Çankırı
Çankırı, historically known as Gangra (Greek: Γάγγρα), is a city in Turkey, about 140 km (87 mi) northeast of Ankara. It is situated about 800 m (2500 ft) above sea level. It is the seat of Çankırı Province and of Çankırı District.[2] Its population is 90,564 (2021).[1]
Çankırı | |
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General view of Çankırı | |
Coat of arms | |
Çankırı Location in Turkey Çankırı Çankırı (Turkey Central Anatolia) | |
| Coordinates: 40°35′55″N 33°37′09″E / 40.59861°N 33.61917°E | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Çankırı |
| District | Çankırı |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | İsmail Hakkı Esen (MHP) |
| Elevation | 800 m (2,600 ft) |
| Population (2021)[1] | 90,564 |
| Time zone | TRT (UTC+3) |
| Area code | 0376 |
| Website | cankiri |
History edit
Çankırı was known in antiquity as Gangra (Greek: Γάγγρα), and later Germanicopolis (Greek: Γερμανικόπολις). The city has also been known as Changra, Kandari, Kanghari, or Kangri.[3]
Α town of Paphlagonia that appears to have been once the capital of Paphlagonia and a princely residence, for it is known from Strabo that Deiotarus Philadelphus (before 31 BC–5/6 AD), the last king of Paphlagonia, resided there.[4] Notwithstanding this, Strabo describes it as only "a small town and a garrison".
According to 1st-century BC writer Alexander the Polyhistor[5] the town was built by a goat herder who had found one of his goats straying there; but this origin is probably a mere philological speculation as gangra signifies "a goat" in the Paphlagonian language.
Gangra was absorbed into the Roman province of Galatia upon the death of Deiotarus in 6/5 BC. The earlier town was built on the hill behind the modern city, on which are the ruins of a late fortress, while the Roman city occupied the site of the modern city.[6]
In the writings of the 2nd-century AD Greco-Roman writer Ptolemy, the city is referred to as Germanicopolis (Greek: Γερμανικόπολις).[7][8] It was named Germanicopolis, after Germanicus or possibly the emperor Claudius, until the time of Caracalla.
In Christian times, Gangra was the metropolitan see of Paphlagonia.[6] Hypatios, bishop of Gangra, is considered a saint in the Orthodox Christian tradition. He was killed by Arians on his return from the Council of Nicaea (325 AD), in which he took part.
In the 4th century, the town was the scene of an important ecclesiastical synod, the Synod of Gangra. There is disagreement about the date of the synod, with dates varying from AD 341 to 376. The synodal letter states that twenty-one bishops assembled to take action concerning Eustathius of Sebaste[9] and his followers. The synod issued twenty canons known as the Canons of Gangra; these were declared ecumenical by the Council of Chalcedon in 451. Under these canons, the sect disowned marriage, disparaged the offices of the church, held conventicles of their own, wore a peculiar dress, denounced riches, and affected special sanctity. The synod condemned the Eustathian practices, declaring however that it was not virginity that was condemned, but the dishonouring of marriage; not poverty, but the disparagement of honest and benevolent wealth; not asceticism, but spiritual pride; not individual piety, but dishonouring the house of God.[6]
Over the centuries the settlement witnessed the hegemony of many cultures and races, such as Hittites, Persians, ancient Greeks, Parthians, Pontic Greeks, Galatians, Romans, Byzantine Greeks, up to the Seljuks and finally the Ottoman Turks. Traces from its long past are still visible throughout the city. The continuity of the city's name from ancient times across languages is of note: Hangara for the Arabs, Gagra for the Jews and Tzungra or Kângıri or Çankıri for the Turks.
Climate edit
Çankırı has a dry summer continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dsa and Dsb) or a humid continental climate (Trewartha climate classification: Dca and Dcb). Other locations to the north of the city center feature more humid characteristics (Köppen climate classification: Dfa and Dfb). Summers are usually hot and dry and winters are cold and snowy. The rainiest month is May, while the driest month is July.
| Climate data for Çankırı (1991–2020, extremes 1929–2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 15.0 (59.0) | 22.0 (71.6) | 29.0 (84.2) | 31.0 (87.8) | 35.2 (95.4) | 39.6 (103.3) | 42.4 (108.3) | 41.8 (107.2) | 39.8 (103.6) | 34.2 (93.6) | 24.4 (75.9) | 18.2 (64.8) | 42.4 (108.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 3.9 (39.0) | 7.0 (44.6) | 12.8 (55.0) | 18.3 (64.9) | 23.5 (74.3) | 28.0 (82.4) | 32.0 (89.6) | 32.2 (90.0) | 27.5 (81.5) | 20.9 (69.6) | 12.4 (54.3) | 5.7 (42.3) | 18.7 (65.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −0.4 (31.3) | 1.5 (34.7) | 6.0 (42.8) | 11.0 (51.8) | 15.9 (60.6) | 20.1 (68.2) | 23.4 (74.1) | 23.3 (73.9) | 18.5 (65.3) | 12.7 (54.9) | 5.5 (41.9) | 1.4 (34.5) | 11.6 (52.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −3.8 (25.2) | −2.9 (26.8) | 0.1 (32.2) | 4.2 (39.6) | 8.7 (47.7) | 12.3 (54.1) | 14.7 (58.5) | 14.6 (58.3) | 10.1 (50.2) | 5.8 (42.4) | 0.2 (32.4) | −2.0 (28.4) | 5.2 (41.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −25.0 (−13.0) | −24.0 (−11.2) | −20.5 (−4.9) | −8.9 (16.0) | −3.0 (26.6) | 1.6 (34.9) | 4.3 (39.7) | 4.6 (40.3) | −2.0 (28.4) | −6.3 (20.7) | −19.4 (−2.9) | −18.8 (−1.8) | −25.0 (−13.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 41.6 (1.64) | 31.7 (1.25) | 38.1 (1.50) | 45.2 (1.78) | 57.8 (2.28) | 45.5 (1.79) | 20.4 (0.80) | 22.9 (0.90) | 20.0 (0.79) | 32.5 (1.28) | 26.3 (1.04) | 45.9 (1.81) | 427.9 (16.85) |
| Average precipitation days | 10.40 | 9.27 | 9.90 | 11.43 | 13.40 | 11.10 | 4.83 | 5.00 | 5.17 | 7.67 | 7.13 | 10.23 | 105.5 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 68.2 | 107.4 | 164.3 | 198.0 | 241.8 | 282.0 | 328.6 | 306.9 | 260.4 | 189.1 | 123.0 | 62.0 | 2,331.7 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 2.2 | 3.8 | 5.3 | 6.6 | 7.8 | 9.4 | 10.6 | 9.9 | 8.4 | 6.1 | 4.1 | 2.0 | 6.3 |
| Source: Turkish State Meteorological Service[10] | |||||||||||||
Economy edit
Agriculture edit
Various agricultural produce, including wheat, corn, beans, and apples is grown in the farms and fields.
Industry edit
Most industry is concentrated near the Çankırı city center and the town of Korgun. Other towns included in the larger industrial area of the city are Şabanözü, Çerkeş, Ilgaz, Kurşunlu, and Yapraklı.
Education edit
Çankırı is home to Çankırı Karatekin University, which was founded in 2007.
Notable people edit
- Edip Cansever (1928-1986), poet
- İsmail Hakkı Karadayı (1932-2020), 22nd General Chief of the Turkish Armed Forces from 1994 to 1998
- Şükrü Enis Regü (1922–1974), poet
- Refik Saydam (1881-1942), physician, politician and the fourth Prime Minister of Turkey
- Tevfik Fikret (1867-1915) educator and poet
- Ali Kemal (1869-1922) newspaper editor, poet, liberal-leaning politician, government official
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021" (XLS) (in Turkish). TÜİK. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ İl Belediyesi, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ "Çankırı | Historic City, Ottoman Empire, Caravanserai | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-09-20.
- ^ Strab. xii. p.564; comp. Liv. 38.26.
- ^ Smith, W., Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. 3, s.v. "Stephanus" of Byzantium.
- ^ a b c One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Changra". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 840.
- ^ Ptol., Geo. v. 4. § 5, but also "Gangra (Byzantium)"
- ^ Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor, Gangra
- ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
Further reading edit
- Boğaç A. Ergene: "Local Court, Provincial Society and Justice in the Ottoman Empire, Legal Practice and Dispute Resolution in Çankırı and Kastamonu (1652-1744)". Studies in Islamic Law and Society, volume 17, Brill, Leiden, 2003. ISBN 90-04-12609-0.