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Kanab ambersnail

January 01, 1970

The Kanab ambersnail, formerly classified as Oxyloma haydeni kanabense or Oxyloma kanabense, is a small, air-breathing land snail belonging to the family Succineidae, the ambersnails. This terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc was previously considered a critically endangered subspecies or species. In 2013, a scientific investigations report by the United States Geological Survey concluded that the Kanab ambersnail is not a genetically distinct species.[2] In June 2021, the Fish and Wildlife Service removed the Kanab ambersnail from the United States Fish and Wildlife Service list of endangered mammals and birds and classified it with other common ambersnails within the same taxa, officially negating its status as a distinct subspecies.[3]

Kanab ambersnail
A Kanab ambersnail at Vasey's Paradise in Grand Canyon National Park.
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Subclass: Heterobranchia
Order: Stylommatophora
Family: Succineidae
Genus: Oxyloma
Species:
O. haydeni
Subspecies:
O. h. kanabense
Trinomial name
Oxyloma haydeni kanabense
Habitat of the Kanab ambersnail
(marked in orange)
Synonyms

Oxyloma kanabense Pilsbry, 1948

The common name of the amber snails is based on the shell, which is translucent and when empty usually resembles the color of amber.[4]

This snail is endemic to the United States, specifically the states of Arizona and Utah, where it was first collected in the early 20th century. This snail lives in wetlands, springs, and seeps,[5] and only two of its natural habitats are known to exist: Three Lakes, a meadow near Kanab, Utah, and Vasey's Paradise, a springs along the Colorado River within Grand Canyon National Park.[5] In its natural habitat it is rather polyphagous, feeding mainly on bacteria, plants and fungi. It reproduces during the summer.

Previously considered a critically endangered species on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species[6] due to a series of factors (including anthropic influence[7]), the Kanab ambersnail had been reintroduced to three springs above the historic high water level along the Colorado River.

The snail had been listed as endangered on the United States Fish and Wildlife Service list of endangered species in 1991. In June 2021, following genetic testing that showed it was never a distinct subspecies, the Fish and Wildlife Service delisted the Kanab ambersnail from the federal endangered species list.[8]

Taxonomy edit

 
An ambersnail crawls across a hand, next to a U.S. dime (18 mm / 0.7 in diameter).

Specimens of the Kanab ambersnail were first collected in 1909 by James Ferriss from: "The Greens", 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) above Kanab, Utah on Kanab Wash, on a wet ledge among moss and Cypripediums.[9] These specimens were originally thought to belong to the species Succinea hawkinsi.[5]

Pilsbry (1948)[1] transferred these specimens to the genus Oxyloma and erected the subspecies kanabensis in the species haydeni for them. Arthur Clarke (1991) notes that Pilsbry's decision to accord the Kanab ambersnail subspecific status was preliminary, and that, as Pilsbry himself noted, “its taxonomic status should be reevaluated.”

Clarke (1991)[10] and Shei K. Wu (Colorado Museum of Natural History, Boulder, Colorado, pers. comm. 1992, 1995)[11] suggest that the Kanab ambersnail may deserve full species status. Earle Spamer (Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, pers. comm. 1994)[11] stated that although current published mollusk checklists (Turgeon et al. 1988 and Groombridge 1993) treat the Kanab ambersnail at species level rather that as a subspecies, nonetheless, until the criteria are derived (and published) by which the taxon can be known to be a separate species, it should continue to be called by its original name, the one published by Pilsbry (1948): Oxyloma haydeni spp. kanabensis.[11]

Delisting edit

In 2013, a report from the United States Geological Survey's scientific investigations concluded that the Kanab ambersnail does not represent a genetically distinct species.[2] In January 2020, the Fish and Wildlife Service published a proposed rule removing the Kanab ambersnail from the Federal List of Endangered Species due to "taxonomic error".[12][13] In June 2021, the FWS finalized the removal of the Kanab ambersnail from the endangered species list because it is not a district subspecies.[3][8]

Description edit

The Kanab ambersnail is a terrestrial snail in the family Succineidae. The empty shell is a light amber color. The live snail has a mottled grayish-amber to yellowish-amber colored shell. The shell is dextral (right-handed spiral), thin-walled, with an elevated spire and a Daly, patulous (expanded) aperture. Fully mature individuals are about 14 to 19 mm (0.5 to 0.75 inch) long, 7 to 9 mm (0.25 to 0.33 inch) in diameter, with 3.25 to 3.75 whorls in a drawn out spire.[11]

Its eyes are borne at the ends of long peduncles (stalks), while the tentacles are reduced to small protuberances at the base of the eye stalks.[11]

Ecology edit

The natural predators of this snail are passerines, such as the (American robin),[11] and deer mice.[14]

 
Vasey's Paradise, one of the two natural habitats of the Kanab ambersnail.

Habitat edit

In 1996, 16% of the ambersnail's habitat at Vasey's Paradise was destroyed in a flood, and a more disastrous previous flood in 1994 had probably already threatened the snail's habitat.[15] The suitable area for habitat in Three Lakes is believed to extend to an area 1.3 km long, and 90 m wide, and genetic diversity seems to indicate that the area is more stable than Vasey's Paradise. However their redistribution is also affected by the presence of their host plants and rock ledges.[16]

Three Lakes, a privately owned wet meadow near Kanab, is one of only two natural habitats for the Kanab ambersnail. The snail's habitat is threatened by commercial development by the owner of Three Lakes, Best Friends Animal Society.[17]

Despite being air-breathing molluscs, they can survive for up to 32 hours in cold, highly oxygenated water, which may have helped to disperse its population around the Colorado Valley area since a controlled release was conducted in 1998.[5]

Feeding habits edit

The Kanab ambersnail is typically found on host plants, primarily the scarlet monkeyflower (Erythranthe cardinalis) and watercress (Nasturtium officinale),[18] but also sedges and rushes. It feeds on plant tissue, fungi, algae, and bacteria, using its radula to scrape off food.[19]

Life cycle edit

Like all pulmonate land snails, ambersnails are hermaphroditic, having both male and female reproductive systems, and are believed to be capable of self-fertilization. In the wild they live for between 12 and 15 months. Young snails enter dormancy between October and November, becoming active again in March and April. Mature snails reproduce in the summer months.[5]

Population edit

Only two wild populations of the snail are known to exist, specifically, Three Lakes near Kanab, Utah and Vasey's Paradise.[15] The latter was not discovered until 1991 when a survey of mollusks in the area was conducted.[16] There was formerly a third population present in Kanab, Utah, but it is believed to have become extirpated through the destruction of its habitat.[20]

In the 2013 Culver et al. study, scientists from the Fish and WIldlife service collected 14 ambersnails from 12 locations in Arizona and Utah, including "Kanab ambersnail, Niobrara ambersnail, blunt ambersnail (Oxyloma retusum), undescribed species of Oxyloma, and individuals from Catinella (used to provide an outgroup comparison)."[3] This study included samples from all three extant populations identified as Kanab ambersnail. Between the Oxyloma populations, shell morphology did not have the variation usually associated with different species, leading the authors to state that none of the 12 populations sampled was reproductively isolated from the others.[2][21]

Conservation edit

In November 1991, Kanab ambersnail was proposed for emergency listing by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.[22] The Kanab ambersnail had been included United States Fish and Wildlife Service list of endangered mammals and birds since April 1992.[23]

The Kanab ambersnail was previously evaluated as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[6]

Reintroduction releases were conducted at three sites along the Colorado river, each releasing 150 snails.[5] The first of these releases was conducted in September 1998, and all sites were sufficiently high enough to not be flooded by normal dam activity. A second release was conducted at the same three sites in July 1999 to boost population densities and improve genetic variability, but only one of the three sites, Upper Elves Chasm, has established a new population.[5]

In Utah, its habitat was threatened by commercial development,[7] whereas the Grand Canyon population is threatened by discharges from the Glen Canyon Dam which can sweep the snail and its habitat downstream.

Post Delisting edit

With this delisting, the previously applied prohibitions and conservation measures under the Act ceased to apply to the snail formerly known as the Kanab ambersnail. This change in status also lifted restrictions on interstate commerce, import, and export related to the snail.[3] Additionally, Federal agencies are no longer mandated to consult under section 7 of the Act regarding actions that may potentially affect the snails previously identified as Kanab ambersnail or their habitat.[3] This deregulation reflects the updated understanding of the snail's taxonomy and its alignment with other common ambersnails within the same taxa.

References edit

This article incorporates public domain text (a public domain work of the United States Government) from the reference.[11]

  1. ^ a b Pilsbry H.A. 1948. Land Mollusca of North America. The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Monographs. Vol. II (Part 2): 797-798.
  2. ^ a b c Culver, Melanie; Herrmann, Hans-Werner; Miller, Mark; Roth, Barry; Sorenson, Jeff (2013). "Anatomical and genetic variation of western Oxyloma (Pulmonata: Succineidae) concerning the endangered Kanab ambersnail (Oxyloma haydeni kanabense) in Arizona and Utah". Anatomical and genetic variation of western Oxyloma (Pulmonata: Succineidae) concerning the endangered Kanab ambersnail (Oxyloma haydeni kanabense) in Arizona and Utah. Scientific Investigations Report. Vol. Scientific Investigations Report. U.S. Geological Survey. pp. 45–78. doi:10.3133/sir20135164. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  3. ^ a b c d e Final Rule: Removing the Kanab Ambersnail From the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife, 86 FR 33138 (June 24, 2021).
  4. ^ "Mollusks". Grand Canyon National Park. from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2006-11-25.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Jeff Sorensen. . gf.state.az.us. Archived from the original on 2006-10-04. Retrieved 2006-11-26.
  6. ^ a b Roth, B (1996). "Oxyloma kanabense". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T15780A5148979. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T15780A5148979.en.
  7. ^ a b Randall Fitzgerald, Mugged by the State: Outrageous Government Assaults on Ordinary People and their Property, Regnery Publishing, Inc. (2003) ISBN 0-89526-102-2
  8. ^ a b "Advances in Genetic Research Reveal Kanab Ambersnail Not a Distinct Subspecies". U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Mountain-Prairie Region. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  9. ^ Ferriss, J. H. (1910). "A collecting excursion north of the Grand Canyon of the Colorado". The Nautilus. 23: 109–112.
  10. ^ Clarke, A.H. 1991. Status survey of selected land and freshwater gastropods in Utah. Unpublished report prepared for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Denver, Colorado. 70 pp + cxii.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1995. Kanab Ambersnail (Oxyloma haydeni kanabensis) recovery plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Denver, Colorado. 21 pp. online http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recovery_plan/951012.pdf 2011-10-17 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Proposed Rule: Removing the Kanab Ambersnail From the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife, 85 FR 488 (Jan. 6, 2020).
  13. ^ Renda, Matthew (3 January 2020). "Genetic Testing Leads to End of Protections for Grand Canyon Snail". Courthouse News Service. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  14. ^ Stevens, L.E., V.J. Meretsky, D.M. Kubly, J.C. Nagy, C. Nelson, J.R. Petterson, F.R. Protiva, and J.A. Sorensen. 1997b. The impacts of an experimental flood from Glen Canyon Dam on the endangered Kanab Ambersnail at Vaseys Paradise, Grand Canyon, Arizona: Final Report. Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center, Flagstaff.[1] 2006-10-04 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ a b Miller, Mark P.; Stevens, Larry P.; Busch, Joseph D.; Sorensen, Jeff A.; Keim, Paul. Amplified fragment length polymorphism and mitochondrial sequence data detect genetic differentiation in endangered southwestern U.S.A. ambersnails (Oxyloma epp.) 2006-09-15 at the Wayback Machine
  16. ^ a b Brown, Steve; Cherlow, Jay R (2004). Bureau Of Reclamation: An Assessment of the Environmental Impact Statement on the Operations of the Glen Canyon Dam. DIANE Publishing. pp. 77–8. ISBN 0-7881-4057-4.
  17. ^ Best Friends purchases Three Lakes property - Southern Utah News, https://www.sunews.net/article.cfm?articleID=1975
  18. ^ Stevens, Lawrence E. (2001). "Planned Flooding and Colorado River Riparian Trade-Offs Downstream from Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona". Ecological Applications. 11 (3): 705. doi:10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[0701:pfacrr]2.0.co;2. S2CID 54533865.
  19. ^ Bill Vercammen. "Success at snail's pace: KAS recovery update". desertusa.com. from the original on 2006-10-07. Retrieved 2006-11-27.
  20. ^ Clarke, A.H. 1991. Status survey of selected land and freshwater gastropods in Utah.
  21. ^ "Federal Register" (PDF). USGS. June 24, 2021. p. 33139. Retrieved 24 October 2023.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  22. ^ Proposal to list the Kanab Ambersnail as Endangered and Designate Critical Habitat, 56 FR 58020 (Nov. 15, 1991).
  23. ^ Final rule to list the Kanab ambersnail as endangered, 57 FR 13657 (April 17, 1992).

External links edit

  • Species profile of Kanab ambersnail (Oxyloma haydeni kanabensis) at U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service webpage
  • "Kanab Ambersnail". Grand Canyon National Park. Retrieved 2006-11-24.
  • . Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Archived from the original on 2006-09-23. Retrieved 2006-11-25.
  • 1991. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Emergency Rule to List the Kanab Ambersnail as Endangered / RIN 1018-AB67. United States Fish and Wildlife Service.

January 01, 1970
kanab, ambersnail, formerly, classified, oxyloma, haydeni, kanabense, oxyloma, kanabense, small, breathing, land, snail, belonging, family, succineidae, ambersnails, this, terrestrial, pulmonate, gastropod, mollusc, previously, considered, critically, endanger. The Kanab ambersnail formerly classified as Oxyloma haydeni kanabense or Oxyloma kanabense is a small air breathing land snail belonging to the family Succineidae the ambersnails This terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc was previously considered a critically endangered subspecies or species In 2013 a scientific investigations report by the United States Geological Survey concluded that the Kanab ambersnail is not a genetically distinct species 2 In June 2021 the Fish and Wildlife Service removed the Kanab ambersnail from the United States Fish and Wildlife Service list of endangered mammals and birds and classified it with other common ambersnails within the same taxa officially negating its status as a distinct subspecies 3 Kanab ambersnail A Kanab ambersnail at Vasey s Paradise in Grand Canyon National Park Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda Subclass Heterobranchia Order Stylommatophora Family Succineidae Genus Oxyloma Species O haydeni Subspecies O h kanabense Trinomial name Oxyloma haydeni kanabensePilsbry 1948 1 Habitat of the Kanab ambersnail marked in orange Synonyms Oxyloma kanabense Pilsbry 1948 The common name of the amber snails is based on the shell which is translucent and when empty usually resembles the color of amber 4 This snail is endemic to the United States specifically the states of Arizona and Utah where it was first collected in the early 20th century This snail lives in wetlands springs and seeps 5 and only two of its natural habitats are known to exist Three Lakes a meadow near Kanab Utah and Vasey s Paradise a springs along the Colorado River within Grand Canyon National Park 5 In its natural habitat it is rather polyphagous feeding mainly on bacteria plants and fungi It reproduces during the summer Previously considered a critically endangered species on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 6 due to a series of factors including anthropic influence 7 the Kanab ambersnail had been reintroduced to three springs above the historic high water level along the Colorado River The snail had been listed as endangered on the United States Fish and Wildlife Service list of endangered species in 1991 In June 2021 following genetic testing that showed it was never a distinct subspecies the Fish and Wildlife Service delisted the Kanab ambersnail from the federal endangered species list 8 Contents 1 Taxonomy 1 1 Delisting 2 Description 3 Ecology 3 1 Habitat 3 2 Feeding habits 3 3 Life cycle 4 Population 5 Conservation 5 1 Post Delisting 6 References 7 External linksTaxonomy edit nbsp An ambersnail crawls across a hand next to a U S dime 18 mm 0 7 in diameter Specimens of the Kanab ambersnail were first collected in 1909 by James Ferriss from The Greens 10 kilometers 6 2 mi above Kanab Utah on Kanab Wash on a wet ledge among moss and Cypripediums 9 These specimens were originally thought to belong to the species Succinea hawkinsi 5 Pilsbry 1948 1 transferred these specimens to the genus Oxyloma and erected the subspecies kanabensis in the species haydeni for them Arthur Clarke 1991 notes that Pilsbry s decision to accord the Kanab ambersnail subspecific status was preliminary and that as Pilsbry himself noted its taxonomic status should be reevaluated Clarke 1991 10 and Shei K Wu Colorado Museum of Natural History Boulder Colorado pers comm 1992 1995 11 suggest that the Kanab ambersnail may deserve full species status Earle Spamer Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania pers comm 1994 11 stated that although current published mollusk checklists Turgeon et al 1988 and Groombridge 1993 treat the Kanab ambersnail at species level rather that as a subspecies nonetheless until the criteria are derived and published by which the taxon can be known to be a separate species it should continue to be called by its original name the one published by Pilsbry 1948 Oxyloma haydeni spp kanabensis 11 Delisting edit In 2013 a report from the United States Geological Survey s scientific investigations concluded that the Kanab ambersnail does not represent a genetically distinct species 2 In January 2020 the Fish and Wildlife Service published a proposed rule removing the Kanab ambersnail from the Federal List of Endangered Species due to taxonomic error 12 13 In June 2021 the FWS finalized the removal of the Kanab ambersnail from the endangered species list because it is not a district subspecies 3 8 Description editThe Kanab ambersnail is a terrestrial snail in the family Succineidae The empty shell is a light amber color The live snail has a mottled grayish amber to yellowish amber colored shell The shell is dextral right handed spiral thin walled with an elevated spire and a Daly patulous expanded aperture Fully mature individuals are about 14 to 19 mm 0 5 to 0 75 inch long 7 to 9 mm 0 25 to 0 33 inch in diameter with 3 25 to 3 75 whorls in a drawn out spire 11 Its eyes are borne at the ends of long peduncles stalks while the tentacles are reduced to small protuberances at the base of the eye stalks 11 Ecology editThe natural predators of this snail are passerines such as the American robin 11 and deer mice 14 nbsp Vasey s Paradise one of the two natural habitats of the Kanab ambersnail Habitat edit In 1996 16 of the ambersnail s habitat at Vasey s Paradise was destroyed in a flood and a more disastrous previous flood in 1994 had probably already threatened the snail s habitat 15 The suitable area for habitat in Three Lakes is believed to extend to an area 1 3 km long and 90 m wide and genetic diversity seems to indicate that the area is more stable than Vasey s Paradise However their redistribution is also affected by the presence of their host plants and rock ledges 16 Three Lakes a privately owned wet meadow near Kanab is one of only two natural habitats for the Kanab ambersnail The snail s habitat is threatened by commercial development by the owner of Three Lakes Best Friends Animal Society 17 Despite being air breathing molluscs they can survive for up to 32 hours in cold highly oxygenated water which may have helped to disperse its population around the Colorado Valley area since a controlled release was conducted in 1998 5 Feeding habits edit The Kanab ambersnail is typically found on host plants primarily the scarlet monkeyflower Erythranthe cardinalis and watercress Nasturtium officinale 18 but also sedges and rushes It feeds on plant tissue fungi algae and bacteria using its radula to scrape off food 19 Life cycle edit Like all pulmonate land snails ambersnails are hermaphroditic having both male and female reproductive systems and are believed to be capable of self fertilization In the wild they live for between 12 and 15 months Young snails enter dormancy between October and November becoming active again in March and April Mature snails reproduce in the summer months 5 Population editOnly two wild populations of the snail are known to exist specifically Three Lakes near Kanab Utah and Vasey s Paradise 15 The latter was not discovered until 1991 when a survey of mollusks in the area was conducted 16 There was formerly a third population present in Kanab Utah but it is believed to have become extirpated through the destruction of its habitat 20 In the 2013 Culver et al study scientists from the Fish and WIldlife service collected 14 ambersnails from 12 locations in Arizona and Utah including Kanab ambersnail Niobrara ambersnail blunt ambersnail Oxyloma retusum undescribed species of Oxyloma and individuals from Catinella used to provide an outgroup comparison 3 This study included samples from all three extant populations identified as Kanab ambersnail Between the Oxyloma populations shell morphology did not have the variation usually associated with different species leading the authors to state that none of the 12 populations sampled was reproductively isolated from the others 2 21 Conservation editIn November 1991 Kanab ambersnail was proposed for emergency listing by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service 22 The Kanab ambersnail had been included United States Fish and Wildlife Service list of endangered mammals and birds since April 1992 23 The Kanab ambersnail was previously evaluated as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 6 Reintroduction releases were conducted at three sites along the Colorado river each releasing 150 snails 5 The first of these releases was conducted in September 1998 and all sites were sufficiently high enough to not be flooded by normal dam activity A second release was conducted at the same three sites in July 1999 to boost population densities and improve genetic variability but only one of the three sites Upper Elves Chasm has established a new population 5 In Utah its habitat was threatened by commercial development 7 whereas the Grand Canyon population is threatened by discharges from the Glen Canyon Dam which can sweep the snail and its habitat downstream Post Delisting edit With this delisting the previously applied prohibitions and conservation measures under the Act ceased to apply to the snail formerly known as the Kanab ambersnail This change in status also lifted restrictions on interstate commerce import and export related to the snail 3 Additionally Federal agencies are no longer mandated to consult under section 7 of the Act regarding actions that may potentially affect the snails previously identified as Kanab ambersnail or their habitat 3 This deregulation reflects the updated understanding of the snail s taxonomy and its alignment with other common ambersnails within the same taxa References editThis article incorporates public domain text a public domain work of the United States Government from the reference 11 a b Pilsbry H A 1948 Land Mollusca of North America The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Monographs Vol II Part 2 797 798 a b c Culver Melanie Herrmann Hans Werner Miller Mark Roth Barry Sorenson Jeff 2013 Anatomical and genetic variation of western Oxyloma Pulmonata Succineidae concerning the endangered Kanab ambersnail Oxyloma haydeni kanabense in Arizona and Utah Anatomical and genetic variation of western Oxyloma Pulmonata Succineidae concerning the endangered Kanab ambersnail Oxyloma haydeni kanabense in Arizona and Utah Scientific Investigations Report Vol Scientific Investigations Report U S Geological Survey pp 45 78 doi 10 3133 sir20135164 Retrieved 23 October 2023 a b c d e Final Rule Removing the Kanab Ambersnail From the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife 86 FR 33138 June 24 2021 Mollusks Grand Canyon National Park Archived from the original on 2007 09 28 Retrieved 2006 11 25 a b c d e f g Jeff Sorensen Kanab Ambersnail Oxyloma haydeni kanabensis gf state az us Archived from the original on 2006 10 04 Retrieved 2006 11 26 a b Roth B 1996 Oxyloma kanabense IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1996 e T15780A5148979 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 1996 RLTS T15780A5148979 en a b Randall Fitzgerald Mugged by the State Outrageous Government Assaults on Ordinary People and their Property Regnery Publishing Inc 2003 ISBN 0 89526 102 2 a b Advances in Genetic Research Reveal Kanab Ambersnail Not a Distinct Subspecies U S Fish and Wildlife Service Mountain Prairie Region Retrieved 1 December 2021 Ferriss J H 1910 A collecting excursion north of the Grand Canyon of the Colorado The Nautilus 23 109 112 Clarke A H 1991 Status survey of selected land and freshwater gastropods in Utah Unpublished report prepared for the U S Fish and Wildlife Service Denver Colorado 70 pp cxii a b c d e f g U S Fish and Wildlife Service 1995 Kanab Ambersnail Oxyloma haydeni kanabensis recovery plan U S Fish and Wildlife Service Denver Colorado 21 pp online http ecos fws gov docs recovery plan 951012 pdf Archived 2011 10 17 at the Wayback Machine Proposed Rule Removing the Kanab Ambersnail From the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife 85 FR 488 Jan 6 2020 Renda Matthew 3 January 2020 Genetic Testing Leads to End of Protections for Grand Canyon Snail Courthouse News Service Retrieved 5 July 2020 Stevens L E V J Meretsky D M Kubly J C Nagy C Nelson J R Petterson F R Protiva and J A Sorensen 1997b The impacts of an experimental flood from Glen Canyon Dam on the endangered Kanab Ambersnail at Vaseys Paradise Grand Canyon Arizona Final Report Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center Flagstaff 1 Archived 2006 10 04 at the Wayback Machine a b Miller Mark P Stevens Larry P Busch Joseph D Sorensen Jeff A Keim Paul Amplified fragment length polymorphism and mitochondrial sequence data detect genetic differentiation in endangered southwestern U S A ambersnails Oxyloma epp Archived 2006 09 15 at the Wayback Machine a b Brown Steve Cherlow Jay R 2004 Bureau Of Reclamation An Assessment of the Environmental Impact Statement on the Operations of the Glen Canyon Dam DIANE Publishing pp 77 8 ISBN 0 7881 4057 4 Best Friends purchases Three Lakes property Southern Utah News https www sunews net article cfm articleID 1975 Stevens Lawrence E 2001 Planned Flooding and Colorado River Riparian Trade Offs Downstream from Glen Canyon Dam Arizona Ecological Applications 11 3 705 doi 10 1890 1051 0761 2001 011 0701 pfacrr 2 0 co 2 S2CID 54533865 Bill Vercammen Success at snail s pace KAS recovery update desertusa com Archived from the original on 2006 10 07 Retrieved 2006 11 27 Clarke A H 1991 Status survey of selected land and freshwater gastropods in Utah Federal Register PDF USGS June 24 2021 p 33139 Retrieved 24 October 2023 nbsp This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain Proposal to list the Kanab Ambersnail as Endangered and Designate Critical Habitat 56 FR 58020 Nov 15 1991 Final rule to list the Kanab ambersnail as endangered 57 FR 13657 April 17 1992 External links editSpecies profile of Kanab ambersnail Oxyloma haydeni kanabensis at U S Fish amp Wildlife Service webpage Kanab Ambersnail Grand Canyon National Park Retrieved 2006 11 24 https web archive org web 20061004020108 http www gf state az us w c nongame kanab ambersnail shtml Kanab Ambersnail Utah Division of Wildlife Resources Archived from the original on 2006 09 23 Retrieved 2006 11 25 1991 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants Emergency Rule to List the Kanab Ambersnail as Endangered RIN 1018 AB67 United States Fish and Wildlife Service Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kanab ambersnail amp oldid 1183434277, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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