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Kinnot

April 17, 2023

Kinnot (Hebrew: קינות; also kinnos, kinoth, qinot, qinoth; singular kinah, qinah or kinnah) are Hebrew dirges (sad poems) or elegies. The term is used to refer both to dirges in the Hebrew Bible, and also to later poems which are traditionally recited by Jews on Tisha B'Av.

In the Bible

See also: Kinah

In the Hebrew Bible, the term kinah or qinah refers to a dirge or lament, especially as sung by Jewish professional mourning women.

The Jerusalem Bible refers to Isaiah 47 as a qinah or "lament for Babylon",[1] and to Ezekiel 19 as a qinah or lamentation over the rulers of Israel.[2] A. W. Streane suggests that Jeremiah 22:6-7, on the prophesied downfall of Jerusalem, is written "in Ḳinah metre".[3]

Tisha BeAv recitation

On Tisha B'Av, Jews traditionally recite a series of elegiac poems, known as kinnot, after the evening and morning prayers. These poems mourn the destruction of both the First and Second Temple in Jerusalem and other tragedies in Jewish history, including the Crusades, the Expulsion of Jews from Spain and the Holocaust. The kinnot are recited on the night of Tisha B'Av after reciting the Book of Lamentations, which was also called Kinnot in the Talmudic era[4] before it assumed its more familiar name אֵיכָה ʾĒkhāh.

Development of the Ashkenazic kinnot

Many kinnot were composed by Rabbi Elazar Hakalir,[5] who likely lived in the 6th-7th centuries. His kinnot resemble the structure and content of the Book of Lamentations. For example, one of his kinnot begins each stanza with the word ʾĒkhāh, the opening word of Lamentations. He often writes stanzas in an alphabetical acrostic, similar to the first four chapters of Lamentations. The style deals primarily with the destruction of the Second Temple, similar to Lamentations which mourns the destruction of the First Temple.

The main impetus for creation of new kinnot during the Middle Ages was the Crusades, in which Christian mobs decimated many Jewish communities. The kinnot deal with the then-current tragedy of the Crusades, no longer focusing on the destruction of the Temple in the past. The loss of the Torah and its scholars, instead of the loss of the Temple, occupies a central theme.

Rabbi Judah Halevi wrote a kinnah of a different nature of the kinnot. In his poem Tziyon Halo Tishali, rather than expressing pain and despair over the tragedies of the distant or near past, he expresses a longing for returning to Jerusalem. Many later poets copied him.

Sephardic kinnot

The various Sephardic communities of North Africa and the Middle East have a rich tradition of kinnot. The following is an extensive list based on the practices of North Africa (Morocco and Tunisia). See also the Hebrew wikipedia page קינות לתשעה באב

Evening kinnot

  1. Divrey Nevi'im (דברי נביאים)
  2. Lu Yishqelu Re'ay (לו ישקלו רעי)
  3. Nishmat Shedudim (נשמת שדודים)
  4. Shanah BeShanah (שנה בשנה אהגה כיונה / כי עיר עדינה היתה לזונה)
  5. Yonah Nikh'avah (יונה נכאבה נפשה דאבה / היכל דר ערבות יום יום סובבה)
  6. Shim'u VeHa'azinu (שמעו והאזינו ואדברה אני / אומרה לאל סלעי למה שכחתני)
  7. Nishmat Yeladim (נשמת ילדים שוממים על חורבן אריאל)
  8. Et Oyveḥa El (את אויביך אל תשמיד ותחריב / בעגלה ובזמן קריב)
  9. Yom Kemo Ned (יום כמו נד עמדו דמעי בפני / על קדושים זרע ברוכי ה׳)
  10. Ad An Tzvi Muddaḥ (עד אן צבי מדח ואין מקבץ לו / נגש וגם נענח גבר מאד חילו )
  11. Ashaher Adati (אשחר עדתי)
  12. Eftaḥ pi Lehodot (אפתח פי להודות)
  13. Aryeh Sha'ag (אריה שאג)
  14. Eykh Mishkani Elyon (איך משכני עליון)
  15. HaLanofelim Tequmah (הלנופלים תקומה)
  16. Nishmat Emunim (נשמת אמונים)
  17. Nilah lehelil (נלאה להיליל)
  18. Heikhal Adonai ('היכל ה)
  19. Yom Nilḥamu Bi (יום נלחמו בי)
  20. Qol Aholah Tityapeaḥ (קול אהלה תתיפח)
  21. Bore Ad Ana (בורא עד אנא)
    Al Naharot Bavel (על נהרות בבל) is read from Tehillim
    Then the evening Arvit service is said. The kinnot continue after the Amidah:
  22. Lemi Evkeh (למי אבכה)
    Megillat Eykhah/Lamentations (מגילת איכה) is then read, followed by:
  23. Az Baḥata'enu (אז בחטאנו חרב מקדש) Text and Melodies
  24. Zekhor Adonai Meh Hayah Lanu (זכר ה׳ מה היה לנו)
  25. Beleyl Zeh Yivkayun (בליל זה יבכיון)
  26. Midey Shanah Qinnah (מדי שנה קינה בליל זה מזומנה)
  27. Al Zeh Hayah Daveh Libenu (על זה היה דוה לבנו ועל אלה חשכו עינינו)
  28. Al Leyl Ḥorban Heykhal Miqdash (על ליל חרבן היכל מקדש / מדי ליל זה ספד יחדש / על עיר קדש ועל המקדש)
  29. Oy Ki Yarad Esh Min Hashamayim Liyrushalayim (אוי כי ירד אש מן השמים לירושלים עיני עיני יורדה מים)
  30. Zechor Adonai Liyhudah Ulefrayim (זכור ה' ליהודה ולאפרים)
  31. Alekhem Edah Qedoshah (אליכם עדה קדושה אשאל מכם שאלות / מה נשתנה הלילה הזה מכל הלילות) Text and Melodies
  32. Oy Ki Qinat Rabbat (אוי כי קינת רבת מפי בן ומפי בת / ויהי נעם נשבת במוצאי השבת), said only at the conclusion of Shabbat
  33. Ani Hagever (אני הגבר אקונן), said only at the conclusion of Shabbat
  34. Az Baḥata'enu (אז בחטאנו חרב מקדש), composed by Eleazar ben Killir
    The years since the destruction of the Temple are then counted (מניין שנות החורבן).
    Some communities recite the following kinnah:
  35. Al Heykhali Ḥevli KeNahasḥ Noshe (על היכלי חבלי כנחש נושך ולשממות ציון אשב בחושך), composed by rabbi Israel Najara

Morning kinnot

See קינות תשעה באב (Hebrew)

Kinnot in memory of the Holocaust

Although the fast of Tisha B'Av was founded to mourn the destruction of the Temple, over the years other travails of the Jewish Diaspora have been added to its observance and memorialized in the kinnot. Despite this, few kinnot have been composed in the last several centuries, and none of them had entered the standard kinnot service.

After the Holocaust, many people felt that it was inappropriate to mourn on Tisha b'Av for the destruction of cities during the Middle Ages without mourning the even greater tragedy of the Holocaust. For this reason, many people recommended the composition and recitation of new kinnot to commemorate the Holocaust. These people, including many important rabbis, argued that in every generation, kinnot were composed to address the difficulties of that generation. Some added that it was essential to incorporate such kinnot into the Jewish liturgy, lest the Holocaust be forgotten by future generations. One popular Kinnah on the Holocaust is Eli Eli Nafshi Bekhi, composed by Yehuda Leib Bialer.

However, many other rabbis dissented on the grounds that they could not create new kinnot because the existing kinnot were holy and were composed by the greatest individuals of their respective generations, but today there is nobody who can write like them. Others claimed that any individual community could recite new Kinnot as they wished, but only the greatest rabbis would have the authority to institute new Kinnot into the communal service in the entire Jewish world community.

Rabbi Yaakov Ariel claims that the kinnot service, unlike the Siddur and other Jewish rituals, was not created by authority of the rabbis, but rather developed based on the acceptance of communities and the decisions of the printers who produced printed copies. Thus the new kinnot could gradually enter the accepted roster of kinnot. However, since many congregations now recite kinnot to commemorate the Holocaust, this may become an integral part of the service without a formal decision.

See also

References

  1. ^ Jerusalem Bible (1966), sub-title to Isaiah 47
  2. ^ Jerusalem Bible (1966), sub-title to Ezekiel 19 and footnote a
  3. ^ Streane, A. W. (1911), Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges om Jeremiah 22, accessed 10 February 2019
  4. ^ See, e.g., Bava Batra 14b
  5. ^ See Asher ben Jehiel. Rosh (in Hebrew). Brochos 5:21, with Ma'adanei Yom Tov. Retrieved 25 September 2013.

External links

  • Sephardic Pizmonim Project, Ekha and Tisha B'Ab
  • Piyut.co.il - Texts and archival recordings of Sephardic and Ashkenaz Qinot (Hebrew)
  • Shaar-binyamin.com - Recordings of the qinot according to the Syrian Jewish community of Damascus
  • Kinnot L'Tisha B'Av Nusakh Ashkenaz (Hebrew language)
  • Tishah B'Av - A Guide to the Service (including a synopsis of the kinnot)
  • Kinot Insights from Members of the YU Torah Mitzion Kollel of Chicago
  • A Sample of Kinnot and Their Translations for Consecutive Reading on Tisha B´Av

April 17, 2023
kinnot, hebrew, קינות, also, kinnos, kinoth, qinot, qinoth, singular, kinah, qinah, kinnah, hebrew, dirges, poems, elegies, term, used, refer, both, dirges, hebrew, bible, also, later, poems, which, traditionally, recited, jews, tisha, contents, bible, tisha, . Kinnot Hebrew קינות also kinnos kinoth qinot qinoth singular kinah qinah or kinnah are Hebrew dirges sad poems or elegies The term is used to refer both to dirges in the Hebrew Bible and also to later poems which are traditionally recited by Jews on Tisha B Av Contents 1 In the Bible 2 Tisha BeAv recitation 2 1 Development of the Ashkenazic kinnot 2 2 Sephardic kinnot 2 2 1 Evening kinnot 2 2 2 Morning kinnot 2 3 Kinnot in memory of the Holocaust 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksIn the Bible EditSee also Kinah In the Hebrew Bible the term kinah or qinah refers to a dirge or lament especially as sung by Jewish professional mourning women The Jerusalem Bible refers to Isaiah 47 as a qinah or lament for Babylon 1 and to Ezekiel 19 as a qinah or lamentation over the rulers of Israel 2 A W Streane suggests that Jeremiah 22 6 7 on the prophesied downfall of Jerusalem is written in Ḳinah metre 3 Tisha BeAv recitation EditOn Tisha B Av Jews traditionally recite a series of elegiac poems known as kinnot after the evening and morning prayers These poems mourn the destruction of both the First and Second Temple in Jerusalem and other tragedies in Jewish history including the Crusades the Expulsion of Jews from Spain and the Holocaust The kinnot are recited on the night of Tisha B Av after reciting the Book of Lamentations which was also called Kinnot in the Talmudic era 4 before it assumed its more familiar name א יכ ה ʾEkhah Development of the Ashkenazic kinnot Edit Many kinnot were composed by Rabbi Elazar Hakalir 5 who likely lived in the 6th 7th centuries His kinnot resemble the structure and content of the Book of Lamentations For example one of his kinnot begins each stanza with the word ʾEkhah the opening word of Lamentations He often writes stanzas in an alphabetical acrostic similar to the first four chapters of Lamentations The style deals primarily with the destruction of the Second Temple similar to Lamentations which mourns the destruction of the First Temple The main impetus for creation of new kinnot during the Middle Ages was the Crusades in which Christian mobs decimated many Jewish communities The kinnot deal with the then current tragedy of the Crusades no longer focusing on the destruction of the Temple in the past The loss of the Torah and its scholars instead of the loss of the Temple occupies a central theme Rabbi Judah Halevi wrote a kinnah of a different nature of the kinnot In his poem Tziyon Halo Tishali rather than expressing pain and despair over the tragedies of the distant or near past he expresses a longing for returning to Jerusalem Many later poets copied him Sephardic kinnot Edit The various Sephardic communities of North Africa and the Middle East have a rich tradition of kinnot The following is an extensive list based on the practices of North Africa Morocco and Tunisia See also the Hebrew wikipedia page קינות לתשעה באב Evening kinnot Edit Divrey Nevi im דברי נביאים Lu Yishqelu Re ay לו ישקלו רעי Nishmat Shedudim נשמת שדודים Shanah BeShanah שנה בשנה אהגה כיונה כי עיר עדינה היתה לזונה Yonah Nikh avah יונה נכאבה נפשה דאבה היכל דר ערבות יום יום סובבה Shim u VeHa azinu שמעו והאזינו ואדברה אני אומרה לאל סלעי למה שכחתני Nishmat Yeladim נשמת ילדים שוממים על חורבן אריאל Et Oyveḥa El את אויביך אל תשמיד ותחריב בעגלה ובזמן קריב Yom Kemo Ned יום כמו נד עמדו דמעי בפני על קדושים זרע ברוכי ה Ad An Tzvi Muddaḥ עד אן צבי מדח ואין מקבץ לו נגש וגם נענח גבר מאד חילו Ashaher Adati אשחר עדתי Eftaḥ pi Lehodot אפתח פי להודות Aryeh Sha ag אריה שאג Eykh Mishkani Elyon איך משכני עליון HaLanofelim Tequmah הלנופלים תקומה Nishmat Emunim נשמת אמונים Nilah lehelil נלאה להיליל Heikhal Adonai היכל ה Yom Nilḥamu Bi יום נלחמו בי Qol Aholah Tityapeaḥ קול אהלה תתיפח Bore Ad Ana בורא עד אנא Al Naharot Bavel על נהרות בבל is read from Tehillim Then the evening Arvit service is said The kinnot continue after the Amidah Lemi Evkeh למי אבכה Megillat Eykhah Lamentations מגילת איכה is then read followed by Az Baḥata enu אז בחטאנו חרב מקדש Text and Melodies Zekhor Adonai Meh Hayah Lanu זכר ה מה היה לנו Beleyl Zeh Yivkayun בליל זה יבכיון Midey Shanah Qinnah מדי שנה קינה בליל זה מזומנה Al Zeh Hayah Daveh Libenu על זה היה דוה לבנו ועל אלה חשכו עינינו Al Leyl Ḥorban Heykhal Miqdash על ליל חרבן היכל מקדש מדי ליל זה ספד יחדש על עיר קדש ועל המקדש Oy Ki Yarad Esh Min Hashamayim Liyrushalayim אוי כי ירד אש מן השמים לירושלים עיני עיני יורדה מים Zechor Adonai Liyhudah Ulefrayim זכור ה ליהודה ולאפרים Alekhem Edah Qedoshah אליכם עדה קדושה אשאל מכם שאלות מה נשתנה הלילה הזה מכל הלילות Text and Melodies Oy Ki Qinat Rabbat אוי כי קינת רבת מפי בן ומפי בת ויהי נעם נשבת במוצאי השבת said only at the conclusion of Shabbat Ani Hagever אני הגבר אקונן said only at the conclusion of Shabbat Az Baḥata enu אז בחטאנו חרב מקדש composed by Eleazar ben Killir The years since the destruction of the Temple are then counted מניין שנות החורבן Some communities recite the following kinnah Al Heykhali Ḥevli KeNahasḥ Noshe על היכלי חבלי כנחש נושך ולשממות ציון אשב בחושך composed by rabbi Israel NajaraMorning kinnot Edit See קינות תשעה באב Hebrew Kinnot in memory of the Holocaust Edit Although the fast of Tisha B Av was founded to mourn the destruction of the Temple over the years other travails of the Jewish Diaspora have been added to its observance and memorialized in the kinnot Despite this few kinnot have been composed in the last several centuries and none of them had entered the standard kinnot service After the Holocaust many people felt that it was inappropriate to mourn on Tisha b Av for the destruction of cities during the Middle Ages without mourning the even greater tragedy of the Holocaust For this reason many people recommended the composition and recitation of new kinnot to commemorate the Holocaust These people including many important rabbis argued that in every generation kinnot were composed to address the difficulties of that generation Some added that it was essential to incorporate such kinnot into the Jewish liturgy lest the Holocaust be forgotten by future generations One popular Kinnah on the Holocaust is Eli Eli Nafshi Bekhi composed by Yehuda Leib Bialer However many other rabbis dissented on the grounds that they could not create new kinnot because the existing kinnot were holy and were composed by the greatest individuals of their respective generations but today there is nobody who can write like them Others claimed that any individual community could recite new Kinnot as they wished but only the greatest rabbis would have the authority to institute new Kinnot into the communal service in the entire Jewish world community Rabbi Yaakov Ariel claims that the kinnot service unlike the Siddur and other Jewish rituals was not created by authority of the rabbis but rather developed based on the acceptance of communities and the decisions of the printers who produced printed copies Thus the new kinnot could gradually enter the accepted roster of kinnot However since many congregations now recite kinnot to commemorate the Holocaust this may become an integral part of the service without a formal decision See also EditZionides City LamentReferences Edit Jerusalem Bible 1966 sub title to Isaiah 47 Jerusalem Bible 1966 sub title to Ezekiel 19 and footnote a Streane A W 1911 Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges om Jeremiah 22 accessed 10 February 2019 See e g Bava Batra 14b See Asher ben Jehiel Rosh in Hebrew Brochos 5 21 with Ma adanei Yom Tov Retrieved 25 September 2013 External links EditSephardic Pizmonim Project Ekha and Tisha B Ab Piyut co il Texts and archival recordings of Sephardic and Ashkenaz Qinot Hebrew Shaar binyamin com Recordings of the qinot according to the Syrian Jewish community of Damascus Kinnot L Tisha B Av Nusakh Ashkenaz Hebrew language Tishah B Av A Guide to the Service including a synopsis of the kinnot Kinot Insights from Members of the YU Torah Mitzion Kollel of Chicago A Sample of Kinnot and Their Translations for Consecutive Reading on Tisha B Av Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kinnot amp oldid 1129797450, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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