarred and feathered him He described the attack as well organized the Knights referred to their treatment of him as lenient The case was not investigated 53 54 Weeks later suspected pro German bartender Adolph Anton was abducted stripped tarred and feathered 55 He and his wife claimed to recognize two of the men 13 56 the cases were dismissed a decision cheered by local spectators and he moved to Indiana 57 58 59 In May German born tax assessor William Landraint was not reappointed to his position after being accused of disloyalty Abducted outside a hotel by about 50 Knights of Liberty he had a bag placed over his head and was strangled 60 Landraint was then taken away stripped handcuffed tarred and feathered Though many people witnessed the event none spoke up on the identities of the men involved 60 He requested police protection 61 and later moved away to Saint Paul 62 63 64 The Knights of Liberty drove a German man Emil Kunze out of town in June after he heard them planning to tar and feather him He requested police protection but ended up leaving his job and moving away 65 66 The next month Martin Johnson a farmer was said to have made statements against the Red Cross s work and the government He was abducted after giving some men directions to a fishing stream They were said to have acted in a business like manner as they drove him to a secluded area where he was stripped tarred and feathered 67 68 In October that year John Oestrych a farmer was tarred and feathered for failing to buy liberty bonds 69 One scholar notes the strength of anti German sentiment at the time leading to a lack of coverage and condemnation 70 Another comments that the string of events was notably not covered in the Milwaukee Journal s statewide news columns He states it was certainly not a coincidence that the tarring and feathering events took place in Ashland as it was the meeting place for a number of members of the Republican Loyalty Union Party 13 William T Evjue from The Capital Times placed some of the blame for the continuing violence on local newspapers lack of condemnation Ashland newspaper editor John C Chapple was called one of the ultra reactionaries of the state 13 71 The mayor of Ashland criticized the Knights methods writing in an open letter that pro Germanism has nothing to do with it It is simply a question of whether law or anarchy is to prevail in Ashland and t he victim of mob outrage may or may not be a pro German or even a German spy urging sincere but misguided patriots to aid law enforcement against disloyalty in more appropriate ways 72 Governor Emanuel L Philipp requested the public s help to aid me in the suppression of the spirit of lawlessness which has been promoted under the guise of Loyalty 13 however local citizens were uncooperative 73 Upon investigating the first two attacks state Attorney General Spencer Haven found the town s citizens proud and generally satisfied He described the Knights of Liberty as a secret organization presumably composed of many of Ashland s leading citizens who are absolutely loyal and determined there shall be absolutely no disloyalty in their city 74 California edit In May 1918 the Knights of Liberty took action in California George Koetzer was abducted 50 members of the Knights of Liberty and brought to a secluded location in San Jose where the men tied him to a tree and tarred and feathered him Koetzer was chained to a cannon The Knights of Liberty were said to have also hanged a man named Henry Steinmoltz and taken him away in a vehicle though the Secret Service and police later described the Steinmoltz incident as a hoax 75 76 77 The Knights of Liberty then sent anonymous letters describing their acts to the police and federal officials 78 The city manager decried the Knights vigilante methods they called a local newspaper warning he had better go easy and The Knights of Liberty have more applications for membership than we can handle We soon will be ready to come out in the open and then Manager Reed and everyone will be agreeably surprised at the class of men who compose its membership 79 No actions were taken against the police officers who allowed Koetzer to be taken 80 Several San Jose men requested to stay in the jail for their safety due to the threats against them by the Knights of Liberty one was later hospitalized in a state of nervous collapse 81 82 One Swiss German man was tied to the tree outside the courthouse in San Rafael and another man threatened Because the crowd sympathized with the Knights no action was taken by the sheriff 83 Later that month a Red Cross fundraiser in San Jose featured dressed in their robes of mystery robes of the Ku Klux Klan the Knights of Liberty band playing patriotic music 84 The Knights of Liberty announced further action sending threats to dozens of San Franciscans businessmen in Visalia and people in Northern California 85 86 Their threats were decried by the police and the typewriter used to produce the letters was eventually found Officials promised to stop the Knights the Department of Justice was said by J M Inman to have asked them and other similar groups to disband 76 87 The San Francisco chief of police stated that the city would not tolerate the Knights of Liberty nor mob rule 88 Major General John F Morrison spoke harshly against the organization urging citizens to use legal means of addressing disloyalty If any American citizens are so anxious to display their loyalty let them display it by standing loyally by the constitution of the United States Tarring or feathering or mob violence is not in the spirit of the American constitution 89 The Provost Marshal Guard offered the assistance of 50 men to the police chief to combat the Knights of Liberty and the US Marshal requested the ability to appoint more deputy marshals in 12 to 20 California cities 90 Membership editThe Knights of Liberty were said to have 160 members in Leonardville Kansas a town of 380 in April 1916 91 In California they claimed 82 members in the San Jose area as well as branches in a number of other cities in the state in May 1918 80 In November 1918 they claimed a membership of 75 000 in Minnesota and over 2 000 000 nationwide 92 significantly higher than the 250 000 to 300 000 members of the American Protective League 2 93 They claimed 800 members in Ashland Wisconsin in January 1919 1 Reactions editLocal media covered the Tulsa Outrage in a generally positive tone calling it a party a real American party and referring to the Knights of Liberty as patriotic 29 One Kansas City Missouri man wrote an ode to the Knights of Liberty following the event which was published in newspapers 94 The National Civil Liberties Bureau wrote in 1918 that the general response to the Tulsa Outrage was overwhelmingly positive with a few newspapers such as the Evening Post and St Louis Post Dispatch condemning the event 95 Criticism was directed towards the Knights of Liberty for not doing enough 28 After Olli Kinkkonen s death in Minnesota the governor stated he would not tolerate mob violence and offered a 500 reward for information The Nation argued that he should have taken stronger action to stop the Knights 10 000 would not have been too much to check the attempt to create a northern Ku Klux 96 The tardiness and spirit of the governor s response has been described as leading one Minnesota journalist to write in an editorial The governor has made the discovery that there is a law against dragging a man out of his home and beating him up and subjecting him to all kinds of indignities Mobs have been doing free and unmolested so many Hun stunts in this state that we had almost come to believe that the mob was a new form of law and order enforcement 97 One newspaper reacted with sarcasm 98 Germany has grossly mistreated Belgium committing revolting brutalities there To prove this let us put on masks call ourselves Knights of Liberty capture a man with a German name and after forcing him to kiss the flag hang him on a tree till he is dead The Oil amp Gas Journal in 1918 referred to the Knights of Liberty s cases of flogging and tarring and feathering around the country as a concept from Tulsa and mostly justified 99 Writer and political activist Max Eastman called the group cowardly masked upper class mobs 100 A more recent 1981 book calls the Knights of Liberty some of the worst vigilante groups in the Midwest and in California 101 Media editThe Knights of Liberty feature in All Men Fear Me a historical fiction mystery set in Oklahoma during World War I 102 A similar organization called the Patriotic Knights of Liberty is part of the fiction novel Murder at Wrigley Field 103 A fictionalized account of Olli Kinkkonen s life including his murder by the Knights of Liberty is featured in the novel Suomalaiset People of the Marsh 104 and in a poem in Approaching the Gate Poems 105 Other organizations with the name editThe name Knights of Liberty was also used by several other organizations an 1820 French anti Bourbon association 106 a mid 1800s anti slavery organization founded by Moses Dickson an 1880s Jewish anarchist group in London 107 an American veterans organization starting in 1919 108 and a New York anti KKK group founded in 1923 by a former KKK member 109 See also editRobert Prager Lynching in the United States 1918 Toronto anti Greek riotReferences edit a b Loyalty Knights to Quit 800 Members Enrolled Duluth News Tribune Vol 50 no 253 January 19 1919 p 4 a b Nagle Bethany The American Protective League and White House Security During World War One The White House Historical Association Archived from the original on February 19 2024 Retrieved February 12 2024 a b c Capozzola Christopher March 2002 The Only Badge Needed Is Your Patriotic Fervor Vigilance Coercion and the Law in World War I America The Journal of American History 88 4 doi 10 2307 2700601 Archived from the original on February 14 2024 Retrieved February 14 2024 Heale Michael J 1990 American anticommunism combating the enemy within 1830 1970 The American Moment Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press p 52 ISBN 978 0 8018 4050 0 Retrieved February 24 2024 via Archive org Hochschild Adam October 2 2018 1 Lessons from a Dark Time Lessons from a Dark Time and Other Essays University of California Press p 13 doi 10 1525 9780520969674 fm ISBN 978 0 520 96967 4 Archived from the original on March 13 2024 Retrieved February 9 2024 Dailey Jane 2018 3 War 1914 1924 Building the American Republic Vol 2 University of Chicago Press p 86 ISBN 978 0 226 30082 5 Archived from the original on March 13 2024 Retrieved February 9 2024 Hannigan Robert E December 31 2017 5 The Whole Force of the Nation The Great War and American Foreign Policy 1914 24 University of Pennsylvania Press p 102 doi 10 9783 9780812293289 006 ISBN 978 0 8122 9328 9 Archived from the original on February 8 2024 Retrieved February 8 2024 Spies Among Us World War I and The American Protective League The New York Public Library Archived from the original on June 12 2023 Retrieved February 8 2024 Nilsson Jeff January 24 2022 Neighborhood Narcs The Story of the American Protective League The Saturday Evening Post Archived from the original on August 16 2023 Retrieved February 8 2024 a b c Chapman Lee Roy April 18 2012 The Nightmare of Dreamland This Land Press Archived from the original on October 3 2023 Retrieved February 18 2024 a b c d e Hopkins Randy Winter 2019 2020 Birthday of the Klan The Tulsa Outrage of 1917 Chronicles of Oklahoma 97 4 Oklahoma City Oklahoma Historical Society Archived from the original on June 19 2022 Retrieved March 13 2024 Lorton Eugene November 10 1917 Modern Ku Klux Klan Comes into Being Tulsa Daily World Vol 13 no 52 1 ed p 1 Archived from the original on April 17 2023 Retrieved March 13 2024 via Oklahoma Historical Society The Gateway to Oklahoma History a b c d e f g Levi William May 12 2022 Badger state nationalism World War I the Ku Klux Klan and the politics of Americanism in 1915 1930 Wisconsin Thesis James Madison University pp 45 47 Archived from the original on September 27 2023 Retrieved February 6 2024 Liberty Knights to be Ku Klux of Oklahomans Other Communities Contemplate Organizations Like Tulsa s to Haze I W W Duluth News Tribune Vol 49 no 184 November 11 1917 p 1 a b Lubotina Paul 2015 Corporate Supported Ethnic Conflict on the Mesabi Range 1890 1930 Upper Country A Journal of the Lake Superior Region 3 1 45 Archived from the original on June 6 2023 Retrieved February 6 2024 Brister Paul D September 2009 Ku Klux Rising toward an understanding of American right wing terrorist campaigns Thesis Naval Postgraduate School p 95 Retrieved February 17 2024 Martin Harold H October 22 1949 The Truth About the Klan Today Saturday Evening Post p 18 Lane Roger Turner John J Jr eds 1983 Riot rout and tumult readings in American social and political violence Lanham Md University Press of America pp 267 268 ISBN 0819126667 100 Years Ago 30 November 1918 The Statesman November 30 2018 Archived from the original on February 14 2024 Retrieved February 12 2024 a b c Gustaf Landin Tarred and Feathered for Disloyalty The Duluth Herald March 25 1918 p 5 Archived from the original on March 13 2024 Retrieved February 6 2024 via Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub Schaffer Ronald 1994 America in the Great War the rise of the war welfare state New York Oxford University Press p 21 ISBN 978 0 19 504903 9 Retrieved February 18 2024 Wilson Woodrow July 26 1918 Statement Deploring Mob Spirit The American Presidency Project Washington D C Archived from the original on February 14 2024 Retrieved February 12 2024 Stehman Peter March 9 2018 Lynching of Robert Prager 1918 Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Madison Historical Archived from the original on November 14 2023 Retrieved February 12 2024 Liberty Knights Warn Against Disloyalty Here Threaten Dire Action If Recipients Oppose America By Word or Deed Duluth News Tribune Vol 49 no 317 March 24 1918 p 2 Orr J P March 21 1918 WARNING The Altus Weekly News Vol 19 no 4 1 ed p 10 Archived from the original on March 13 2024 Retrieved March 13 2024 via Oklahoma Historical Society The Gateway to Oklahoma History Welter Ben November 18 2015 Nov 16 1919 Tarred and feathered StarTribune com Archived from the original on August 5 2019 Retrieved September 19 2017 a b Capozzola Christopher September 1 2008 5 Responsible Speech Rights in a Culture of Obligation Uncle Sam Wants You World War I and the Making of the Modern American Citizen New York Oxford Academic doi 10 1093 acprof oso 9780195335491 003 0006 a b Steuben John 1940 Labor in Wartime New York International Publishers p 94 via Archive org a b Ellsworth Scott 1982 Death in a Promised Land The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 Baton Rouge Louisiana State University Press pp 29 33 ISBN 9780807117675 via Project Muse Lampe William T ed 1919 Tulsa County in the world war Tulsa Tulsa County Historical Society Retrieved February 16 2024 via Archive org Report on Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 Report Oklahoma Commission to Study the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 February 21 2001 Retrieved February 16 2024 via Archive org Blacksnake Whip Then Tar and Feathers for Pro German Pair The Des Moines Register March 21 1918 p 4 Archived from the original on February 16 2024 Retrieved February 16 2024 via Newspapers com Ku Klux Klans Are Busy The Okfuskee County News Omekah March 28 1918 p 3 Archived from the original on February 16 2024 Retrieved February 16 2024 via Newspapers com Tar and Feathers Used Near Altus for Disloyalty The Daily Oklahoman Oklahoma City March 21 1918 p 1 Archived from the original on February 16 2024 Retrieved February 16 2024 via Newspapers com Fifteen Lashes for Disloyalty Ledger Democrat Broken Arrow April 18 1918 p 1 Archived from the original on February 16 2024 Retrieved February 16 2024 via Newspapers com Fifty Lashes Are Given to John Kubecka Alaska Daily Empire Juneau April 16 1918 p 1 Archived from the original on March 13 2024 Retrieved March 13 2024 via Chronicling America Knights of Liberty Flog Durant Prisoner Fort Worth Star Telegram May 25 1918 p 2 Archived from the original on March 13 2024 Retrieved February 15 2024 via Newspapers com Liberty Knights Convert Farmer to Giving Gospel The Enid Daily Eagle June 3 1918 p 8 Archived from the original on February 16 2024 Retrieved February 16 2024 via Newspapers com Loyalists Hunt Suspect Pro Hun from His Lair The Enid Daily Eagle June 4 1918 p 1 Archived from the original on February 16 2024 Retrieved February 16 2024 via Newspapers com Mistook Foch for the Kaiser The Enid Daily Eagle June 30 1918 p 5 Archived from the original on February 16 2024 Retrieved February 16 2024 via Newspapers com Bilger Edda Spring 1976 The Oklahoma Vorwarts The Voice of German Americans in Oklahoma During World War I The Chronicles of Oklahoma LIV I 258 259 Retrieved February 18 2024 via Archive org Knights of Liberty Bobbed Up in Liberty Bond Sale Program Tulsa World October 12 1918 p 1 Archived from the original on February 16 2024 Retrieved February 16 2024 via Newspapers com May Revive the Knights of Liberty Parsons Daily Republican October 25 1919 p 5 Archived from the original on February 16 2024 Retrieved February 16 2024 via Newspapers com Pro Germans are Warned by Knights of Liberty The Duluth Herald March 23 1918 p 18 Archived from the original on March 13 2024 Retrieved February 6 2024 via Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub Minnesota State News Warren Sheaf Vol 38 April 3 1918 p 4 Archived from the original on February 16 2024 Retrieved February 16 2024 via Newspapers com Tarred Alien is Suicide The Duluth Herald October 1 1918 p 6 Retrieved February 6 2024 via Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub League Candidates are Now Busy on the Stump The Duluth Herald October 12 1918 p 2 Retrieved February 6 2024 via Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub Lynching in Lester Park Zenith City Online April 2017 Archived from the original on October 4 2023 Retrieved March 13 2024 Columns The Ely Miner April 11 1919 p 11 Wisconsin Historical Society July 31 2013 Odd Wisconsin Wisconsin denounced as Traitor State in 1917 Wisconsin State Journal Archived from the original on March 12 2024 Retrieved March 13 2024 Bellais Leslie A September 28 29 2018 Lest We Forget Remembering World War I in Wisconsin 1919 1945 Armistice amp Aftermath A Michigan Tech symposium on WWI Archived from the original on July 7 2023 Retrieved March 13 2024 Investigating Feather Party The Eau Claire Leader April 26 1918 p 3 OCLC 12868418 Archived from the original on March 2 2023 Retrieved March 1 2023 via Newspapers com Tar and Feather Ashland Teacher The New North Rhinelander Wisconsin April 4 1918 p 2 OCLC 12814148 Archived from the original on March 2 2023 Retrieved March 1 2023 via Newspapers com Kirschbaum Erik 2014 Burning Beethoven the eradication of German culture in the United States during WW l New York Berlinica p 141 ISBN 9781935902850 Retrieved February 16 2024 via Archive org Ashland Man is Punished by Crowd The Capital Times Madison Wisconsin April 11 1918 p 7 ISSN 0749 4068 Archived from the original on March 2 2023 Retrieved March 1 2023 via Newspapers com Citizens Block Inquiry Charge The Wisconsin State Journal April 27 1918 ISSN 0749 405X Archived from the original on March 2 2023 Retrieved March 1 2023 via Newspapers com Promises More Tar Bees at Ashland The Capital Times Madison Wisconsin July 18 1918 p 2 ISSN 0749 4068 Archived from the original on March 2 2023 Retrieved March 1 2023 via Newspapers com The case was given a preliminary hearing at Ashland on Tuesday and Wednesday which resulted in the municipal judge dismissing the cases Tar and Feather Artists are Acquitted of Charge The Eau Claire Leader July 18 1918 p 2 OCLC 12868418 Retrieved March 1 2023 via Newspapers com Happenings of the Week in Wisconsin The Grand Rapids Tribune July 25 1918 p 2 OCLC 12201633 Archived from the original on March 2 2023 Retrieved March 1 2023 via Newspapers com a b Secrecy Will Hamper Taking Bee Evidence The Capital Times Madison Wisconsin May 11 1918 p 1 ISSN 0749 4068 Archived from the original on March 2 2023 Retrieved March 1 2023 via Newspapers com Protection Asked from Mob Violence The Capital Times Madison Wisconsin Associated Press June 3 1918 p 1 ISSN 0749 4068 Archived from the original on March 2 2023 Retrieved March 1 2023 via Newspapers com Ashland Tells Philipp of 3rd Tar Bee The Capital Times Madison Wisconsin Associated Press May 9 1918 p 1 ISSN 0749 4068 Archived from the original on March 2 2023 Retrieved April 12 2017 via Newspapers com Another Tar and Feather Victim Third at Ashland The Manitowoc Daily Herald May 9 1918 p 8 OCLC 14635173 Archived from the original on March 2 2023 Retrieved March 1 2023 via NewspaperArchive com No Safety in Ashland for Landraint The Capital Times Madison Wisconsin June 13 1918 p 5 ISSN 0749 4068 Archived from the original on March 2 2023 Retrieved April 12 2017 via Newspapers com Protection Asked from Mob Violence The Capital Times Madison Wisconsin Associated Press June 3 1918 p 1 ISSN 0749 4068 Archived from the original on March 2 2023 Retrieved March 1 2023 via Newspapers com Liberty Knights Clean Out Town The La Crosse Tribune June 3 1918 p 4 Archived from the original on February 16 2024 Retrieved February 16 2024 via Newspapers com Fourth Case of Tar Party near Ashland The Capital Times Madison Wisconsin July 3 1918 p 2 ISSN 0749 4068 Archived from the original on March 2 2023 Retrieved March 1 2023 via Newspapers com Tar and Feathers in Bayfield County The Duluth Herald Vol 36 no 74 July 3 1918 p 1 Archived from the original on February 15 2024 Retrieved February 15 2024 via Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub Tar and Feather Man near Ashland The Racine Journal News October 26 1918 p 7 OCLC 15476078 Archived from the original on March 2 2023 Retrieved March 1 2023 via Newspapers com Grady Lee 2018 America s Alien Enemies Registering as German in Wisconsin During World War I The Wisconsin Magazine of History 102 2 4 17 ISSN 0043 6534 Archived from the original on February 8 2024 Retrieved February 16 2024 Evjue William T July 26 1918 Wisconsin Newspapers Must Share Blame for Lawlessness In Many Parts of The State The Capital Times Madison pp 1 6 Archived from the original on February 16 2024 Retrieved February 16 2024 via Newspapers com Knights of Liberty Criticize Mayor s Reward Offer Duluth News Tribune Vol 49 no 336 April 12 1918 p 9 Citizens Block Inquiry Charge Wisconsin State Journal Madison April 27 1918 p 1 Archived from the original on February 16 2024 Retrieved February 16 2024 via Newspapers com Finds Ashland Proud of Tarring Wisconsin State Journal April 29 1918 p 6 ISSN 0749 405X Archived from the original on March 2 2023 Retrieved March 1 2023 via Newspapers com Police Fail Locate Man Reported Hanged by Knights Liberty Porterville Recorder Associated Press May 3 1918 p 1 Archived from the original on February 16 2024 Retrieved February 16 2024 via Newspapers com a b New Threat Made by Night Riders Officials Plan to Take United Action Oakland Tribune May 4 1918 p 3 Retrieved February 16 2024 via Archive org Oakland Brands the Hanging Story Hoax San Jose Mercury News Vol XCIV no 124 Associated Press May 4 1918 p 12 Archived from the original on February 19 2024 Retrieved February 19 2024 via California Digital Newspaper Collection S F Next Say Knights of Liberty San Francisco Chronicle May 3 1918 p 10 Archived from the original on February 16 2024 Retrieved February 16 2024 via Newspapers com Reed Threatens to Put Police on Grill San Francisco Chronicle May 3 1918 p 10 Archived from the original on February 16 2024 Retrieved February 16 2024 via Newspapers com a b Pro Germans Tarred and Feathered Then Hanged The L A Times Associated Press May 3 1918 Archived from the original on February 14 2024 Retrieved February 12 2024 Knights of Liberty Threaten San Josean Stockton Independent Vol 114 no 94 May 5 1918 p 16 Archived from the original on February 19 2024 Retrieved February 19 2024 via California Digital Newspaper Collection Victim of Knights in State of Collapse The Santa Barbara Daily News and the Independent May 6 1918 p 12 Archived from the original on February 16 2024 Retrieved February 16 2024 via Newspapers com Knights of Liberty Tie Pro German to Court House Tree as Warning to Others Marin County Tocsin Vol 41 no 47 May 11 1918 p 4 Archived from the original on February 19 2024 Retrieved February 19 2024 via California Digital Newspaper Collection Red Cross Must Have 25 000 San Jose Mercury News Vol XCIV no 146 May 26 1918 p 3 Archived from the original on February 16 2024 Retrieved February 16 2024 via California Digital Newspaper Collection Typewriter Used by the Knights of Liberty Found The San Francisco Examiner June 13 1918 p 13 Archived from the original on February 16 2024 Retrieved February 16 2024 via Newspapers com Police Seek Author of Liberty Letters Oakland Tribune Vol 89 no 113 June 13 1918 p 11 Archived from the original on March 13 2024 Retrieved February 16 2024 via California Digital Newspaper Collection Night Riders Not of Liberty League Newcastle News Vol XXXVI no 28 May 22 1918 Archived from the original on February 24 2024 Retrieved February 24 2024 via California Digital Newspaper Collection S F Police Warn Knights of Liberty Told Law Will Stop Kaiserism San Francisco Bulletin May 3 1918 p 1 Archived from the original on February 16 2024 Retrieved February 16 2024 via Newspapers com Gen Morrison Disapproves Knights Daily Palo Alto Times May 7 1918 p 1 Archived from the original on February 16 2024 Retrieved February 16 2024 via Newspapers com Troops Offered to Suppress Knights of Liberty The Tacoma Daily Ledger Associated Press May 5 1918 p 1 Archived from the original on February 16 2024 Retrieved February 16 2024 via Newspapers com Pledge All for Defense The Manhattan Mercury Manhattan Kansas April 30 1918 p 1 Archived from the original on February 16 2024 Retrieved February 16 2024 via Newspapers com Knights of Liberty Tar and Feather Slacker The Duluth Herald September 19 1918 p 4 Archived from the original on March 13 2024 Retrieved February 6 2024 via Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub Linfield Michael 1990 Freedom Under Fire U S Civil Liberties in Times of War Boston South End Press p 38 ISBN 9780896083752 Langford F L November 15 1917 To the Knights of Liberty Tulsa Daily World Archived from the original on February 17 2024 Retrieved February 17 2024 via This Land Press The case of the Christian Pacifists at Los Angeles Cal New York National Civil Liberties Bureau 1918 Retrieved February 16 2024 via Archive org The Week The Nation Vol 107 no 2783 Nation Company November 2 1918 p 501 Retrieved February 18 2024 via Archive org Chrislock Carl H 1971 The Progressive Era in Minnesota 1899 1918 St Paul Minnesota Historical Society pp 174 175 ISBN 9780873510677 Retrieved February 16 2024 via Archive org Leader quoted in Morlan Robert Loren 1955 The Reign of Terror Political prairie fire the Nonpartisan League 1915 1922 Minneapolis University of Minnesota Press p 161 Retrieved February 18 2024 via Archive org Page 1 Oil amp Gas Journal Vol 16 no 49 Tulsa Petroleum Publishing Company May 9 1918 p 1 Retrieved February 18 2024 via Archive org The Internationalist Leesville Llano Publications 1918 p 31 via Archive org Higham John 1981 Strangers in the land patterns of American nativism 1860 1925 Westport Conn Greenwood Press p 109 ISBN 0313224595 Retrieved February 18 2024 via Archive org ALL MEN FEAR ME Kirkus Reviews LXXXIII 17 2015 Archived from the original on March 13 2024 Retrieved February 16 2024 Soos Troy 1997 Murder at Wrigley Field New York Kensington Books ISBN 9781575661551 Lovrien Jimmy September 17 2018 Finnish immigrant was victim of warmongers 100 years ago in Duluth Duluth News Tribune Archived from the original on February 5 2024 Retrieved February 6 2024 Reini Grandell Lynette 2014 Approaching the Gate Poems Holy Cow Press pp 58 63 ISBN 9780985981853 Retrieved February 16 2024 via Archive org Axelrod Alan 1997 The International Encyclopedia of Secret Societies and Fraternal Orders p 152 ISBN 9780816023073 Retrieved February 16 2024 via Archive org Zimmer Kenyon 2010 The whole world is our country Immigration and anarchism in the United States 1885 1940 Thesis University of Pittsburgh Archived from the original on March 13 2024 Retrieved February 16 2024 Knights of Liberty Extend to 43 States Star Tribune Minneapolis September 28 1919 p 3 Archived from the original on February 16 2024 Retrieved February 16 2024 via Newspapers com Newton Michael 1991 The Ku Klux Klan an encyclopedia New York Garland p 325 ISBN 0824020383 Retrieved February 16 2024 via Archive org Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Knights of Liberty vigilante group amp oldid 1213508566, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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