Nuri (Korean: 누리; Korean pronunciation: [nuriː], meaning "world" in native Korean), also known as KSLV-II (Korean Space Launch Vehicle-II),[8] is a three-stagelaunch vehicle, the second one developed by South Korea and the successor to Naro-1 (KSLV-1).[9] Nuri is developed by Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI).[10][11][3][12] All three stages use indigenously developed launch vehicle engines, making Nuri the first indigenously developed South Korean orbital launch vehicle (the Naro-1 launch vehicle used a Russian-made first stage).
Nuri (KSLV-II)
KSLV-II Nuri launching from the Launch Pad 2 at Naro Space Center, 21 October 2021.
The South Korean government has set SpaceX as a "role model", striving to develop relatively cheap and reliable rockets competitive enough for the commercial launch market.[13]
On 21 October 2021, Nuri made its initial orbital launch attempt at 08:00 UTC and it launched a 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) dummy satellite payload into what was planned to be a 700 km (430 mi) Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO). However, despite the payload reaching the targeted apogee (700 km), the third stage shut down about 46 seconds earlier than planned and the payload did not achieve orbital speed.[12][14][15]
Nuri made its second flight on 21 June 2022, 07:00 UTC, with a payload of 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) including a 1,300 kg (2,900 lb) dummy satellite payload and a 180 kg (400 lb) performance verification satellite (PVSAT) including four cube satellites. The second launch was successful, putting all the satellites onto the 700 km (430 mi) Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO).[16] As a result of this launch, South Korea became the seventh country in the world with the ability to put a satellite with a mass of at least one ton, into orbit.[17][18]
After the two test launches, Nuri showed higher than expected performance, increasing its payload from 1,500 kg (3,300 Ib) to 1,900 kg (4,200 Ib).[19]
Nuri (KSLV-II) is a three-stage launch vehicle. The first stage booster uses four KRE-075 SL engines generating 266.4 tons of thrust with a specific impulse of 289.1 seconds. The second stage booster uses a single KRE-075 Vacuum engine, which has a wider nozzle for increased efficiency in vacuum with a specific impulse of 315.4 seconds. The third stage booster uses one KRE-007 engine with a specific impulse of 325.1 seconds. Both engine models use Jet A as fuel and liquid oxygen (LOX) as oxidizer.[20]
Future versionsEdit
Further improvements will be added after the success of KSLV-II program, mainly increasing the thrust of the KRE-075 from 744 kN (167,000 lbf) to 849 kN (191,000 lbf) and specific impulse from 261.7 seconds to 315.4 seconds. There are also plans on making the engine lighter by methods such as removing the pyrotechnic ignitor or limiting its gimbal range. This will allow the payload capacity of the modified KSLV-II to increase from 1.5 tons to 2.8 tons.[21]
DevelopmentEdit
When technology development for Nuri began by October 2010,[20][22] the overall design goal was to develop a new expendablemedium-liftlaunch vehicle that would be entirely developed with indigenous technology from Korea. As Nuri first reached orbit in June 2022, the total cost of the development program had been approximately US$1.5 billion.[16]
Engines developmentEdit
In March 2014, the first combustion test of the 7-ton class combustor,[20][22] was successfully completed, and the total assembly and initial ignition test of the KRE-007 engine started in July 2015. In addition, the first phase of the project was completed with the addition of a three-stage engine combustion test facility and a combustor combustion test facility. However, the problem of combustion instability in the KRE-075 burner required rework.[20][22]
Hanwha Techwin Co. signed on 25 January 2016, a 14.1 billion won (US$11.77 million) contract with the Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) to produce both types of liquid propellant rocket engines for Nuri.[23]
On 8 January 2016, the second phase of the project was carried out to overcome the difficulties of combustor combustion instability and welding technology of the liquid engine fuel tank, and a combustion test of the KRE-075 engine for a few seconds was successful.[20][22]
On 3 May 2016, the KRE-075 engine underwent a 1.5 second long spark ignition test. It was later fired for 75 seconds on 8 June 2016. Following these successes, on 20 July 2016, at 1:39 pm, the final target combustion time of 145 seconds (147 seconds) was achieved. During the ground test, the engine performed nominally, with all values such as combustion safety and combustion thrust within the expected error range. During an actual launch, the first stage engine is expected to burn for 127 seconds and the second stage engine for 143 seconds.
Starting from October 2016 to October 2021, there have been over 184 combustion tests of the second prototype KRE-075 engine.[24]
KRE-075 sea level engineEdit
An artist's render of Nuri's 75-ton-class engineKRE-075 engine
The Test Launch Vehicle (TLV) was a single stage launch vehicle (with a planned two stage version), qualifying the performance of the KRE-075 engine which powers the KSLV-II. The TLV was 25.8 m (85 ft) in length, 2.6 m (8 ft 6 in) in diameter, and with a mass of 52.1 tons. The main-stage liquid rocket propellant engine was fully gimballed.[26][27] With the 2nd stage engine installed, the two-stage version of TLV could perform as a small satellite launch vehicle.[28]
The TLV was launched from the Naro Space Center in Goheung, South Jeolla Province, on 28 November 2018. The main objective of the first suborbital flight was for the single-stage rocket's main engine to burn 140 seconds, reaching a 100 km altitude before splashing down in the sea between Jeju Island and Okinawa Island.[30]
The maiden flight was first delayed from 25 October 2018 for one month, due to abnormal readings detected in the launch vehicle propellant pressurization system.[31] The test flight was then rescheduled for 28 November 2018, at 07:00 UTC (16:00 KST). No payload was to be placed into orbit.[32]
The launch of the TLV while deemed successful with its main engine burning for 151 seconds in a 10-minute flight,[33] was not broadcast live.[34] After reaching a maximum altitude of 209 km (130 mi), the launch vehicle stage splashed down in the Pacific Ocean, 429 km (267 mi) southeast of Jeju Island.[35]
As the TLV was meant to serve as a test craft, and as the flight ended in a success, there was not a second TLV launch.
GEO KSLVEdit
An upgraded variety of KSLV-II for geostationary equatorial orbit is under development. It will cluster four KRE-090 engines in the core stage, with four side boosters equipped with one KRE-090 engine each. The second stage will be powered with a vacuum-optimized variety of the same KRE-090 engine (KRE-090V), and the third stage will implement a newly developed KRE-010V oxidizer-rich staged combustion engine.[36]
UsageEdit
Nuri will be used in launching several Earth observation satellites, such as KOMPSAT, medium-class satellites and LEO reconnaissance satellites. It is planned to support South Korea's Moon exploration mission to send orbiters and landers. Nuri will be South Korea's first launch vehicle to enter the commercial launch service market. The launch cost is estimated to be around US$30 million, which is cheaper than its Asian counterparts. This will allow for South Korea to provide cheap launch services for Southeast Asia countries.[37]
An improved version of Nuri is expected to launch a Korean lunar lander by 2030.
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August 26, 2023
nuri, rocket, nuri, korean, 누리, korean, pronunciation, nuriː, meaning, world, native, korean, also, known, kslv, korean, space, launch, vehicle, three, stage, launch, vehicle, second, developed, south, korea, successor, naro, kslv, nuri, developed, korea, aero. Nuri Korean 누리 Korean pronunciation nuriː meaning world in native Korean also known as KSLV II Korean Space Launch Vehicle II 8 is a three stage launch vehicle the second one developed by South Korea and the successor to Naro 1 KSLV 1 9 Nuri is developed by Korea Aerospace Research Institute KARI 10 11 3 12 All three stages use indigenously developed launch vehicle engines making Nuri the first indigenously developed South Korean orbital launch vehicle the Naro 1 launch vehicle used a Russian made first stage Nuri KSLV II KSLV II Nuri launching from the Launch Pad 2 at Naro Space Center 21 October 2021 FunctionOrbital launch vehicleManufacturerKARI design Korea Aerospace Industries Ltd final assembly 1 Hanwha Aerospace engine manufacturing Hyundai Heavy Industries launchpad Country of originSouth KoreaProject cost 1 96 trillion US 1 7 billion spaceport included 2 SizeHeight47 2 m 155 ft 3 Diameter3 5 m 11 ft Mass200 000 kg 440 000 lb Stages3CapacityPayload to LEO 200 km Mass3 300 kg 7 300 lb Payload to SSO 500 km Mass2 200 kg 4 900 lb Payload to SSO 700 km Mass1 900 kg 4 200 lb 4 Payload to GTOMass1 000 kg 2 200 lb 5 Launch historyStatusActiveLaunch sitesNaro Space Center LC 2Total launches3Success es 2Failure s 1Notable outcome s 0First flight21 October 2021 08 00 UTCLast flight25 May 2023 09 24 UTC Active Type of passengers cargoDummy satelliteFirst stageHeight21 6 m 71 ft Diameter3 5 m 11 ft Powered by4 KRE 075 SLMaximum thrust2 942 kN 661 000 lbf 6 Specific impulse261 7 seconds Sea level 298 6 seconds Vacuum 7 Burn time127 secondsPropellantJet A LOXSecond stageDiameter2 6 m 8 ft 6 in Powered by1 KRE 075 VacuumMaximum thrust788 kN 177 000 lbf 6 Specific impulse315 4 seconds Vacuum 6 Burn time148 secondsPropellantJet A LOXThird stageHeight3 5 m 11 ft Diameter2 6 m 8 ft 6 in Powered by1 KRE 007 VacuumMaximum thrust68 7 kN 15 400 lbf 6 Specific impulse325 1 seconds Vacuum Burn time498 secondsPropellantLOX Jet A 1 edit on Wikidata The South Korean government has set SpaceX as a role model striving to develop relatively cheap and reliable rockets competitive enough for the commercial launch market 13 On 21 October 2021 Nuri made its initial orbital launch attempt at 08 00 UTC and it launched a 1 500 kg 3 300 lb dummy satellite payload into what was planned to be a 700 km 430 mi Sun synchronous orbit SSO However despite the payload reaching the targeted apogee 700 km the third stage shut down about 46 seconds earlier than planned and the payload did not achieve orbital speed 12 14 15 Nuri made its second flight on 21 June 2022 07 00 UTC with a payload of 1 500 kg 3 300 lb including a 1 300 kg 2 900 lb dummy satellite payload and a 180 kg 400 lb performance verification satellite PVSAT including four cube satellites The second launch was successful putting all the satellites onto the 700 km 430 mi Sun synchronous orbit SSO 16 As a result of this launch South Korea became the seventh country in the world with the ability to put a satellite with a mass of at least one ton into orbit 17 18 After the two test launches Nuri showed higher than expected performance increasing its payload from 1 500 kg 3 300 Ib to 1 900 kg 4 200 Ib 19 Contents 1 Specification 1 1 Future versions 2 Development 2 1 Engines development 2 1 1 KRE 075 sea level engine 2 1 2 KRE 075 vacuum engine 2 1 3 KRE 007 engine 2 2 KSLV II TLV 2 2 1 2018 flight 2 3 GEO KSLV 3 Usage 4 Launch history 5 See also 6 ReferencesSpecification Edit source source source source source source source source source source source source source source The second launch of KSLV II at the Naro Space Center 21 June 2022Nuri KSLV II is a three stage launch vehicle The first stage booster uses four KRE 075 SL engines generating 266 4 tons of thrust with a specific impulse of 289 1 seconds The second stage booster uses a single KRE 075 Vacuum engine which has a wider nozzle for increased efficiency in vacuum with a specific impulse of 315 4 seconds The third stage booster uses one KRE 007 engine with a specific impulse of 325 1 seconds Both engine models use Jet A as fuel and liquid oxygen LOX as oxidizer 20 Future versions Edit Further improvements will be added after the success of KSLV II program mainly increasing the thrust of the KRE 075 from 744 kN 167 000 lbf to 849 kN 191 000 lbf and specific impulse from 261 7 seconds to 315 4 seconds There are also plans on making the engine lighter by methods such as removing the pyrotechnic ignitor or limiting its gimbal range This will allow the payload capacity of the modified KSLV II to increase from 1 5 tons to 2 8 tons 21 Development EditWhen technology development for Nuri began by October 2010 20 22 the overall design goal was to develop a new expendable medium lift launch vehicle that would be entirely developed with indigenous technology from Korea As Nuri first reached orbit in June 2022 the total cost of the development program had been approximately US 1 5 billion 16 Engines development Edit In March 2014 the first combustion test of the 7 ton class combustor 20 22 was successfully completed and the total assembly and initial ignition test of the KRE 007 engine started in July 2015 In addition the first phase of the project was completed with the addition of a three stage engine combustion test facility and a combustor combustion test facility However the problem of combustion instability in the KRE 075 burner required rework 20 22 Hanwha Techwin Co signed on 25 January 2016 a 14 1 billion won US 11 77 million contract with the Korea Aerospace Research Institute KARI to produce both types of liquid propellant rocket engines for Nuri 23 On 8 January 2016 the second phase of the project was carried out to overcome the difficulties of combustor combustion instability and welding technology of the liquid engine fuel tank and a combustion test of the KRE 075 engine for a few seconds was successful 20 22 On 3 May 2016 the KRE 075 engine underwent a 1 5 second long spark ignition test It was later fired for 75 seconds on 8 June 2016 Following these successes on 20 July 2016 at 1 39 pm the final target combustion time of 145 seconds 147 seconds was achieved During the ground test the engine performed nominally with all values such as combustion safety and combustion thrust within the expected error range During an actual launch the first stage engine is expected to burn for 127 seconds and the second stage engine for 143 seconds Starting from October 2016 to October 2021 there have been over 184 combustion tests of the second prototype KRE 075 engine 24 KRE 075 sea level engine Edit An artist s render of Nuri s 75 ton class engine KRE 075 engineFuel Jet A LOXThrust 66 6 tf SL 75 9 tf Vacuum 7 Specific Impulse 298 6 seconds 7 Height 2 9 mDiameter 2 mCycle Gas generatorThe KRE 075 engine was developed in April 2016 after the 30 tf engine development program 25 20 KRE 075 vacuum engine Edit Fuel Jet A 1 LOXThrust 80 3 tf Vacuum 7 Specific Impulse 315 4 seconds 7 Cycle Gas generatorKRE 007 engine Edit Fuel Jet A 1 LOXThrust 7 0 tf 7 Specific Impulse 325 1 seconds 7 Cycle Gas GeneratorKSLV II TLV Edit The Test Launch Vehicle TLV was a single stage launch vehicle with a planned two stage version qualifying the performance of the KRE 075 engine which powers the KSLV II The TLV was 25 8 m 85 ft in length 2 6 m 8 ft 6 in in diameter and with a mass of 52 1 tons The main stage liquid rocket propellant engine was fully gimballed 26 27 With the 2nd stage engine installed the two stage version of TLV could perform as a small satellite launch vehicle 28 2018 flight Edit Wet Mass 52 1 tons 29 Dry Mass 38 tonsHeight 25 8 mDiameter 2 6 mStages 1Engine 1 KRE 075Payload mass simulatorThe TLV was launched from the Naro Space Center in Goheung South Jeolla Province on 28 November 2018 The main objective of the first suborbital flight was for the single stage rocket s main engine to burn 140 seconds reaching a 100 km altitude before splashing down in the sea between Jeju Island and Okinawa Island 30 The maiden flight was first delayed from 25 October 2018 for one month due to abnormal readings detected in the launch vehicle propellant pressurization system 31 The test flight was then rescheduled for 28 November 2018 at 07 00 UTC 16 00 KST No payload was to be placed into orbit 32 The launch of the TLV while deemed successful with its main engine burning for 151 seconds in a 10 minute flight 33 was not broadcast live 34 After reaching a maximum altitude of 209 km 130 mi the launch vehicle stage splashed down in the Pacific Ocean 429 km 267 mi southeast of Jeju Island 35 As the TLV was meant to serve as a test craft and as the flight ended in a success there was not a second TLV launch GEO KSLV Edit An upgraded variety of KSLV II for geostationary equatorial orbit is under development It will cluster four KRE 090 engines in the core stage with four side boosters equipped with one KRE 090 engine each The second stage will be powered with a vacuum optimized variety of the same KRE 090 engine KRE 090V and the third stage will implement a newly developed KRE 010V oxidizer rich staged combustion engine 36 Usage EditNuri will be used in launching several Earth observation satellites such as KOMPSAT medium class satellites and LEO reconnaissance satellites It is planned to support South Korea s Moon exploration mission to send orbiters and landers Nuri will be South Korea s first launch vehicle to enter the commercial launch service market The launch cost is estimated to be around US 30 million which is cheaper than its Asian counterparts This will allow for South Korea to provide cheap launch services for Southeast Asia countries 37 An improved version of Nuri is expected to launch a Korean lunar lander by 2030 Launch history EditFlight No Date time UTC Launch site Payload Payload mass Orbit Customer Launch outcome1 October 21 2021 08 00 Naro Space Center Dummy satellite 1 500 kg Low Earth planned KARI Failure 12 Third stage shut down 46 seconds early failed to reach orbit 38 2 June 21 2022 07 00 39 Naro Space Center Dummy satellite 1 3 tons performance verification satellite 180 kg with 4 CubeSats 40 1 500 kg Low Earth SSO KARI Success 41 3 May 25 2023 09 24 42 Naro Space Center NEXTSat 2 SNIPE 4 CubeSats JLC 101 v1 2 Lumir T1 KSAT3U 240kg Low Earth SSO KAIST KASI Success 43 4 NET 2024 Naro Space Center CAS500 3 500kg Low Earth SSO KARI PlannedSee also Edit Spaceflight portalKSLV I Naro Space Center KARI Comparison of orbital launcher families Comparison of orbital launch systems Comparison of orbital rocket enginesReferences Edit 한국 토종 우주발사체 누리호는 300개 기업이 함께 만들고 있다 dongascience donga com 25 February 2021 Retrieved 26 February 2021 과학기술정보통신부 Korean Ministry of Science and Technology Information and Communication 19 January 2020 a b Korea Space Launch Vehicle KSLV II Korea Aerospace Research Institute Archived from the original on 29 February 2016 누리호 탑재 중량 1 5t 1 9t으로 성능 업 Donga Science 4 December 2022 2조 규모의 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