The Tonga-Kermedec Ridge related to other Pacific Ocean seafloor features.
The Tonga-Kermadec Ridge stretches more than 3,000 km (1,900 mi) north-northeast from New Zealand's North Island. The Pacific Platesubducts westward beneath the Australian Plate along the ridge. It is divided into two segments, the northern Tonga Ridge and southern Kermadec Ridge, by the Louisville Seamount Chain. On its western side, the ridge is flanked by two back-arc basins, the Lau Basin and Havre Trough, that began opening at 6 Ma and 2 Ma respectively. Beyound the basins is the Lau-Colville Ridge. Together with these seafloor structures the ridge forms the eastward-migrating, 100 million year old Lau-Tonga-Havre-Kermadec arc/back-arc system or complex.[2]
The extension in the Lau-Havre basin results in a higher rate of subduction than convergence along the Australian-Pacific plate boundary. The rates of extension, subduction, and convergence all increase northwards in this complex, subduction at a rate of 24–6 cm/year (9.4–2.4 in/year) and extension at a rate of 9.1–15.9 cm/year (3.6–6.3 in/year). As a result, the Tonga-Kermadec Ridge moves independently of both tectonic plates and forms the Tonga-Kermadec Plate, in its turn fragmented into the Niuafo'ou, Tonga, and Kermadec microplates.[3]
The Samoa and Louisvillemantle plumes both contribute to the lavas of two of the northern Tonga islands, Tafahi and Niuatoputapu; ocean island basalt (OIB) from the Samoa plume were introduced from 3–4 Ma when subduction in the Vitiaz Trench (north-west of Tonga) ceased. The lavas of the Louisville Seamount Chain were generated 80–90 Ma but began to subduct under the Tonga-Kermadec Ridge at c. 8 Ma.[4]
The Hikurangi and Manihiki plateaux, north and south of the Tonga-Kermadec Ridge respectively, form part of the Ontong Java-Hikurangi-Manihiki large igneous province (LIP), the largest volcanic event on Earth during the past 200 million years.[5] The Osbourn Trough, located just north of the Tonga-Kermadec and Louisville intersection, is the palaeo-spreading centre between the Hikurangi and Manihiki plateaux away from which the age of the Pacific Plate increases from c. 85 Ma to 144 Ma.[1] The subduction of the Hikurangi Plateau beneath New Zealand and the southern part of the Kermadec Arc has resulted in large volumes of lava and a high density of volcanoes in the arc. The initial Hikurangi-Kermadec collision, however, occurred 250 km (160 mi) to the north where a missing piece of the Ontong Java-Hikurangi-Manihiki LIP has already been subducted.[6]
Ewart, A.; Collerson, K. D.; Regelous, M.; Wendt, J. I.; Niu, Y. (1998). "Geochemical evolution within the Tonga-Kermadec-Lau arc-back-arc systems: the role of varying mantle wedge composition in space and time" (PDF). Journal of Petrology. 39 (3): 331–368. Bibcode:1998JPet...39..331E. doi:10.1093/petroj/39.3.331. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
Smith, I. E.; Price, R. C. (2006). "The Tonga–Kermadec arc and Havre–Lau back-arc system: their role in the development of tectonic and magmatic models for the western Pacific". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 156 (3): 315–331. Bibcode:2006JVGR..156..315S. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.03.006. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
Tarduno, J. A.; Mayer, H.; Winterer, E. L.; Sliter, W. V.; Kroenke, L.; Mahoney, J. J.; Leckie, M.; Musgrave, R.; Storey, M. (1991). "Rapid formation of Ontong Java Plateau by Aptian mantle plume volcanism" (PDF). Science. 254 (5030): 399–403. Bibcode:1991Sci...254..399T. doi:10.1126/science.254.5030.399. PMID 17742226. S2CID 7627426. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
Timm, C.; Bassett, D.; Graham, I. J.; Leybourne, M. I.; De Ronde, C. E.; Woodhead, J.; Layton-Matthews, D.; Watts, A. B. (2013). "Louisville seamount subduction and its implication on mantle flow beneath the central Tonga–Kermadec arc" (PDF). Nature Communications. 4: 1720. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.1720T. doi:10.1038/ncomms2702. PMID 23591887. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
Timm, C.; Davy, B.; Haase, K.; Hoernle, K. A.; Graham, I. J.; de Ronde, C. E.; Woodhead, J.; Bassett, D.; Hauff, F.; Mortimer, N.; Seebeck, H. C.; Wysoczanski, R. J.; Caratori-Tontini, F.; Gamble, J. A. (2014). "Subduction of the oceanic Hikurangi Plateau and its impact on the Kermadec arc" (PDF). Nature Communications. 5: 4923. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.4923T. doi:10.1038/ncomms5923. PMID 25230110. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
Wendt, J. I.; Regelous, M.; Collerson, K. T.; Ewart, A. (1997). "Evidence for a contribution from two mantle plumes to island-arc lavas from northern Tonga". Geology. 25 (7): 611–614. Bibcode:1997Geo....25..611W. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0611:EFACFT>2.3.CO;2. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
April 11, 2024
tonga, kermadec, ridge, oceanic, ridge, south, west, pacific, ocean, underlying, tonga, kermadec, island, result, most, linear, fastest, converging, seismically, active, subduction, boundary, earth, kermadec, tonga, subduction, zone, consequently, highest, den. The Tonga Kermadec Ridge is an oceanic ridge in the south west Pacific Ocean underlying the Tonga Kermadec island arc It is a result of the most linear fastest converging and seismically active subduction boundary on Earth the Kermadec Tonga subduction zone and consequently has the highest density of submarine volcanoes 1 Tonga Kermadec RidgeStratigraphic range Mid Miocene to present 16 7 0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NThe Tonga Kermadec Ridge runs along the Tonga Kermadec Trench or subduction zone TypeIgneousLithologyPrimarymafic picro basalts to dacite last 17 MaOtherUnderlying diverse subduction and other rocks gt 100 Ma oldLocationCoordinates25 S 175 W 25 S 175 W 25 175RegionSouth PacificCountryNew ZealandType sectionNamed forTonga and Kermadec IslandsFiji LauBasin Tonga Kerm adecRidge Lau Col villeRidge TongaTrench KermadecTrench Osbourn Trough Louisville Seamount Chain Hikurangi Trough SouthFijiBasin New Zealand The Tonga Kermedec Ridge related to other Pacific Ocean seafloor features The Tonga Kermadec Ridge stretches more than 3 000 km 1 900 mi north northeast from New Zealand s North Island The Pacific Plate subducts westward beneath the Australian Plate along the ridge It is divided into two segments the northern Tonga Ridge and southern Kermadec Ridge by the Louisville Seamount Chain On its western side the ridge is flanked by two back arc basins the Lau Basin and Havre Trough that began opening at 6 Ma and 2 Ma respectively Beyound the basins is the Lau Colville Ridge Together with these seafloor structures the ridge forms the eastward migrating 100 million year old Lau Tonga Havre Kermadec arc back arc system or complex 2 The extension in the Lau Havre basin results in a higher rate of subduction than convergence along the Australian Pacific plate boundary The rates of extension subduction and convergence all increase northwards in this complex subduction at a rate of 24 6 cm year 9 4 2 4 in year and extension at a rate of 9 1 15 9 cm year 3 6 6 3 in year As a result the Tonga Kermadec Ridge moves independently of both tectonic plates and forms the Tonga Kermadec Plate in its turn fragmented into the Niuafo ou Tonga and Kermadec microplates 3 The Samoa and Louisville mantle plumes both contribute to the lavas of two of the northern Tonga islands Tafahi and Niuatoputapu ocean island basalt OIB from the Samoa plume were introduced from 3 4 Ma when subduction in the Vitiaz Trench north west of Tonga ceased The lavas of the Louisville Seamount Chain were generated 80 90 Ma but began to subduct under the Tonga Kermadec Ridge at c 8 Ma 4 The Hikurangi and Manihiki plateaux north and south of the Tonga Kermadec Ridge respectively form part of the Ontong Java Hikurangi Manihiki large igneous province LIP the largest volcanic event on Earth during the past 200 million years 5 The Osbourn Trough located just north of the Tonga Kermadec and Louisville intersection is the palaeo spreading centre between the Hikurangi and Manihiki plateaux away from which the age of the Pacific Plate increases from c 85 Ma to 144 Ma 1 The subduction of the Hikurangi Plateau beneath New Zealand and the southern part of the Kermadec Arc has resulted in large volumes of lava and a high density of volcanoes in the arc The initial Hikurangi Kermadec collision however occurred 250 km 160 mi to the north where a missing piece of the Ontong Java Hikurangi Manihiki LIP has already been subducted 6 See also editTaupo Volcanic ZoneReferences editNotes a b Timm et al 2013 Geological and geochemical background pp 2 3 Ewart et al 1998 Introduction p 332 Smith amp Price 2006 Tectonic setting pp 321 322 Wendt et al 1997 Conclusions p 614 Tarduno et al 1991 p 401 Timm et al 2014 Abstract SourcesEwart A Collerson K D Regelous M Wendt J I Niu Y 1998 Geochemical evolution within the Tonga Kermadec Lau arc back arc systems the role of varying mantle wedge composition in space and time PDF Journal of Petrology 39 3 331 368 Bibcode 1998JPet 39 331E doi 10 1093 petroj 39 3 331 Retrieved 19 March 2017 Smith I E Price R C 2006 The Tonga Kermadec arc and Havre Lau back arc system their role in the development of tectonic and magmatic models for the western Pacific Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 156 3 315 331 Bibcode 2006JVGR 156 315S doi 10 1016 j jvolgeores 2006 03 006 Retrieved 19 March 2017 Tarduno J A Mayer H Winterer E L Sliter W V Kroenke L Mahoney J J Leckie M Musgrave R Storey M 1991 Rapid formation of Ontong Java Plateau by Aptian mantle plume volcanism PDF Science 254 5030 399 403 Bibcode 1991Sci 254 399T doi 10 1126 science 254 5030 399 PMID 17742226 S2CID 7627426 Retrieved 17 December 2016 Timm C Bassett D Graham I J Leybourne M I De Ronde C E Woodhead J Layton Matthews D Watts A B 2013 Louisville seamount subduction and its implication on mantle flow beneath the central Tonga Kermadec arc PDF Nature Communications 4 1720 Bibcode 2013NatCo 4 1720T doi 10 1038 ncomms2702 PMID 23591887 Retrieved 19 March 2017 Timm C Davy B Haase K Hoernle K A Graham I J de Ronde C E Woodhead J Bassett D Hauff F Mortimer N Seebeck H C Wysoczanski R J Caratori Tontini F Gamble J A 2014 Subduction of the oceanic Hikurangi Plateau and its impact on the Kermadec arc PDF Nature Communications 5 4923 Bibcode 2014NatCo 5 4923T doi 10 1038 ncomms5923 PMID 25230110 Retrieved 19 March 2017 Wendt J I Regelous M Collerson K T Ewart A 1997 Evidence for a contribution from two mantle plumes to island arc lavas from northern Tonga Geology 25 7 611 614 Bibcode 1997Geo 25 611W doi 10 1130 0091 7613 1997 025 lt 0611 EFACFT gt 2 3 CO 2 Retrieved 25 February 2017 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tonga Kermadec Ridge amp oldid 1170133786, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
