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Karenic languages

January 01, 1970

"Karen languages" redirects here. For other uses, see Karen.

The Karen (/kəˈrɛn/)[2] or Karenic languages are tonal languages spoken by some 4.5 million Karen people.[1] They are of unclear affiliation within the Sino-Tibetan languages.[3] The Karen languages are written using the Karen script.[4] The three main branches are Sgaw (commonly known as Karen), Pwo and Pa'O. Karenni (also known as Kayah or Red Karen) and Kayan (also known as Padaung) are a branch of Karen languages. They are unusual among the Sino-Tibetan languages in having a subject–verb–object word order; other than Karen, Bai and the Chinese languages, Sino-Tibetan languages have a subject–object–verb order.[5] This is likely due to influence from neighboring Mon and Tai languages.[6]

Karenic
EthnicityKaren people
Geographic
distribution		South-eastern Myanmar, Western Thailand
Native speakers
4.5 million (2017)[1]
Linguistic classificationSino-Tibetan
Proto-languageProto-Karenic
Subdivisions
ISO 639-2 / 5kar
Glottologkare1337

Classification edit

Because they differ from other Tibeto-Burman languages in morphology and syntax, Benedict (1972: 2–4, 129) removed the Karen languages from Tibeto-Burman in a Tibeto-Karen branch, but this is no longer accepted.[3][6]

A common geographical classification distinguishes three groups:

Northern
Pa’o
Central
The area of greatest diversity, including Kayah (Red Karen or Karenni), Kayaw (Brek), Bwe (Bghai), Geba and many more.
Southern
Pwo and Sgaw

Kayan (Padaung) is transitional between the northern and central groups.[7] The languages with the most speakers are Sgaw, Pwo and Pa’o.

Manson (2011) edit

Manson (2011) classifies the Karen languages as follows, with each primary branch characterized by phonological innovations:[8]

Karen
  • Peripheral: proto-voiceless stop initials appearing as aspirated stops (e.g. *p > pʰ)
  • Northern: merger of nasal finals (e.g. *am, *an > aɴ), merger of stop-final rhymes with the open counterpart (e.g. *aʔ, *a > a)
  • Central: vowel raising (e.g. *a > ɛ)
  • Southern: merger of nasal-final rhymes, with the rhyme subsequently raised (e.g. *am, *aŋ > ɔ)

The classifications of Geker, Gekho, Kayaw, and Manu are ambiguous, as they may be either Central or Southern.

Shintani (2012) edit

Shintani Tadahiko (2012:x)[9] gives the following tentative classification, proposed in 2002, for what he calls the "Brakaloungic" languages, of which Karen is a branch. Individual languages are marked in italics.

However, at the time of publication, Shintani (2012) reports that there are more than 40 Brakaloungic languages and/or dialects, many of which have only been recently reported and documented. Shintani also reports that Mon influence is present in all Brakaloungic languages, while some also have significant Burmese and Shan influence.

The Kayan languages are spoken in Kayah State, southern Shan State, and northern Karen State. There are four branches according to Shintani (2016),[13] namely Kangan ("lowland dwellers"), Kakhaung ("highland dwellers"), Lawi ("South"), and Latha ("North").[14] Nangki (sometimes called Langki), documented in Shintani (2016), is one of the Kayan languages belonging to the Kakhaung subgroup. It is spoken only in one village.

Kadaw is spoken in Kayah State, and has nasalized vowels but no final nasal consonants.[14] It has more Burmese than Shan influence. Thamidai is yet another Karenic language.[15]

Below is a classification of the Karenic languages by Hsiu (2019) based on a phylogenetic analysis of Shintani's published lexical data. The results support the overall structure of Shintani's (2012) classification.[16]

  • Karenic
    • Pa'o
      • Northern
      • Southern
    • Karen
      • Kayan (Padaungic)
        • Kayin Phyu
        • Yathu Gekho
        • Thaidai
        • Padaung cluster: Padaung, Yinbaw, Kangan ("lowland") Kayan, Kakhaung ("highland") Kayan
        • Gekho cluster: Gekho, Kadaw, Taungmying
        • Nagi (Nangki) Kayan
        • Latha ("North") Kayan, Zayein
        • Thamidai
      • Kayah (Karenni)
        • West Kayah, Manaw
        • Yingtalay
      • Manu-Bwe
      • Mopwa-Pwo-Sgaw

Luangthongkum (2019) edit

Luangthongkum (2019) recognizes three branches of Proto-Karen, namely Northern, Central, and Southern, but is agnostic about how the three branches fit together.[17]

Karenic

Note: Western Bwe Karen (Blimaw, Geba) preserves the implosives or preglottalised obstruents ɓ/ʔb and ɗ/ʔd, as well as voiceless sonorants such as hn, hl, and so forth.

Reconstruction edit

Main article: Proto-Karenic language

References edit

  1. ^ a b Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2019). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (22nd ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
  2. ^ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student's Handbook, Edinburgh
  3. ^ a b Graham Thurgood, Randy J. LaPolla (2003). The Sino-Tibetan Languages. Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1129-5.
  4. ^ "Burmese/Myanmar script and pronunciation". Omniglot.com. Retrieved 2015-05-05.
  5. ^ "The Sino-Tibetan Language Family". Berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2015-05-05.
  6. ^ a b Matisoff, James A. (1991). "Sino-Tibetan Linguistics: Present State and Future Prospects". Annual Review of Anthropology. 20. Annual Reviews Inc.: 469–504. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.20.100191.002345.
  7. ^ Solnit, David (2017). "Eastern Kayah Li". In Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy J. (eds.). The Sino-Tibetan Languages (2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 932–941. ISBN 978-1-138-78332-4. p. 933.
  8. ^ Manson, Ken (2011). "The subgrouping of Karen" (PDF). Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. Retrieved 2015-05-05.
  9. ^ Shintani Tadahiko (2012). A handbook of comparative Brakaloungic languages. Tokyo: ILCAA.
  10. ^ Shintani Tadahiko. 2018. The Thaidai language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 116. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
  11. ^ Shintani Tadahiko. 2017. The Gokhu language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 111. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
  12. ^ Shintani, Tadahiko. 2017. The Blimaw language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 112. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
  13. ^ Shintani Tadahiko. 2016. The Nangki language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 109. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
  14. ^ a b Shintani Tadahiko. 2015. The Kadaw language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 106. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
  15. ^ Shintani, Tadahiko. 2020. The Thamidai language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 126. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
  16. ^ Hsiu, Andrew (2019). "Karenic". Sino-Tibetan Branches Project. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  17. ^ Luangthongkum, Theraphan (2019). "A View on Proto-Karen Phonology and Lexicon". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. 12 (1): i–lii. hdl:10524/52441. ISSN 1836-6821.
  • George van Driem (2001) Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Brill.

Further reading edit

  • Dawkins, Erin and Audra Phillips (2009) A Sociolinguistic Survey of Pwo Karen in Northern Thailand Chiang Mai: Payap University.
  • Dawkins, Erin and Audra Phillips (2009) An investigation of intelligibility between West-Central Thailand Pwo Karen and Northern Pwo Karen. Chiang Mai: Payap University.
  • Manson, Ken. 2010. A bibliography of Karen linguistics

Reconstructions

  • Jones, Robert B. Jr. 1961. Karen linguistic studies: Description, comparison, and texts. University of California Publications in Linguistics 25. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  • Luangthongkum, Theraphan. 2013. A view on Proto-Karen phonology and lexicon. Unpublished ms. contributed to STEDT.

Vocabulary lists

  • Shintani, Tadahiko. 2014. The Zayein language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 102. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
  • Shintani, Tadahiko. 2015. The Kadaw language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 106. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
  • Shintani, Tadahiko. 2016. The Nangki language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 109. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).

External links edit

  • Free Anglo-Karen Dictionary
  • A grammar of the Sgaw Karen
  • Drum Publication Group—Online Sgaw Karen language materials. Includes an online English - Sgaw Karen Dictionary.
  • Karen Teacher Working Group—Several Karen fonts available for download.

January 01, 1970
karenic, languages, karen, languages, redirects, here, other, uses, karen, karen, tonal, languages, spoken, some, million, karen, people, they, unclear, affiliation, within, sino, tibetan, languages, karen, languages, written, using, karen, script, three, main. Karen languages redirects here For other uses see Karen The Karen k e ˈ r ɛ n 2 or Karenic languages are tonal languages spoken by some 4 5 million Karen people 1 They are of unclear affiliation within the Sino Tibetan languages 3 The Karen languages are written using the Karen script 4 The three main branches are Sgaw commonly known as Karen Pwo and Pa O Karenni also known as Kayah or Red Karen and Kayan also known as Padaung are a branch of Karen languages They are unusual among the Sino Tibetan languages in having a subject verb object word order other than Karen Bai and the Chinese languages Sino Tibetan languages have a subject object verb order 5 This is likely due to influence from neighboring Mon and Tai languages 6 KarenicEthnicityKaren peopleGeographicdistributionSouth eastern Myanmar Western ThailandNative speakers4 5 million 2017 1 Linguistic classificationSino TibetanTibeto BurmanKarenicProto languageProto KarenicSubdivisionsSgaw Pa O PwoISO 639 2 5karGlottologkare1337 Contents 1 Classification 1 1 Manson 2011 1 2 Shintani 2012 1 3 Luangthongkum 2019 2 Reconstruction 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External linksClassification editBecause they differ from other Tibeto Burman languages in morphology and syntax Benedict 1972 2 4 129 removed the Karen languages from Tibeto Burman in a Tibeto Karen branch but this is no longer accepted 3 6 A common geographical classification distinguishes three groups Northern Pa o Central The area of greatest diversity including Kayah Red Karen or Karenni Kayaw Brek Bwe Bghai Geba and many more Southern Pwo and Sgaw Kayan Padaung is transitional between the northern and central groups 7 The languages with the most speakers are Sgaw Pwo and Pa o Manson 2011 edit Manson 2011 classifies the Karen languages as follows with each primary branch characterized by phonological innovations 8 Karen Peripheral proto voiceless stop initials appearing as aspirated stops e g p gt pʰ Pa o Pwo Northern merger of nasal finals e g am an gt aɴ merger of stop final rhymes with the open counterpart e g aʔ a gt a Kayan Lahta Yinbaw Kayan Yintale Central vowel raising e g a gt ɛ Western Kayah Eastern Kayah Geba Bwe Paku Geker Kayan Geku Gekho may be Central or Southern Kayaw Manu may be Central or Southern Southern merger of nasal final rhymes with the rhyme subsequently raised e g am aŋ gt ɔ Sgaw Paku Dermuha Palaychi The classifications of Geker Gekho Kayaw and Manu are ambiguous as they may be either Central or Southern Shintani 2012 edit Shintani Tadahiko 2012 x 9 gives the following tentative classification proposed in 2002 for what he calls the Brakaloungic languages of which Karen is a branch Individual languages are marked in italics Brakaloungic Pao Pao Karen Kayah Padaung Kayah Pado Thaido Gekho Thaidai 10 Pado Gekho Gekho 11 Padaung Padaung Kayan Gekho Yathu Gekho Bwe Bweba Kayaw Kayaw Bweba Geba Bwe Sgaw Pwo Pwo Mobwa Mopwa Blimaw 12 Pako Sgaw Sgaw Pakubwa Paku Monebwa Thalebwa However at the time of publication Shintani 2012 reports that there are more than 40 Brakaloungic languages and or dialects many of which have only been recently reported and documented Shintani also reports that Mon influence is present in all Brakaloungic languages while some also have significant Burmese and Shan influence The Kayan languages are spoken in Kayah State southern Shan State and northern Karen State There are four branches according to Shintani 2016 13 namely Kangan lowland dwellers Kakhaung highland dwellers Lawi South and Latha North 14 Nangki sometimes called Langki documented in Shintani 2016 is one of the Kayan languages belonging to the Kakhaung subgroup It is spoken only in one village Kadaw is spoken in Kayah State and has nasalized vowels but no final nasal consonants 14 It has more Burmese than Shan influence Thamidai is yet another Karenic language 15 Below is a classification of the Karenic languages by Hsiu 2019 based on a phylogenetic analysis of Shintani s published lexical data The results support the overall structure of Shintani s 2012 classification 16 Karenic Pa o Northern Southern Karen Kayan Padaungic Kayin Phyu Yathu Gekho Thaidai Padaung cluster Padaung Yinbaw Kangan lowland Kayan Kakhaung highland Kayan Gekho cluster Gekho Kadaw Taungmying Nagi Nangki Kayan Latha North Kayan Zayein Thamidai Kayah Karenni West Kayah Manaw Yingtalay Manu Bwe Manu Bwe East Kayaw West Kayaw Bwe Geba Mopwa Pwo Sgaw Mopwa Blimaw Pwo Sgaw Pwo Sgaw cluster Sgaw Monebwa Paku Thalebwa Luangthongkum 2019 edit Luangthongkum 2019 recognizes three branches of Proto Karen namely Northern Central and Southern but is agnostic about how the three branches fit together 17 Karenic Northern Northern Pa O Southern Pa O Central Kayan Kayah Western Bwe Blimaw Geba Kayaw Southern Northern Sgaw Southern Sgaw Northern Pwo Southern Pwo Note Western Bwe Karen Blimaw Geba preserves the implosives or preglottalised obstruents ɓ ʔb and ɗ ʔd as well as voiceless sonorants such as hn hl and so forth Reconstruction editMain article Proto Karenic languageReferences edit a b Eberhard David M Simons Gary F Fennig Charles D eds 2019 Ethnologue Languages of the World 22nd ed Dallas Texas SIL International Laurie Bauer 2007 The Linguistics Student s Handbook Edinburgh a b Graham Thurgood Randy J LaPolla 2003 The Sino Tibetan Languages Routledge ISBN 0 7007 1129 5 Burmese Myanmar script and pronunciation Omniglot com Retrieved 2015 05 05 The Sino Tibetan Language Family Berkeley edu Retrieved 2015 05 05 a b Matisoff James A 1991 Sino Tibetan Linguistics Present State and Future Prospects Annual Review of Anthropology 20 Annual Reviews Inc 469 504 doi 10 1146 annurev an 20 100191 002345 Solnit David 2017 Eastern Kayah Li In Thurgood Graham LaPolla Randy J eds The Sino Tibetan Languages 2nd ed Routledge pp 932 941 ISBN 978 1 138 78332 4 p 933 Manson Ken 2011 The subgrouping of Karen PDF Southeast Asian Linguistics Society Retrieved 2015 05 05 Shintani Tadahiko 2012 A handbook of comparative Brakaloungic languages Tokyo ILCAA Shintani Tadahiko 2018 The Thaidai language Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area LSTCA no 116 Tokyo Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa ILCAA Shintani Tadahiko 2017 The Gokhu language Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area LSTCA no 111 Tokyo Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa ILCAA Shintani Tadahiko 2017 The Blimaw language Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area LSTCA no 112 Tokyo Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa ILCAA Shintani Tadahiko 2016 The Nangki language Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area LSTCA no 109 Tokyo Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa ILCAA a b Shintani Tadahiko 2015 The Kadaw language Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area LSTCA no 106 Tokyo Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa ILCAA Shintani Tadahiko 2020 The Thamidai language Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area LSTCA no 126 Tokyo Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa ILCAA Hsiu Andrew 2019 Karenic Sino Tibetan Branches Project Retrieved 2023 03 09 Luangthongkum Theraphan 2019 A View on Proto Karen Phonology and Lexicon Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 12 1 i lii hdl 10524 52441 ISSN 1836 6821 George van Driem 2001 Languages of the Himalayas An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region Brill Further reading editDawkins Erin and Audra Phillips 2009 A Sociolinguistic Survey of Pwo Karen in Northern Thailand Chiang Mai Payap University Dawkins Erin and Audra Phillips 2009 An investigation of intelligibility between West Central Thailand Pwo Karen and Northern Pwo Karen Chiang Mai Payap University Manson Ken 2010 A bibliography of Karen linguistics Reconstructions Jones Robert B Jr 1961 Karen linguistic studies Description comparison and texts University of California Publications in Linguistics 25 Berkeley and Los Angeles University of California Press Luangthongkum Theraphan 2013 A view on Proto Karen phonology and lexicon Unpublished ms contributed to STEDT Vocabulary lists Shintani Tadahiko 2014 The Zayein language Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area LSTCA no 102 Tokyo Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa ILCAA Shintani Tadahiko 2015 The Kadaw language Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area LSTCA no 106 Tokyo Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa ILCAA Shintani Tadahiko 2016 The Nangki language Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area LSTCA no 109 Tokyo Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa ILCAA External links editFree Anglo Karen Dictionary A grammar of the Sgaw Karen Drum Publication Group Online Sgaw Karen language materials Includes an online English Sgaw Karen Dictionary Karen Teacher Working Group Several Karen fonts available for download Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Karenic languages amp oldid 1177581559, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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