Khải Định (Vietnamese: [xa᷉ːj ɗîŋ̟ˀ]; chữ Hán: 啓定; born Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Đảo; 8 October 1885 – 6 November 1925) was the 12th emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty in Vietnam, reigning from 1916 to 1925. His name at birth was Prince Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Đảo. He was the son of Emperor Đồng Khánh, but he did not succeed him immediately.
Before Emperor Đồng Khánh's era came the eras of Emperor Thành Thái and Emperor Duy Tân, both of whom were exiled by the French for their resistance to the colonial regime. After this trouble, the French decided to enthrone Bửu Đảo as he was the son of the monarch who was the most submissive Nguyễn collaborator with the colonial regime, standing with the French colonizers and opposing any independence movements, Emperor Đồng Khánh.
Emperor return to palace after Nam Giao ceremony, 1924.
Emperor Khải Định and cabinet ministers
Emperor in hunting trip
Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Đảo became the nominal ruler of Annam on 18 May 1916, after the exile of Duy Tân (Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh San) and took the name Khải Định for his reign, meaning "auger of peace and stability." He said he wanted to restore the prestige of the empire, but this was not possible with his close collaboration with the French occupiers. Although not satisfied with his position, Khải Định enacted a policy of close collaboration with the French government and was effectively a puppet political figurehead for the French colonial rulers, following all of their instructions to give "legitimacy" to French policies.
Because of this, Khải Định was very unpopular with the Vietnamese people. The nationalist leader Phan Châu Trinh accused him of selling out his country to the French and living in imperial luxury while the people were exploited by France. Nguyễn Ái Quốc (later known as Hồ Chí Minh) wrote a play about Khải Định called "The Bamboo Dragon" that ridiculed him as being all grand appearance and ceremony but a powerless puppet of the French government.
From 1919 onward, the Emperor made a decree that Vietnam cease to use Chinese as official written language and was replaced by Romanized Vietnamese.
In 1922, the Emperor's visit to France to see the Marseilles Colonial Exhibition was also ridiculed by nationalist leaders, who hated Vietnam's status as a colonial subject of France and saw nothing in the exhibition worth celebrating.
Emperor Khải Định's unpopularity reached its peak in 1923 when he authorized the French to raise taxes on the Vietnamese peasants, part of which was to pay for the building of his palatial tomb, and which caused a great deal of hardship. He also signed the orders of arrest against many nationalist leaders, such as Phan Bội Châu, forcing them into exile and having their followers who were captured beheaded.
Marriages and sexuality
When he was still Duke of Phụng Hóa, Emperor Khải Định married his first wife Trương Như Thị Tịnh in 1907. She left him in 1915 and became a nun, before he was enthroned. Upon ascending the throne, he married his second wife, Ân phi, Noble consort of the first rank Hồ Thị Chỉ (1902–1982) of An Truyền Hồ Đắc clan. She is a daughter of Hồ Đắc Trung, who became Annam's Minister for Public Instruction. Emperor Khải Định had his first and only son with one of his concubines, Hoàng Thị Cúc (1890–1980). She gave birth to Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy (later Emperor Bảo Đại) in 1913. After Khải Định's ascension, she was given the title of Huệ tần, noble consort of the third rank, later elevated to the title Huệ phi, noble consort of the second rank.
Hoàng Thị Cúc as Empress Dowager Từ Cung, wife of Khải Định and the last Empress Dowager of Vietnam
Historical records and studies state that Emperor Khải Định only had homosexual desires. He rarely slept with his wives during his reign. He was close to his male guard, Nguyễn Đắc Vọng, and always slept with him.[1]
Death
Picture of Emperor Khải Định
Funeral of Emperor Khải Định
Khải Định suffered poor health like his father and became a drug addict. He died of tuberculosis in the Imperial City of Huế, according to his concubine Ba Phi, who described him as "not interested in sex" and "physically weak".[2]
Reign symbols
Symbols created and / or used during the reign of Khải Định
^"'Chẩn đoán' căn bệnh 'bất lực' của vua Khải Định" (in Vietnamese). 7 June 2011. Retrieved 10 Jan 2015.
^"In Vietnam, the Queen Mother Clings to a Faded Court Life". The New York Times. 28 August 1973. p. 30.
^VietNamNet Bridge (10 February 2016). "No royal seal left in Hue today. VietNamNet Bridge – It is a great regret that none of more than 100 seals of the Nguyen emperors are in Hue City today". VietNam Breaking News. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
External links
Media related to Emperor Khải Định at Wikimedia Commons
Asian Historical Architecture: Tomb of Emperor Khai Dinh
khải, Định, vietnamese, ɗîŋ, chữ, hán, 啓定, born, nguyễn, phúc, bửu, Đảo, october, 1885, november, 1925, 12th, emperor, nguyễn, dynasty, vietnam, reigning, from, 1916, 1925, name, birth, prince, nguyễn, phúc, bửu, Đảo, emperor, Đồng, khánh, succeed, immediately. Khải Định Vietnamese xa ːj ɗiŋ ˀ chữ Han 啓定 born Nguyễn Phuc Bửu Đảo 8 October 1885 6 November 1925 was the 12th emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty in Vietnam reigning from 1916 to 1925 His name at birth was Prince Nguyễn Phuc Bửu Đảo He was the son of Emperor Đồng Khanh but he did not succeed him immediately Emperor Khải Định啓定帝Emperor on throneEmperor of Đại Nam under French protectorate of Annam and TonkinReign18 May 1916 6 November 1925PredecessorDuy TanSuccessorBảo ĐạiEmperor of the Nguyễn dynastyReign18 May 1916 6 November 1925PredecessorDuy TanSuccessorBảo ĐạiBorn8 October 1885Imperial City of Huế French protectorate of AnnamDied6 November 1925 aged 40 Imperial City of Huế French IndochinaBurialỨng Lăng 應陵 Spouse12 including Trương Như Thị TịnhNoble Consort of First Rank An phi Hồ Thị ChỉHoang Thị Cuc Empress Mother Đoan HuyIssueNguyễn Phuc Vĩnh ThụyNamesNguyễn Phuc Bửu Đảo 阮福寶嶹 Nguyễn Phuc Tuấn 阮福晙 Era name and datesKhải Định 啓定 1916 1925Posthumous nameTự Thien Gia Vận Thanh Minh Thần Tri Nhan Hiếu Thanh Kinh Di Mo Thừa Liệt Tuyen Hoang Đế 嗣天嘉運聖明神智仁孝誠敬貽謨承烈宣皇帝 Temple nameHoằng Tong 弘宗 HouseNguyễn PhucFatherĐồng KhanhMotherEmpress Hựu ThienReligionBuddhism RuismStandard Contents 1 Biography 2 Marriages and sexuality 3 Death 4 Reign symbols 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksBiography EditBefore Emperor Đồng Khanh s era came the eras of Emperor Thanh Thai and Emperor Duy Tan both of whom were exiled by the French for their resistance to the colonial regime After this trouble the French decided to enthrone Bửu Đảo as he was the son of the monarch who was the most submissive Nguyễn collaborator with the colonial regime standing with the French colonizers and opposing any independence movements Emperor Đồng Khanh Emperor Khải Định and crown prince Vĩnh Thụy Emperor Khai Dinh Khai Dinh on throne Emperor in Ao dai Emperor return to palace after Nam Giao ceremony 1924 Emperor Khải Định and cabinet ministers Emperor in hunting tripNguyễn Phuc Bửu Đảo became the nominal ruler of Annam on 18 May 1916 after the exile of Duy Tan Nguyễn Phuc Vĩnh San and took the name Khải Định for his reign meaning auger of peace and stability He said he wanted to restore the prestige of the empire but this was not possible with his close collaboration with the French occupiers Although not satisfied with his position Khải Định enacted a policy of close collaboration with the French government and was effectively a puppet political figurehead for the French colonial rulers following all of their instructions to give legitimacy to French policies Because of this Khải Định was very unpopular with the Vietnamese people The nationalist leader Phan Chau Trinh accused him of selling out his country to the French and living in imperial luxury while the people were exploited by France Nguyễn Ai Quốc later known as Hồ Chi Minh wrote a play about Khải Định called The Bamboo Dragon that ridiculed him as being all grand appearance and ceremony but a powerless puppet of the French government From 1919 onward the Emperor made a decree that Vietnam cease to use Chinese as official written language and was replaced by Romanized Vietnamese In 1922 the Emperor s visit to France to see the Marseilles Colonial Exhibition was also ridiculed by nationalist leaders who hated Vietnam s status as a colonial subject of France and saw nothing in the exhibition worth celebrating Emperor Khải Định s unpopularity reached its peak in 1923 when he authorized the French to raise taxes on the Vietnamese peasants part of which was to pay for the building of his palatial tomb and which caused a great deal of hardship He also signed the orders of arrest against many nationalist leaders such as Phan Bội Chau forcing them into exile and having their followers who were captured beheaded Marriages and sexuality EditWhen he was still Duke of Phụng Hoa Emperor Khải Định married his first wife Trương Như Thị Tịnh in 1907 She left him in 1915 and became a nun before he was enthroned Upon ascending the throne he married his second wife An phi Noble consort of the first rank Hồ Thị Chỉ 1902 1982 of An Truyền Hồ Đắc clan She is a daughter of Hồ Đắc Trung who became Annam s Minister for Public Instruction Emperor Khải Định had his first and only son with one of his concubines Hoang Thị Cuc 1890 1980 She gave birth to Nguyễn Phuc Vĩnh Thụy later Emperor Bảo Đại in 1913 After Khải Định s ascension she was given the title of Huệ tần noble consort of the third rank later elevated to the title Huệ phi noble consort of the second rank Hoang Thị Cuc as Empress Dowager Từ Cung wife of Khải Định and the last Empress Dowager of VietnamHistorical records and studies state that Emperor Khải Định only had homosexual desires He rarely slept with his wives during his reign He was close to his male guard Nguyễn Đắc Vọng and always slept with him 1 Death Edit Picture of Emperor Khải Định Funeral of Emperor Khải Định Khải Định suffered poor health like his father and became a drug addict He died of tuberculosis in the Imperial City of Huế according to his concubine Ba Phi who described him as not interested in sex and physically weak 2 Reign symbols EditSymbols created and or used during the reign of Khải ĐịnhSymbol Image DescriptionEmperor of the Nguyễn dynastySeal of Khải Định Chinese style The inscription Khải Định thần khue written in Traditional Chinese characters as opposed to seal script usually used on Nguyễn dynasty period seals Seal of Khải Định French style a total of 12 imperial seals were created under Khải Định 3 See Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty Personal standard of emperors Khải Định and Bảo Đại Flag ratio 2 3 Khải Định Thong Bảo 啓定通寶 A series of cash coins bearing his reign era Khải Định Bảo Giam 啓定寳鑑 A series silver coins bearing his reign era Gallery Edit Emperor in Mianfu ceremonial outfit Emperor Khải Định on throne drawing Emperor Khải Định in his study 1916 Emperor Khải Định 1916 Emperor Khải Định in the three piece Fujitsu Khai Dinh in palanquin Flying dragon Phi long coin of Khải Định Emperor Khải Định and crown prince Vĩnh Thụy to France 1922 Emperor Khải Định and crown prince Vĩnh Thụy paid tribute to World War I memorials Working time of the emperor Khải Định in Hue royal palace published in Le Petit Journal See also Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Emperor Khải Định Tomb of Khải Định Khải Định Thong BảoReferences Edit Chẩn đoan căn bệnh bất lực của vua Khải Định in Vietnamese 7 June 2011 Retrieved 10 Jan 2015 In Vietnam the Queen Mother Clings to a Faded Court Life The New York Times 28 August 1973 p 30 VietNamNet Bridge 10 February 2016 No royal seal left in Hue today VietNamNet Bridge It is a great regret that none of more than 100 seals of the Nguyen emperors are in Hue City today VietNam Breaking News Retrieved 8 March 2021 External links Edit Media related to Emperor Khải Định at Wikimedia Commons Asian Historical Architecture Tomb of Emperor Khai Dinh Erdal Can Alkoclar Emperor Khai Dinh s tombKhải ĐịnhHouse of Nguyễn PhucBorn 8 October 1885 Died 6 November 1925Regnal titlesPreceded byDuy Tan Emperor of Vietnam1916 6 November 1925 Succeeded byBảo Đại Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Khải Định amp oldid 1131679019, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
