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Kim Abeles

Kim Victoria Abeles (born August 28, 1952) is an American interdisciplinary artist and professor emeritus. She was born in Richmond Heights, Missouri, and currently lives in Los Angeles. She is described as an activist artist because of her work's social and political nature. In her work, she’s able to express these issues and shine a light on them to larger audiences. She’s able to show the significance of the issues by creating a piece that involves an object and adds the struggle attached to it, which represents what is happening in current events.[1][2] She is also known for her feminist works.[3][4] Abeles has exhibited her works in 22 countries and has received a number of significant awards including a Guggenheim Fellowship.[5] Aside from her work as an artist, she was a professor in public art, sculpture, and drawing at California State University, Northridge from 1998 to 2009, after which she became professor emerita in 2010.[6]

Kim Abeles
Born
Kim Victoria Wright

(1952-08-28)August 28, 1952
NationalityAmerican
EducationOhio University, University of California, Irvine
Known forAmerican interdisciplinary artist
MovementContemporary Social and Environmental Issues
AwardsNational and International Acclaim for her 1987 Exhibit Smog Collectors
Websitekimabeles.com

Early life and education edit

Kim Victoria Abeles was born in Richmond Heights, Missouri. As a child, she spent some time living in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, an experience which she says influenced her work The Smog Collector.[7]

Kim Abele's main influences for her sculptures and installations stem from the urban world and historical and contemporary issues. She focuses on this because she had her childhood in the known "steel town" of Pittsburgh. In addition, she moved to smoggy Los Angeles in 1978. Then in 1980, sweatshops started to pop up around her Los Angeles studio. By seeing all this, she wanted to take an approach to her art that was more about "real life." She has stated she is a "concept seeker and "object maker" this can be seen through her like Smog Collectors.[8]

Kim Victoria Abeles received her BFA in painting from Ohio University and earned a MFA in studio art from the University of California, Irvine in 1980.[4][9] In connection with her thesis, about Shingon Buddhism, she created constructions incorporating kimono.[7][9]

Critics connect Abeles' early works to those of Edward Kienholz and Wallace Berman, founders of the California assemblage tradition. Kienholz's The State Hospital was an early inspiration to Abeles.[1]

Work edit

Abeles has worked in a variety of different mediums including repurposed materials, drawing, multimedia, sculpture and installations. She often experiments with materials.[10] Intensive research, in which she immerses herself in her subject, is a significant part of her working process.[11] Kim Abeles commented on her art as, "results from the urban experience, chronicling historical and contemporary issues housed in sculpture and installation." Her work begins with a singular person or idea and through her own independent research and exploration will delve into her chosen topic until she feels comfortable beginning her artwork. She describes her artwork as the poetic spirit in a visual language.[12]

Many of her projects address contemporary social and environmental issues.[10] She has explored topics including HIV/AIDS, pollution, gender roles, domestic violence, feminism, civil rights, and labor.[2][13] Kim Abeles explores such topical issues through humor and metaphors. Most of her work has revolved around three central themes: civil rights, feminism, and the environment. With her range of media and distinctive styles, Kim Abeles seamlessly unites her call for activism with her work aesthetics through new innovative techniques.[14]

Collaborative work edit

Abeles has worked with several educational organizations and schools to collaborate on installations and exhibitions. She has worked with the multiple art centers like: The Contemporary Art Center in Cincinnati, Community Arts Resource in Santa Monica, Orange Country Museum of Art Teen Council, the California Science Center, and the CU Museum of Natural History in Boulder.[15] Her more defining collaborators include the Bureau of Automotive Repair, the Santa Monica Bay Restoration Project, and the Lakota Indians of South Dakota.[5]

She has also collaborated in projects with agencies to ensure raising awareness for different topics such as pollution control agencies, museums, health clinics, etc.

The Smog Collector edit

In 1987, her work Smog Collector caught national and international attention, mentioned in Newsweek, National Public Radio, CBS Evening News, and The Wall Street Journal.[2] Abeles accreits this piece as a tribute to what she first noticed upon moving into her new art studio in the city of Los Angeles- the smog. Abeles created an innovative technique, using stencils and adhesives to collect smog particulate and produce symbols and images. Abeles was motivated to create the project through her own curiosity and the effects of a year-long protest against a factory near her home that she said was "spewing formaldehyde".[7] She considers the work an ongoing series to which she is currently contributing. Her work was memorialized in the book, Kim Abeles: Smog Collectors, 1987-2020.

"The Smog Collectors materialize the reality of the air we breathe. I place cut, stenciled images on transparent or opaque plates or fabric, then leave these on the roof of my studio and let the particulate matter in the heavy air fall upon them. After a period of time, from four days to a month, the stencil is removed and the image is revealed in smog."[16]

To Sit As Ladder (In Honor of Rosa Parks) edit

In some of her works pertaining to human rights, Abeles has taken a subjective approach that includes a presentation of individuals' portraits through text, maps, drawings, and objects. An example is her 1991 sculpture To Sit As Ladder (In Honor of Rosa Parks) which displayed a chair with text to represent the life of Rosa Parks.[2]

HIV/AIDS Tarot edit

Abeles' HIV/AIDS Tarot cards incorporate both image and text and discuss issues pertaining to the socioeconomic and medical aspects of AIDS.[17] Only seven cards were issued, not a complete Tarot deck. They were printed in both English and Spanish and used as part of a public health information program in Los Angeles in 1992.[18]

The Golden Mile edit

The Golden Mile is a 120 foot long photographic visual art piece located in the UK. The piece consists of photographs capturing both the East and West (stretching from the years 2003 - 2006) laid out and displayed at opposing ends. This installation was funded by Arts Council England, West Midlands, and The Public.[19]

Walk a Mile in My Shoes edit

The initial inspiration for Walk a Mile in My Shoes was the political work of Martin Luther King Jr. and the civil rights movement. Searching for images of King's actual shoes, Abeles was deeply affected when she viewed civil rights activist Xernona Clayton's "profound collection of shoes belonging to members of the peace marches." The installations she created at the intersections of Jefferson Blvd. and Rodeo Rd. and Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd. included bronze casts of King's work boots as well as photographs of national and local activists' shoes.[20]

Pearls of Wisdom: End the Violence edit

Created for a nonprofit organization, A Window Between Worlds (AWBW), Kim Abeles gathered 800 participants who are domestic violence victims to share their stories and design a pearl. The pearl-making process requires mylar paper, yarn, bandage, fiber cable, paint, and an "Irritant"; any object can be an irritant depending on the maker that denotes their experience. Abeles encapsulates a powerful message through her work:

"These women are not survivors, but rather, they are champions in the athletic and spiritual sense."

Furthermore, Pearls of Wisdom juxtaposes pearls with the pairing of domestic violence against beauty, emphasizing the concept that beauty doesn't stem from bad experiences, but instead from recovery.

Citizen Seeds edit

Citizen Seeds is a public, permanent art installation created in 2020 that follows along the Playa to Park trail, funded by the Los Angeles County Arts & Culture. This piece features different sculptures of seeds created through mixed media in which the community, environments, and local journeys are illustrated and represented.[13]

Exhibitions edit

Abeles has exhibited her work in twenty-two countries, including Vietnam, Thailand, the Czech Republic, England, China, and South Korea.[10][21] Abeles' work has been shown at National Center for Atmospheric Research; Museum of Arts and Design in New York; National Museum of Fine Arts in Santiago; Museum of Contemporary Art in Los Angeles; Museum of Modern Art in Rio de Janeiro; and, Intersection for the Arts in San Francisco. She has also been a United States representative in Antwerp for Fotografie Biennale Rotterdam and Cultural Centre of Berchem.[22]

Kim Abeles took her art to the road in 1993 with the release of Kim Abeles: Encyclopedia Persona A-Z. The collection, curated by Karen Moss of the Santa Monica Museum, was sponsored by The Fellows of Contemporary Art in North America and United States Information Agency in South America.[23]

Her art show Encyclopedia Persona, at the Santa Monica Museum of Art, featured a 15-year survey of her work; including 80 of her sculptures, installations and artist's books.[1]

Though her work has been displayed around the world, Abeles frequently presents her work in local communities across Los Angeles and beyond. With her art appearing in Downtown, Los Angeles, Highland Park, Glendale, Pasadena, and Santa Monica, she challenges her community to confront social issues by making them impossible to ignore. This strategic placement of her work highlights Kim Abeles' activism, specifically how we must reform now before matters get worse, and the place where it starts is one's own community.

List of solo exhibitions edit

Abeles's work comes a long way, but listed here are the recent exhibitions within the last 5 years:

Awards edit

Abeles is the recipient of a number of awards from the Guggenheim Fellowship,[5] the J. Paul Getty Trust Fund for the Visual Arts, the Andy Warhol Foundation, the California Community Foundation, and the California Arts Council.[21]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Ollman, Leah (September 19, 1993). "ART : Working With Smog (And Other Stuff) : Kim Abeles mixes artistry and activism, by making art about issues and topics that most people don't consider to be art". L. A. Times. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  2. ^ a b c d "Kim Abeles: Art and Activism September 11 - November 21, 2010". Loyola Marymount University.
  3. ^ Forty Years of California Assemblage. Los Angeles, California: UCLA Art Council. 1989.
  4. ^ a b "Kim Abeles, From Studio to Street". Nevada Museum of Art.
  5. ^ a b c Graves, Hailey; Chandler, Carmen Ramos (July 26, 2013). "CSUN Emeritus Professor Receives Guggenheim Fellowship". California State University Northridge. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  6. ^ Kim Abeles. "Kim Abeles Long Resume" (PDF). kimabeles.com. Retrieved 2019-04-12.
  7. ^ a b c Dubin, Zan (11 January 1991). "Life in an Age of Toxics Seen in O.C. Show : Sculpture: In creating 'The Smog Collector,' Kim Abeles says, 'Sometimes I feel like Chicken Little. But the sky really is falling!'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 28, 2015.
  8. ^ "Women Artists of the American West". Artist Statement Kim Abeles.
  9. ^ a b Watson-Jones, Virginia (1986). Contemporary American women sculptors. Phoenix, AZ: Oryx. ISBN 0-89774-139-0.
  10. ^ a b c "Kim Abeles". John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
  11. ^ Lizotte, Susan (December 6, 2013). "Interview with Kim Abeles". Figure / Ground.
  12. ^ "Kim Abeles - Statement/Biography". www.cla.purdue.edu. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
  13. ^ a b Abeles, Kim. "Biography" (PDF). Retrieved 20 April 2014.
  14. ^ "Kim Abeles: Art & Activism". cfa.lmu.edu. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
  15. ^ "Artist Kim Abeles Discusses Her Work". Getty Museum.
  16. ^ . Rutgers University. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  17. ^ "It's all about the apple, or is it?". Women artists of the American West. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  18. ^ McLean, Adam. "Adam McLean's Study Course on the artwork and symbolism of modern tarot" (PDF). Alchemy Website. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
  19. ^ "Kim Abeles - Collections". kimabeles.
  20. ^ Sulaiman, Sahra (July 18, 2014). "Lovely Art Installations Evoking Walking Placed in Hard-to-Walk-to Locations". Streets Blog LA. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  21. ^ a b "Kim Abeles Resume" (PDF). Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  22. ^ "Interview with Kim Abeles | Figure/Ground". figureground.org. 16 December 2013. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
  23. ^ "ArtCommotion:Departments". www.artcommotion.com. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
  24. ^ "Nicholas & Lee Begovich Gallery - Department of Visual Arts | CSUF". www.fullerton.edu. Retrieved 2021-08-12.
  25. ^ "Kim Abeles - Valises for Camp Ground: Arts, Corrections, and Fire Management in the Santa Monica Mountains » Armory Center for the Arts". www.armoryarts.org. Retrieved 2021-08-12.
  26. ^ "Pearls of Wisdom: End the Violence". Kim Abeles. Retrieved 2021-08-12.
  27. ^ "Kim Abeles: Taking Back Jeanne D'Arc". LA Art Show. Retrieved 2021-08-12.
  28. ^ "Guest Artists -". www.marlborough.org. Retrieved 2021-08-12.

External links edit

  • kimabeles.com
  • Figure/Ground interview with Kim Abeles. December 6th, 2013
  • Kim Abeles on Instagram

abeles, victoria, abeles, born, august, 1952, american, interdisciplinary, artist, professor, emeritus, born, richmond, heights, missouri, currently, lives, angeles, described, activist, artist, because, work, social, political, nature, work, able, express, th. Kim Victoria Abeles born August 28 1952 is an American interdisciplinary artist and professor emeritus She was born in Richmond Heights Missouri and currently lives in Los Angeles She is described as an activist artist because of her work s social and political nature In her work she s able to express these issues and shine a light on them to larger audiences She s able to show the significance of the issues by creating a piece that involves an object and adds the struggle attached to it which represents what is happening in current events 1 2 She is also known for her feminist works 3 4 Abeles has exhibited her works in 22 countries and has received a number of significant awards including a Guggenheim Fellowship 5 Aside from her work as an artist she was a professor in public art sculpture and drawing at California State University Northridge from 1998 to 2009 after which she became professor emerita in 2010 6 Kim AbelesBornKim Victoria Wright 1952 08 28 August 28 1952Richmond Heights Missouri U S A NationalityAmericanEducationOhio University University of California IrvineKnown forAmerican interdisciplinary artistMovementContemporary Social and Environmental IssuesAwardsNational and International Acclaim for her 1987 Exhibit Smog CollectorsWebsitekimabeles wbr com Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Work 2 1 Collaborative work 2 2 The Smog Collector 2 3 To Sit As Ladder In Honor of Rosa Parks 2 4 HIV AIDS Tarot 2 5 The Golden Mile 2 6 Walk a Mile in My Shoes 2 7 Pearls of Wisdom End the Violence 2 8 Citizen Seeds 3 Exhibitions 4 List of solo exhibitions 5 Awards 6 References 7 External linksEarly life and education editKim Victoria Abeles was born in Richmond Heights Missouri As a child she spent some time living in Pittsburgh Pennsylvania an experience which she says influenced her work The Smog Collector 7 Kim Abele s main influences for her sculptures and installations stem from the urban world and historical and contemporary issues She focuses on this because she had her childhood in the known steel town of Pittsburgh In addition she moved to smoggy Los Angeles in 1978 Then in 1980 sweatshops started to pop up around her Los Angeles studio By seeing all this she wanted to take an approach to her art that was more about real life She has stated she is a concept seeker and object maker this can be seen through her like Smog Collectors 8 Kim Victoria Abeles received her BFA in painting from Ohio University and earned a MFA in studio art from the University of California Irvine in 1980 4 9 In connection with her thesis about Shingon Buddhism she created constructions incorporating kimono 7 9 Critics connect Abeles early works to those of Edward Kienholz and Wallace Berman founders of the California assemblage tradition Kienholz s The State Hospital was an early inspiration to Abeles 1 Work editAbeles has worked in a variety of different mediums including repurposed materials drawing multimedia sculpture and installations She often experiments with materials 10 Intensive research in which she immerses herself in her subject is a significant part of her working process 11 Kim Abeles commented on her art as results from the urban experience chronicling historical and contemporary issues housed in sculpture and installation Her work begins with a singular person or idea and through her own independent research and exploration will delve into her chosen topic until she feels comfortable beginning her artwork She describes her artwork as the poetic spirit in a visual language 12 Many of her projects address contemporary social and environmental issues 10 She has explored topics including HIV AIDS pollution gender roles domestic violence feminism civil rights and labor 2 13 Kim Abeles explores such topical issues through humor and metaphors Most of her work has revolved around three central themes civil rights feminism and the environment With her range of media and distinctive styles Kim Abeles seamlessly unites her call for activism with her work aesthetics through new innovative techniques 14 Collaborative work edit Abeles has worked with several educational organizations and schools to collaborate on installations and exhibitions She has worked with the multiple art centers like The Contemporary Art Center in Cincinnati Community Arts Resource in Santa Monica Orange Country Museum of Art Teen Council the California Science Center and the CU Museum of Natural History in Boulder 15 Her more defining collaborators include the Bureau of Automotive Repair the Santa Monica Bay Restoration Project and the Lakota Indians of South Dakota 5 She has also collaborated in projects with agencies to ensure raising awareness for different topics such as pollution control agencies museums health clinics etc The Smog Collector edit In 1987 her work Smog Collector caught national and international attention mentioned in Newsweek National Public Radio CBS Evening News and The Wall Street Journal 2 Abeles accreits this piece as a tribute to what she first noticed upon moving into her new art studio in the city of Los Angeles the smog Abeles created an innovative technique using stencils and adhesives to collect smog particulate and produce symbols and images Abeles was motivated to create the project through her own curiosity and the effects of a year long protest against a factory near her home that she said was spewing formaldehyde 7 She considers the work an ongoing series to which she is currently contributing Her work was memorialized in the book Kim Abeles Smog Collectors 1987 2020 The Smog Collectors materialize the reality of the air we breathe I place cut stenciled images on transparent or opaque plates or fabric then leave these on the roof of my studio and let the particulate matter in the heavy air fall upon them After a period of time from four days to a month the stencil is removed and the image is revealed in smog 16 To Sit As Ladder In Honor of Rosa Parks edit In some of her works pertaining to human rights Abeles has taken a subjective approach that includes a presentation of individuals portraits through text maps drawings and objects An example is her 1991 sculpture To Sit As Ladder In Honor of Rosa Parks which displayed a chair with text to represent the life of Rosa Parks 2 HIV AIDS Tarot edit Abeles HIV AIDS Tarot cards incorporate both image and text and discuss issues pertaining to the socioeconomic and medical aspects of AIDS 17 Only seven cards were issued not a complete Tarot deck They were printed in both English and Spanish and used as part of a public health information program in Los Angeles in 1992 18 The Golden Mile edit The Golden Mile is a 120 foot long photographic visual art piece located in the UK The piece consists of photographs capturing both the East and West stretching from the years 2003 2006 laid out and displayed at opposing ends This installation was funded by Arts Council England West Midlands and The Public 19 Walk a Mile in My Shoes edit The initial inspiration for Walk a Mile in My Shoes was the political work of Martin Luther King Jr and the civil rights movement Searching for images of King s actual shoes Abeles was deeply affected when she viewed civil rights activist Xernona Clayton s profound collection of shoes belonging to members of the peace marches The installations she created at the intersections of Jefferson Blvd and Rodeo Rd and Martin Luther King Jr Blvd included bronze casts of King s work boots as well as photographs of national and local activists shoes 20 Pearls of Wisdom End the Violence edit Created for a nonprofit organization A Window Between Worlds AWBW Kim Abeles gathered 800 participants who are domestic violence victims to share their stories and design a pearl The pearl making process requires mylar paper yarn bandage fiber cable paint and an Irritant any object can be an irritant depending on the maker that denotes their experience Abeles encapsulates a powerful message through her work These women are not survivors but rather they are champions in the athletic and spiritual sense Furthermore Pearls of Wisdom juxtaposes pearls with the pairing of domestic violence against beauty emphasizing the concept that beauty doesn t stem from bad experiences but instead from recovery Citizen Seeds edit Citizen Seeds is a public permanent art installation created in 2020 that follows along the Playa to Park trail funded by the Los Angeles County Arts amp Culture This piece features different sculptures of seeds created through mixed media in which the community environments and local journeys are illustrated and represented 13 Exhibitions editAbeles has exhibited her work in twenty two countries including Vietnam Thailand the Czech Republic England China and South Korea 10 21 Abeles work has been shown at National Center for Atmospheric Research Museum of Arts and Design in New York National Museum of Fine Arts in Santiago Museum of Contemporary Art in Los Angeles Museum of Modern Art in Rio de Janeiro and Intersection for the Arts in San Francisco She has also been a United States representative in Antwerp for Fotografie Biennale Rotterdam and Cultural Centre of Berchem 22 Kim Abeles took her art to the road in 1993 with the release of Kim Abeles Encyclopedia Persona A Z The collection curated by Karen Moss of the Santa Monica Museum was sponsored by The Fellows of Contemporary Art in North America and United States Information Agency in South America 23 Her art show Encyclopedia Persona at the Santa Monica Museum of Art featured a 15 year survey of her work including 80 of her sculptures installations and artist s books 1 Though her work has been displayed around the world Abeles frequently presents her work in local communities across Los Angeles and beyond With her art appearing in Downtown Los Angeles Highland Park Glendale Pasadena and Santa Monica she challenges her community to confront social issues by making them impossible to ignore This strategic placement of her work highlights Kim Abeles activism specifically how we must reform now before matters get worse and the place where it starts is one s own community List of solo exhibitions editAbeles s work comes a long way but listed here are the recent exhibitions within the last 5 years Nicholas and Lee Begovich Gallery California State University Fullerton 2021 24 Community Room Armory Center for the Arts Pasadena CA 2018 25 Frank M Doyle Arts Pavilion Orange Coast College Costa Mesa CA 2017 26 LA Art Show Downtown Los Angeles Art Walk at the Convention Center Los Angeles CA 2017 27 Seaver Gallery Marlborough School Los Angeles POST Los Angeles CA 2016 28 Awards editAbeles is the recipient of a number of awards from the Guggenheim Fellowship 5 the J Paul Getty Trust Fund for the Visual Arts the Andy Warhol Foundation the California Community Foundation and the California Arts Council 21 References edit a b c Ollman Leah September 19 1993 ART Working With Smog And Other Stuff Kim Abeles mixes artistry and activism by making art about issues and topics that most people don t consider to be art L A Times Retrieved 29 March 2015 a b c d Kim Abeles Art and Activism September 11 November 21 2010 Loyola Marymount University Forty Years of California Assemblage Los Angeles California UCLA Art Council 1989 a b Kim Abeles From Studio to Street Nevada Museum of Art a b c Graves Hailey Chandler Carmen Ramos July 26 2013 CSUN Emeritus Professor Receives Guggenheim Fellowship California State University Northridge Retrieved 29 March 2015 Kim Abeles Kim Abeles Long Resume PDF kimabeles com Retrieved 2019 04 12 a b c Dubin Zan 11 January 1991 Life in an Age of Toxics Seen in O C Show Sculpture In creating The Smog Collector Kim Abeles says Sometimes I feel like Chicken Little But the sky really is falling Los Angeles Times Retrieved February 28 2015 Women Artists of the American West Artist Statement Kim Abeles a b Watson Jones Virginia 1986 Contemporary American women sculptors Phoenix AZ Oryx ISBN 0 89774 139 0 a b c Kim Abeles John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Retrieved 20 April 2014 Lizotte Susan December 6 2013 Interview with Kim Abeles Figure Ground Kim Abeles Statement Biography www cla purdue edu Retrieved 2015 05 12 a b Abeles Kim Biography PDF Retrieved 20 April 2014 Kim Abeles Art amp Activism cfa lmu edu Retrieved 2015 05 12 Artist Kim Abeles Discusses Her Work Getty Museum 40 Years of Women Artists at Douglass Library Rutgers University Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 Retrieved 29 March 2015 It s all about the apple or is it Women artists of the American West Retrieved 29 March 2015 McLean Adam Adam McLean s Study Course on the artwork and symbolism of modern tarot PDF Alchemy Website Retrieved March 29 2015 Kim Abeles Collections kimabeles Sulaiman Sahra July 18 2014 Lovely Art Installations Evoking Walking Placed in Hard to Walk to Locations Streets Blog LA Retrieved 29 March 2015 a b Kim Abeles Resume PDF Retrieved 29 March 2015 Interview with Kim Abeles Figure Ground figureground org 16 December 2013 Retrieved 2015 05 12 ArtCommotion Departments www artcommotion com Retrieved 2015 05 12 Nicholas amp Lee Begovich Gallery Department of Visual Arts CSUF www fullerton edu Retrieved 2021 08 12 Kim Abeles Valises for Camp Ground Arts Corrections and Fire Management in the Santa Monica Mountains Armory Center for the Arts www armoryarts org Retrieved 2021 08 12 Pearls of Wisdom End the Violence Kim Abeles Retrieved 2021 08 12 Kim Abeles Taking Back Jeanne D Arc LA Art Show Retrieved 2021 08 12 Guest Artists www marlborough org Retrieved 2021 08 12 External links editkimabeles wbr com Figure Ground interview with Kim Abeles December 6th 2013 Kim Abeles on Instagram Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kim Abeles amp oldid 1188698829, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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