Kangar union was a Turkic state in the territory of the entire modern Kazakhstan without Zhetysu. The ethnic name Kangar is an early medieval name for the Kangly people, who are now part of the Kazakh, Uzbek,[1] and Karakalpak nations. The capital of the Kangar union was located in the Ulytau mountains. The Pechenegs, three of whose tribes were known as Kangar (Greek: Καγγαρ), after being defeated by the Oghuzes, Karluks, and Kimek-Kypchaks, attacked the Bulgars and established the Pecheneg state in Eastern Europe (890–990 CE).
Kangar Odagy
659–750
The Kangar Union after the fall of the Western Turkic Khaganate, 659-750
The Kengeres, mentioned in the Orkhon inscriptions, were possibly known in the Islamic world and in the west as Kangar, a collective name for three Pecheneg tribes (of eight).[2]Byzantine emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus stated that Kangar signified nobleness and bravery.[3] Ukrainian historian Omeljan Pritsak suggested that Kangar originated from Tocharian A *kânk "stone" and Kengeres combined Kenger with the Iranian ethnonym As, supposedly from *ârs < *âvrs < *Aoruša (Greek: Αορσοι). However, Golden objected that *Aoruša would have yielded Ors/Urs and Pritsak's opinion on the Kengeres-Kangars' ethnonym and mixed Tocharian-Iranian origin remained "highly hypothetical".[4] Other Orientalists, Marquart, Toltsov, Klyashtorny, attempted to connect the Kangar and Kengeres to the Qanglı, the eastern grouping of the Cuman-Kipchak confederation as well as the Indo-European Kangju in Chinese sources. Akhinžanov proposed that the Kipchaks simply assumed the name Qanglı (literally "wagon") after taking over the Kang region.[5]András Róna-Tas (1996, 1999) proposes that the Pechenegs associated with their word kongor meaning "brown" (referring to their horses' coat color) with the ethnic name Kangar, which had been in existence in the Caucasus region as early as the 6th century CE before the Turkic peoples emerged; though he considers it a "case of an ethnic name established by means of a popular etymology".[6][7] Nevertheless, all of these connections, if any, remain unclear.
Independenceedit
After the capture of Zhetysu by the Chinese, Kangars become independent from the Turkic Kaganate. The Syr Darya cities retained their autonomy. The Oguzes in the southern Kazakhstan, Kimaks in the Irtysh River valley, Cumans in Mugodjar, and Kypchaks in the northern Kazakhstan became the vassals of the Kangar union.
At the end of the 7th century the Syr Darya cities rebelled and formed an alliance with the Sogdiana. The revolt was successful, but the MuslimArab armies attacked Sogdiana from the south. The revolt has waned, and Kangars consented to the continued autonomy of the Syr Darya cities.
Fall of the Unionedit
At the beginning of the 8th century the Oghuz confederation and the city of Tashkent seceded from the Kangar union. The Arabs continued raiding Sygnakh, Jend, and other rich Kangar cities. The Oguzes formed an alliance with the Kimaks and Karluks, and their joint assault defeated the Kangars, whose union dissolved.[8] Three Kangar tribes and five allied Turkic tribes, under the collective name Pecheneg, later carved out a realm, which bordered both the Ouzes and the Khazars, in Eastern Europe.
^Róna-Tas, András (1996). A honfoglaló magyar nép. Bevezetés a korai magyar történelem ismeretébe, p. 325-6. Cited in Güzel, Hasan; Oğuz, Cem; Karatay, Osman (2002). The Turks: Early ages. Yeni Türkiye. p. 621. ISBN978-975-6782-56-9.
^Róna-Tas, András (1999). Hungarians and Europe in the early Middle Ages. An introduction to early Hungarian history. Central European University Press. p. 420
^Golden, Peter B. (1992). An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden.
Further readingedit
Gumilev L.N., History of Hun People, Moscow, 'Science', (In Russian) Ch.11.
Kadyrbaev A.Sh. Chinese sources of Mongolian epoch about foreign political relations of Kazakhstan Türkic nomads (Kypchaks-Kangly) with peoples of Central Asia and Far East//Society and state in China. Moscow, 1982, (In Russian)
Zuev Yu.A., Early Turks: Essays on history and ideology, Almaty, Daik-Press, 2002, (In Russian), ISBN9985-4-4152-9
April 10, 2024
kangar, union, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, august, 2011. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Kangar union news newspapers books scholar JSTOR August 2011 Learn how and when to remove this template message Kangar union was a Turkic state in the territory of the entire modern Kazakhstan without Zhetysu The ethnic name Kangar is an early medieval name for the Kangly people who are now part of the Kazakh Uzbek 1 and Karakalpak nations The capital of the Kangar union was located in the Ulytau mountains The Pechenegs three of whose tribes were known as Kangar Greek Kaggar after being defeated by the Oghuzes Karluks and Kimek Kypchaks attacked the Bulgars and established the Pecheneg state in Eastern Europe 890 990 CE Kangar Odagy659 750The Kangar Union after the fall of the Western Turkic Khaganate 659 750Capitallocated in Ulutau mountainsCommon languagesOld TurkicReligionTengriismKhan title LegislatureKurultai Qurultay History Established659 Disestablished750Preceded by Succeeded byFirst Turkic Khaganate Western Turkic KhaganateKimak KhanateWestern Kangar StateOghuz Yabgu State Contents 1 Etymology 2 Independence 3 Fall of the Union 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Further readingEtymology editThe Kengeres mentioned in the Orkhon inscriptions were possibly known in the Islamic world and in the west as Kangar a collective name for three Pecheneg tribes of eight 2 Byzantine emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus stated that Kangar signified nobleness and bravery 3 Ukrainian historian Omeljan Pritsak suggested that Kangar originated from Tocharian A kank stone and Kengeres combined Kenger with the Iranian ethnonym As supposedly from ars lt avrs lt Aorusa Greek Aorsoi However Golden objected that Aorusa would have yielded Ors Urs and Pritsak s opinion on the Kengeres Kangars ethnonym and mixed Tocharian Iranian origin remained highly hypothetical 4 Other Orientalists Marquart Toltsov Klyashtorny attempted to connect the Kangar and Kengeres to the Qangli the eastern grouping of the Cuman Kipchak confederation as well as the Indo European Kangju in Chinese sources Akhinzanov proposed that the Kipchaks simply assumed the name Qangli literally wagon after taking over the Kang region 5 Andras Rona Tas 1996 1999 proposes that the Pechenegs associated with their word kongor meaning brown referring to their horses coat color with the ethnic name Kangar which had been in existence in the Caucasus region as early as the 6th century CE before the Turkic peoples emerged though he considers it a case of an ethnic name established by means of a popular etymology 6 7 Nevertheless all of these connections if any remain unclear Independence editAfter the capture of Zhetysu by the Chinese Kangars become independent from the Turkic Kaganate The Syr Darya cities retained their autonomy The Oguzes in the southern Kazakhstan Kimaks in the Irtysh River valley Cumans in Mugodjar and Kypchaks in the northern Kazakhstan became the vassals of the Kangar union At the end of the 7th century the Syr Darya cities rebelled and formed an alliance with the Sogdiana The revolt was successful but the Muslim Arab armies attacked Sogdiana from the south The revolt has waned and Kangars consented to the continued autonomy of the Syr Darya cities Fall of the Union editAt the beginning of the 8th century the Oghuz confederation and the city of Tashkent seceded from the Kangar union The Arabs continued raiding Sygnakh Jend and other rich Kangar cities The Oguzes formed an alliance with the Kimaks and Karluks and their joint assault defeated the Kangars whose union dissolved 8 Three Kangar tribes and five allied Turkic tribes under the collective name Pecheneg later carved out a realm which bordered both the Ouzes and the Khazars in Eastern Europe See also editPechenegs Kankalis a people possibly related to the Kangars Kangju Senior Juz History of the central steppe Turkic peoples Timeline of the Turkic peoples 500 1300 Notes edit Tolstoi V P Origin of the Karakalpak People KSIE Moscow 1947 p 75 P Golubovsky Pechenegs Torks and Polovetses before Tatar invasion SPb 1884 p 55 in L Gumilev Ancient Turks Ch 20 In Russian Constantine Porphyrogenitus De Administrando Imperio Golden Peter B 1992 An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People Otto Harrassowitz Wiesbaden pp 264 265 Golden 1992 p 273 Rona Tas Andras 1996 A honfoglalo magyar nep Bevezetes a korai magyar tortenelem ismeretebe p 325 6 Cited in Guzel Hasan Oguz Cem Karatay Osman 2002 The Turks Early ages Yeni Turkiye p 621 ISBN 978 975 6782 56 9 Rona Tas Andras 1999 Hungarians and Europe in the early Middle Ages An introduction to early Hungarian history Central European University Press p 420 Golden Peter B 1992 An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People Otto Harrassowitz Wiesbaden Further reading editGumilev L N History of Hun People Moscow Science In Russian Ch 11 Kadyrbaev A Sh Chinese sources of Mongolian epoch about foreign political relations of Kazakhstan Turkic nomads Kypchaks Kangly with peoples of Central Asia and Far East Society and state in China Moscow 1982 In Russian Zuev Yu A Early Turks Essays on history and ideology Almaty Daik Press 2002 In Russian ISBN 9985 4 4152 9 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kangar union amp oldid 1216409678, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
