The Nakajima Ki-27 (九七式戦闘機, Kyūnana-shiki sentōki, Type 97 Fighter) was the main fighter aircraft used by the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service up until 1940. Its Alliednickname was "Nate", although it was called "Abdul" in the "China Burma India" (CBI) theater by many post war sources;[1] Allied Intelligence had reserved that name for the nonexistent Mitsubishi Navy Type 97 fighter, expected to be the successor to the carrier-borne Type 96 (Mitsubishi A5M) with retractable landing gear and an enclosed cockpit.[2]
The results were the Nakajima Ki-27, the Kawasaki Ki-28, and the Mitsubishi Ki-33 (a modification of the Mitsubishi A5Mcarrier-based fighter).[4][5] The Nakajima design was based on its earlier Ki-11 monoplane fighter which lost to the Ki-10 in the Type 95 Fighter competition. When the follow-up Nakajima Ki-12 proposal with a liquid-cooled engine and retractable landing gear was deemed too complex by the Japanese officials, the Ki-27 was designed by Koyama Yasushi to have an air-cooledradial engine and fixed landing gear. The aircraft had the Nakajima trademark wing with a straight leading edge and tapered trailing edge which would reappear again on the Ki-43, Ki-44, and Ki-84.
The Ki-27 made its first flight on 15 October 1936.[6][7] Although it had a slower top speed and worse climb performance than its competitors,[8] the Army chose the Nakajima design for its outstanding turning ability granted by its remarkably low wing loading. The Army ordered 10 pre-production samples (Ki-27a) for further testing, which featured an enclosed cockpit with sliding canopy and larger wings.
The type was officially accepted into service in 1937 as the Army Type 97 Fighter. In addition to Nakajima, the Ki-27 was also manufactured by Tachikawa Aircraft Company Ltd and Manshukoku Hikoki Seizo KK, with a total of 3,368 built before production ended in 1942.
Operational historyEdit
Nakajima Ki-27b of Kenji Shimada, commander of the 1st Chutai of the 11th Sentai, Battle of Khalkhyn Gol June 1939
The Ki-27 was the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force's main fighter until the start of World War II. When placed into combat service over northern China in March 1938, the Ki-27 enjoyed air superiority until the introduction of the faster Soviet-built Polikarpov I-16 fighters by the Chinese.
In the 1939 Battle of Khalkhin Gol against the USSR in Mongolia, the Ki-27 faced both Polikarpov I-15 biplane and Polikarpov I-16 monoplane fighters. In the initial phase of the conflict, its performance was a match for the early model I-16s, and was considerably superior to the I-15 biplane. With better trained Ki-27 pilots, the IJAAF gained aerial superiority. The Ki-27 was armed with two 7.7 mm (.303 in) Type 89 machine guns and as with most aircraft of the period, lacked armor protection for the pilot and self-sealing or fire suppression in the fuel tanks.
Later, the Soviet Air Force received improved I-16s. The faster, more heavily armed (with twin wing-mounted 20mm ShVAK cannon) and armored I-16 now nullified the Ki-27's advantages and it could now escape from the Ki-27 in a dive. The VVS introduced new tactics consisting of flying in large tightly knit formations, attacking with altitude and/or speed advantage and hit-and-run (high-energy) tactics much as Claire Chennault would later formulate for the 1941-era Flying Tigers (likewise to fly against Japanese forces).
Ki-27s at Nomonhan, 1939
Japanese losses mounted but despite this they claimed 1,340 aircraft (six times the admitted Soviet losses and three times as many as Soviet aircraft admitted to being in the theatre).[9] Japanese losses numbered 120 (including Ki-10s) while the Russians claimed 215 vs. a peak Japanese strength of 200 fighters.[9] (Overclaiming remained commonplace through World War Two, despite gun cameras and expert intelligence assessments.[citation needed]) Top scoring pilot of the incident and top scoring IJAAF pilot on the Ki-27 and overall World War II IJAAF ace was Warrant OfficerHiromichi Shinohara, who claimed 58 Soviet planes (including an IJAAF record of 11 in one day) whilst flying Ki-27s, only to be shot down himself by a number of I-16s on 27 August 1939.[10]
The preference of Japanese fighter pilots for the Ki-27's high rate of turn caused the Army to focus excessively on manoeuvrability, a decision which later handicapped the development of faster and more heavily armed fighters. The Ki-27 served until the beginning of World War II in the Pacific, escorting bombers attacking Malaya, Singapore, Netherlands East Indies, Burma and the Philippines (where it initially fared poorly against the Brewster F2A Buffalo).[11]
The type also saw extensive action against the American Volunteer Group in the early months of the war. Soon outclassed by the American Curtiss P-40 Warhawks, the Ki-27 was replaced in front line service by the Nakajima Ki-43, while surviving examples continued to serve as trainers.
In the final months of the war, desperate lack of aircraft forced the Japanese to utilize all available machines and the Ki-27 and 79 were no exception. Some were equipped with up to 500 kg (1,100 lb) of explosives for kamikaze attacks, but some were redeployed as fighters, suffering terrible losses as on 16 February 1945 when the 39th Educational Flight Regiment scrambled 16 Ki-79 trainers from Yokoshiba Airfield to oppose a massive air raid from U.S. Task Force 58 carrier group, losing six aircraft with more damaged and five pilots killed, in return damaging at least one F6F Hellcat and possibly downing a second.[13]
Private-venture experimental aircraft with Nakajima Ha1a engine.
Nakajima Ki-27
Prototype version with armament in response to IJAAF specs, two aircraft built.
Nakajima Ki-27-Kai Prototype
Pre-production units with armament and heavier Nakajima Ha1b engine, 10 aircraft built.
Ki-27a
First production version. Approximately 565 aircraft built.
Ki-27a-Kai
Trainer version converted from existing production. Approximately 150 aircraft converted.
Ki-27b (Army Type 97b Fighter)
Improved canopy, oil cooler and provision for 4 × 25 kg (55 lb) bombs or fuel tanks under the wings. A total of 1,492 built, including 50 by Tachikawa Aircraft Company Ltd.
Ki-27b-Kai
Trainer version converted from existing production. Approximately 225 aircraft converted.
Nakajima Ki-27-Kai
Experimental lightened version developed as an interim solution when Ki-43 development was delayed, top speed 475 km/h (295 mph); two aircraft built[15]).
Mansyū Ki-79
Trainer version, built by Manshūkoku Hikōki Seizo KK with a 510 hp Hitachi Ha.13a-I or Ha.13a-III engine. A total of 1,329 aircraft built in four sub-versions (The single seat Ki-79a (Ha.13a-I) and Ki-79c (Ha.13a-III) and the two-seat Ki-79b (Ha.13a-I) and Ki-79d (Ha.13a-III)[16][17]).
^"Mansyu Ki-79b at the ABRI Satria Mandala Museum." 2010-11-26 at the Wayback Machinepacificwrecks.com. Retrieved: 22 July 2010.
^Francillon, Rene (1979). Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War. London: Putnam & Company Limited. pp. 196–203. ISBN0-370-30251-6.
^Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
BibliographyEdit
Bueschel, Richard M. Nakajima Ki.27A-B Manshu Ki.79A-B in Japanese Army Air Force-Manchoukuo-IPSF-RACAF-PLAAF & CAF Service. Reading, Berkshire, UK: Osprey Publications, 1970. ISBN0-85045-020-9.
Francillon, Ph.D., René J. Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War. London: Putnam & Company, Second edition 1979, First edition 1970. ISBN0-370-30251-6.
Green, William. Warplanes of the Second World War, Volume Three: Fighters. London: Macdonald & Co. (Publishers) Ltd., Seventh impression 1973, First edition 1961. ISBN0-356-01447-9.
Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. "The Agile Asian... Japan's Type 97 Fighter". Air Enthusiast Six March–June 1978.
Green, William & Swanborough, Gordon (n.d.). "Pentagon Over the Islands: The Thirty-Year History of Indonesian Military Aviation". Air Enthusiast Quarterly (2): 154–162. ISSN 0143-5450.
Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. WW2 Aircraft Fact Files: Japanese Army Fighters, part 2. London: Macdonald and Janes's, 1977. ISBN0-354-01068-9.
Kotelnikov, Vladimir R. Air War Over Khalkhin Gol: The Nomonhan Incident. Bedford, UK: SAM Publications, 2010. ISBN978-1-906959-23-4.
Mikesh, Robert. Japanese Aircraft 1910–1941. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1990. ISBN1-55750-563-2.
Nedialkov, Dimitar. In The Skies of Nomonhan, Japan vs Russia May–September 1939.. London: Crecy Publishing Limited, Second edition 2011. ISBN978-0-859791-52-6.
Sakaida, Henry. Japanese Army Air Force Aces, 1937–45. Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1997. ISBN1-85532-529-2.
Tapasanan, Vidya. "Japanese Airplanes in the Royal Thai Airforce (RTAF) Service." Asahi Journal No. 4/2002.
Thorpe, Donald W. Japanese Army Air Force Camouflage and Markings World War II. Fallbrook, California: Aero Publishers, Inc.,1968. ISBN0-8168-6579-5.
Wieliczko, Leszek A. and Zygmunt Szeremeta. Nakajima Ki 27 Nate (bilingual Polish/English). Lublin, Poland: Kagero, 2004. ISBN83-89088-51-7.
August 25, 2023
nakajima, 九七式戦闘機, kyūnana, shiki, sentōki, type, fighter, main, fighter, aircraft, used, imperial, japanese, army, service, until, 1940, allied, nickname, nate, although, called, abdul, china, burma, india, theater, many, post, sources, allied, intelligence, r. The Nakajima Ki 27 九七式戦闘機 Kyunana shiki sentōki Type 97 Fighter was the main fighter aircraft used by the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service up until 1940 Its Allied nickname was Nate although it was called Abdul in the China Burma India CBI theater by many post war sources 1 Allied Intelligence had reserved that name for the nonexistent Mitsubishi Navy Type 97 fighter expected to be the successor to the carrier borne Type 96 Mitsubishi A5M with retractable landing gear and an enclosed cockpit 2 Ki 27Nakajima Ki 27Role Fighter aircraftNational origin JapanManufacturer Nakajima Aircraft CompanyFirst flight 15 October 1936Introduction 1937Retired 1945 Japan Primary users Imperial Japanese Army Air ServiceManchukuo Air ForceRoyal Thai Air ForceReformed Government of the Republic of ChinaNumber built 3 368 Contents 1 Design and development 2 Operational history 3 Variants 4 Operators 4 1 World War II 4 2 Post War 5 Surviving aircraft 6 Specifications Ki 27b 7 See also 8 References 8 1 Notes 8 2 BibliographyDesign and development Edit Nakajima Ki 27 of the Akeno Army Flying School ca winter 1941 42 see Bueschel 1970 In 1935 the Imperial Japanese Army held a competition between Nakajima Mitsubishi and Kawasaki to design a low wing monoplane to replace the Kawasaki Ki 10 Army Type 95 Fighter biplane The new fighter was to have also a better performance than the experimental Mitsubishi Ki 18 3 The results were the Nakajima Ki 27 the Kawasaki Ki 28 and the Mitsubishi Ki 33 a modification of the Mitsubishi A5M carrier based fighter 4 5 The Nakajima design was based on its earlier Ki 11 monoplane fighter which lost to the Ki 10 in the Type 95 Fighter competition When the follow up Nakajima Ki 12 proposal with a liquid cooled engine and retractable landing gear was deemed too complex by the Japanese officials the Ki 27 was designed by Koyama Yasushi to have an air cooled radial engine and fixed landing gear The aircraft had the Nakajima trademark wing with a straight leading edge and tapered trailing edge which would reappear again on the Ki 43 Ki 44 and Ki 84 The Ki 27 made its first flight on 15 October 1936 6 7 Although it had a slower top speed and worse climb performance than its competitors 8 the Army chose the Nakajima design for its outstanding turning ability granted by its remarkably low wing loading The Army ordered 10 pre production samples Ki 27a for further testing which featured an enclosed cockpit with sliding canopy and larger wings The type was officially accepted into service in 1937 as the Army Type 97 Fighter In addition to Nakajima the Ki 27 was also manufactured by Tachikawa Aircraft Company Ltd and Manshukoku Hikoki Seizo KK with a total of 3 368 built before production ended in 1942 Operational history Edit Nakajima Ki 27b of Kenji Shimada commander of the 1st Chutai of the 11th Sentai Battle of Khalkhyn Gol June 1939The Ki 27 was the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force s main fighter until the start of World War II When placed into combat service over northern China in March 1938 the Ki 27 enjoyed air superiority until the introduction of the faster Soviet built Polikarpov I 16 fighters by the Chinese A Ki 27 as used in the Battle of Khalkhin Gol In the 1939 Battle of Khalkhin Gol against the USSR in Mongolia the Ki 27 faced both Polikarpov I 15 biplane and Polikarpov I 16 monoplane fighters In the initial phase of the conflict its performance was a match for the early model I 16s and was considerably superior to the I 15 biplane With better trained Ki 27 pilots the IJAAF gained aerial superiority The Ki 27 was armed with two 7 7 mm 303 in Type 89 machine guns and as with most aircraft of the period lacked armor protection for the pilot and self sealing or fire suppression in the fuel tanks Later the Soviet Air Force received improved I 16s The faster more heavily armed with twin wing mounted 20mm ShVAK cannon and armored I 16 now nullified the Ki 27 s advantages and it could now escape from the Ki 27 in a dive The VVS introduced new tactics consisting of flying in large tightly knit formations attacking with altitude and or speed advantage and hit and run high energy tactics much as Claire Chennault would later formulate for the 1941 era Flying Tigers likewise to fly against Japanese forces Ki 27s at Nomonhan 1939Japanese losses mounted but despite this they claimed 1 340 aircraft six times the admitted Soviet losses and three times as many as Soviet aircraft admitted to being in the theatre 9 Japanese losses numbered 120 including Ki 10s while the Russians claimed 215 vs a peak Japanese strength of 200 fighters 9 Overclaiming remained commonplace through World War Two despite gun cameras and expert intelligence assessments citation needed Top scoring pilot of the incident and top scoring IJAAF pilot on the Ki 27 and overall World War II IJAAF ace was Warrant Officer Hiromichi Shinohara who claimed 58 Soviet planes including an IJAAF record of 11 in one day whilst flying Ki 27s only to be shot down himself by a number of I 16s on 27 August 1939 10 The preference of Japanese fighter pilots for the Ki 27 s high rate of turn caused the Army to focus excessively on manoeuvrability a decision which later handicapped the development of faster and more heavily armed fighters The Ki 27 served until the beginning of World War II in the Pacific escorting bombers attacking Malaya Singapore Netherlands East Indies Burma and the Philippines where it initially fared poorly against the Brewster F2A Buffalo 11 Ki 27 replica at Tokorozawa Aviation MuseumThe type also saw extensive action against the American Volunteer Group in the early months of the war Soon outclassed by the American Curtiss P 40 Warhawks the Ki 27 was replaced in front line service by the Nakajima Ki 43 while surviving examples continued to serve as trainers The Ki 27 was also exported for use with Manchukuo and Thai armed forces seeing combat with both In Thai service Ki 27s reportedly damaged two North American P 51 Mustangs and shot down one Lockheed P 38 Lightning and one North American P 51 Mustang 12 In the final months of the war desperate lack of aircraft forced the Japanese to utilize all available machines and the Ki 27 and 79 were no exception Some were equipped with up to 500 kg 1 100 lb of explosives for kamikaze attacks but some were redeployed as fighters suffering terrible losses as on 16 February 1945 when the 39th Educational Flight Regiment scrambled 16 Ki 79 trainers from Yokoshiba Airfield to oppose a massive air raid from U S Task Force 58 carrier group losing six aircraft with more damaged and five pilots killed in return damaging at least one F6F Hellcat and possibly downing a second 13 Variants EditData from 14 Nakajima Army Type 97 Fighter Long Army designation for the Ki 27 Japanese army personnel and their Ki 27sNakajima Type PE Private venture experimental aircraft with Nakajima Ha1a engine Nakajima Ki 27 Prototype version with armament in response to IJAAF specs two aircraft built Nakajima Ki 27 Kai Prototype Pre production units with armament and heavier Nakajima Ha1b engine 10 aircraft built Ki 27a First production version Approximately 565 aircraft built Ki 27a Kai Trainer version converted from existing production Approximately 150 aircraft converted Ki 27b Army Type 97b Fighter Improved canopy oil cooler and provision for 4 25 kg 55 lb bombs or fuel tanks under the wings A total of 1 492 built including 50 by Tachikawa Aircraft Company Ltd Ki 27b Kai Trainer version converted from existing production Approximately 225 aircraft converted Nakajima Ki 27 Kai Experimental lightened version developed as an interim solution when Ki 43 development was delayed top speed 475 km h 295 mph two aircraft built 15 Mansyu Ki 79 Trainer version built by Manshukoku Hikōki Seizo KK with a 510 hp Hitachi Ha 13a I or Ha 13a III engine A total of 1 329 aircraft built in four sub versions The single seat Ki 79a Ha 13a I and Ki 79c Ha 13a III and the two seat Ki 79b Ha 13a I and Ki 79d Ha 13a III 16 17 Mansyu Army Type 2 Advanced Trainer Long Army designation for the Mansyu Ki 79Operators EditWorld War II Edit JapanImperial Japanese Army Air Service 18 19 20 No 2 Dokuritsu Hikō Daitai IJAAF No 9 Dokuritsu Hikō Chutai IJAAF No 10 Dokuritsu Hikō Chutai IJAAF No 84 Dokuritsu Hikō Chutai IJAAF No 102 Dokuritsu Hikō Chutai IJAAF No 1 Hikō Sentai IJAAF No 2 Hikō Sentai IJAAF No 4 Hikō Sentai IJAAF No 5 Hikō Sentai IJAAF No 9 Hikō Sentai IJAAF No 11 Hikō Sentai IJAAF No 13 Hikō Sentai IJAAF No 18 Hikō Sentai IJAAF No 21 Hikō Sentai IJAAF No 24 Hikō Sentai IJAAF No 26 Hikō Sentai IJAAF No 29 Hikō Sentai IJAAF No 30 Hikō Sentai IJAAF No 33 Hikō Sentai IJAAF No 48 Hikō Sentai IJAAF No 50 Hikō Sentai IJAAF No 54 Hikō Sentai IJAAF No 59 Hikō Sentai IJAAF No 63 Hikō Sentai IJAAF No 64 Hikō Sentai IJAAF No 68 Hikō Sentai IJAAF No 70 Hikō Sentai IJAAF No 77 Hikō Sentai IJAAF No 78 Hikō Sentai IJAAF No 85 Hikō Sentai IJAAF No 87 Hikō Sentai IJAAF No 101 Hikō Sentai IJAAF No 144 Hikō Sentai IJAAF No 204 Hikō Sentai IJAAF No 206 Hikō Sentai IJAAF No 244 Hikō Sentai IJAAF No 246 Hikō Sentai IJAAF No 248 Hikō Sentai IJAAF Rikugun Koukuu Shikan Gakkō Tokorozawa Rikugun Koku Seibi Gakkō Akeno Rikugun Hikō Gakkō Kumagaya Rikugun Hikō Gakkō Tachiarai Rikugun Hikō Gakkō Ki 27 in ROCAF markings ManchukuoManchukuo Air Force Reformed Government of the Republic of ChinaScheduled aircraft never delivered due to distrust of Chinese forces 21 A Nakajima Ki 27 in Tachiarai Peace Memorial Museum ThailandRoyal Thai Air Force 22 Foong Bin Khap Lai 15 15 Fighter Squadron 12 Foong Bin Khap Lai 16 16 Fighter Squadron 23 Post War Edit Mansyu Ki 79 in Museum Dirgantara Mandala ChinaPeople s Liberation Army Air Force ChinaRepublic of China Air Force IndonesiaIn 1945 Indonesian Air Force then Indonesian People s Security Force IPSF Indonesian pro independence guerrillas captured a small number of aircraft at numerous Japanese air bases including Bugis Air Base in Malang repatriated 18 September 1945 Most aircraft were destroyed in military conflicts between the Netherlands and the newly proclaimed Republic of Indonesia during the Indonesian National Revolution of 1945 1949 24 Surviving aircraft EditTwo aircraft survive today One Ki 27 is preserved at the Tachiarai Peace Memorial Museum 25 26 One Mansyu Ki 79 is preserved at the Satria Mandala Armed Forces Museum Jakarta Indonesia 27 Specifications Ki 27b Edit 3 view drawing of Nakajima Ki 27Data from Nakajima Ki 27 Nate 19 Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War 28 General characteristicsCrew One Length 7 53 m 24 ft 8 in Wingspan 11 31 m 37 ft 1 in Height 3 25 m 10 ft 8 in Wing area 18 56 m2 199 8 sq ft Airfoil root NN 2 mod 16 tip NN 2 mod 8 29 Empty weight 1 110 kg 2 447 lb Gross weight 1 790 kg 3 946 lb Powerplant 1 Nakajima Ha 1 Kotobuki Otsu Ha 1b 9 cylinder air cooled radial piston engine 530 kW 710 hp for take off 582 kW 780 hp at 2 900 m 9 500 ft Propellers 2 bladed variable pitch propellerPerformance Maximum speed 470 km h 290 mph 250 kn at 3 500 m 11 500 ft Cruise speed 350 km h 220 mph 190 kn at 3 500 m 11 500 ft Range 627 km 390 mi 339 nmi Ferry range 1 710 km 1 060 mi 920 nmi Time to altitude 5 000 m 16 000 ft in 5 minutes 22 seconds 3 056 fpm Wing loading 96 5 kg m2 19 8 lb sq ft Maximum weight Power mass 3 43 kg kW 5 64 lb hp maximumArmament Guns 2 7 7 mm 0 303 in Type 89 machine guns 500 rounds gun 1 12 7 mm 0 5 in Ho 103 machine gun and 1 7 7 mm 0 303 in machine gun on later modelsBombs 4 25 kg 55 lb 2 130 L 34 US gal 29 imp gal drop tanksSee also EditRelated development Nakajima Ki 11 Nakajima Ki 12 Nakajima Ki 43Aircraft of comparable role configuration and era Arado Ar 80 Curtiss P 36 Hawk Dewoitine D 500 Fokker D XXI Gloster F 5 34 Polikarpov I 16Related lists List of aircraft of Japan during World War II List of aircraft of World War II List of military aircraft of JapanReferences Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nakajima Ki 27 Notes Edit Francillon 1979 p 202 Wieliczko and Szeremeta 2004 p 87 harvnb error no target CITEREFWieliczko and Szeremeta2004 help Januszewski 2003 p 10 harvnb error no target CITEREFJanuszewski2003 help Januszewski 2003 pp 10 11 harvnb error no target CITEREFJanuszewski2003 help Wieliczko and Szeremeta 2004 p 12 harvnb error no target CITEREFWieliczko and Szeremeta2004 help Francillon 1979 p 198 Wieliczko and Szeremeta 2004 p 16 harvnb error no target CITEREFWieliczko and Szeremeta2004 help Wieliczko and Szeremeta 2004 pp 17 19 harvnb error no target CITEREFWieliczko and Szeremeta2004 help a b Francillon 1979 p 200 Sakaida 1997 pp 16 17 harvnb error no target CITEREFSakaida1997 help Wieliczko and Szeremeta 2004 p 57 harvnb error no target CITEREFWieliczko and Szeremeta2004 help a b Wieliczko and Szeremeta 2004 p 81 harvnb error no target CITEREFWieliczko and Szeremeta2004 help Cat Fight Over Chiba Tailhook Magazine 1997 Archived from the original on 2013 01 19 Bueschel 1970 p rear cover harvnb error no target CITEREFBueschel1970 help Francillon 1979 p 203 Francillon 1979 p 486 Wieliczko and Szeremeta 2004 pp 26 27 harvnb error no target CITEREFWieliczko and Szeremeta2004 help Bueschel 1970 pp 48 50 harvnb error no target CITEREFBueschel1970 help a b Wieliczko and Szeremeta 2004 p 99 harvnb error no target CITEREFWieliczko and Szeremeta2004 help Thorpe 1968 pp 1881 185 harvnb error no target CITEREFThorpe1968 help Bueschel 1970 p 50 harvnb error no target CITEREFBueschel1970 help Japanese Aircraft in Royal Thai Air Force and Royal Thai Navy Service During World War II aeroflight co Retrieved 22 July 2010 Wieliczko and Szeremeta 2004 p 79 harvnb error no target CITEREFWieliczko and Szeremeta2004 help Indonesian aviation 1945 1950 Archived 14 December 2005 at the Wayback Machine adf serials com Nakajima Ki 27 Nate at Tachiarai Peace Memorial Museum j aircraft com Retrieved 14 August 2012 Wieliczko and Szeremeta 2004 p 77 harvnb error no target CITEREFWieliczko and Szeremeta2004 help Mansyu Ki 79b at the ABRI Satria Mandala Museum Archived 2010 11 26 at the Wayback Machine pacificwrecks com Retrieved 22 July 2010 Francillon Rene 1979 Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War London Putnam amp Company Limited pp 196 203 ISBN 0 370 30251 6 Lednicer David The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage m selig ae illinois edu Retrieved 16 April 2019 Bibliography Edit Bueschel Richard M Nakajima Ki 27A B Manshu Ki 79A B in Japanese Army Air Force Manchoukuo IPSF RACAF PLAAF amp CAF Service Reading Berkshire UK Osprey Publications 1970 ISBN 0 85045 020 9 Francillon Ph D Rene J Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War London Putnam amp Company Second edition 1979 First edition 1970 ISBN 0 370 30251 6 Green William Warplanes of the Second World War Volume Three Fighters London Macdonald amp Co Publishers Ltd Seventh impression 1973 First edition 1961 ISBN 0 356 01447 9 Green William and Gordon Swanborough The Agile Asian Japan s Type 97 Fighter Air Enthusiast Six March June 1978 Green William amp Swanborough Gordon n d Pentagon Over the Islands The Thirty Year History of Indonesian Military Aviation Air Enthusiast Quarterly 2 154 162 ISSN 0143 5450 Green William and Gordon Swanborough WW2 Aircraft Fact Files Japanese Army Fighters part 2 London Macdonald and Janes s 1977 ISBN 0 354 01068 9 Januszewski Tadeusz Mitsubishi A5M Claude Sandomierz Poland Redbourn UK Mushroom Model Publications 2003 ISBN 83 917178 0 1 Kotelnikov Vladimir R Air War Over Khalkhin Gol The Nomonhan Incident Bedford UK SAM Publications 2010 ISBN 978 1 906959 23 4 Mikesh Robert Japanese Aircraft 1910 1941 Annapolis Maryland Naval Institute Press 1990 ISBN 1 55750 563 2 Nedialkov Dimitar In The Skies of Nomonhan Japan vs Russia May September 1939 London Crecy Publishing Limited Second edition 2011 ISBN 978 0 859791 52 6 Sakaida Henry Japanese Army Air Force Aces 1937 45 Botley Oxford UK Osprey Publishing 1997 ISBN 1 85532 529 2 Tapasanan Vidya Japanese Airplanes in the Royal Thai Airforce RTAF Service Asahi Journal No 4 2002 Thorpe Donald W Japanese Army Air Force Camouflage and Markings World War II Fallbrook California Aero Publishers Inc 1968 ISBN 0 8168 6579 5 Wieliczko Leszek A and Zygmunt Szeremeta Nakajima Ki 27 Nate bilingual Polish English Lublin Poland Kagero 2004 ISBN 83 89088 51 7 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nakajima Ki 27 amp oldid 1166628109, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
