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Justice Party (Turkey)

February 16, 2024

Not to be confused with Justice Party (Turkey, 2015).

The Justice Party (Turkish: Adalet Partisi, AP) was a Turkish political party prominent in the 1960s and 1970s. A descendant of the Democrat Party, the AP was dominated by Süleyman Demirel, who served six times as prime minister, and was in office at the time of the military coup on 12 September 1980. Along with all other political parties in Turkey, the Justice Party was suppressed in the immediate aftermath of the coup. It was subsequently re-established as the True Path Party in 1983.

Justice Party
Adalet Partisi
ChairmanRagıp Gümüşpala (1961-1964)
Süleyman Demirel (1964-1981)
General SecretaryNuri Kemal Bayar
FounderRagıp Gümüşpala
Founded11 February 1961 (1961-02-11)
Dissolved18 August 1981 (1981-08-18)
Preceded byDemocrat Party
Succeeded byTrue Path Party
Motherland Party
Great Turkey Party
HeadquartersAnkara, Turkey
IdeologyRight-wing populism[1][2]
Political positionCentre-right
Colours
  •   Red (official)
  •   Purple (customary)
Party flag

Justice Party was a liberal conservative party. It advocated Kemalist principles, parliamentary democracy and a market economy. It strongly supported membership in NATO and close relations with the United States.

History edit

Establishment edit

With the 1960 coup d'état, Turkey's generals disbanded the formerly dominant Democrat Party. They could not, however, entirely dismantle the vast grassroots organization that this party had left behind. Democrat Party officials were based in many of the squatter neighborhoods in Turkey's larger cities, and would quickly incorporate newly arrived Anatolian migrants into the party's fold.[3] A number of parties soon emerged to reclaim this newly partyless Democrat voting bloc. The Justice Party was one of these neo-Democratic parties, first established by retired general Ragıp Gümüşpala in 1961.[4] It immediately adopted the galloping horse logo of the Democrat Party.

The Justice Party quickly proved the most successful in consolidating the existing Democrat Party provincial organizations, particularly in the western regions of the country. The New Turkey Party, however, was initially more successful in eastern Turkey.[5] In the 1961 elections, the two post-Democrat parties combined to win a very impressive 48.5% of the vote, 34.8% of which went to the Justice Party alone.[6] The ruling generals, however, would not allow for a neo-Democrat government to replace the old order they had brought down. Instead they asked İsmet İnönü, whose Republican People's Party was the largest party with 36.7% of the vote, to form a coalition government.

Rise edit

İnönü's various coalitions would form the government until 1964, but in the meantime the Justice Party continued to grow, steadily gaining votes at the expense of the smaller post-Democrat parties.[7] The Republican People's Party eventual turn towards left of centre would also help to give the military a somewhat more favorable view of the Justice Party.[8] In this political climate, the 1963 nationwide local elections gained increased importance, and eventually came to be seen as a political referendum on the newly established parties.[9] The Justice Party ultimately emerged as a triumphant winner, winning around 46% of the vote and establishing itself as the most popular party in the country.[10]

With its popular appeal well established, the Justice Party turned to issues of leadership. Gümüşpala died in 1964, and questions soon emerged over who would succeed him as the party's leader.[11] Sadettin Bilgiç, a doctor by training, had become acting party president following Gümüşpala's death, and initially emerged as the favorite for the position. But the Turkish press tarnished Bilgiç's reputation, accusing him of political and religious conservatism.[12] Party leaders soon started to worry that he would ruin the party's image with the Turkish intelligentsia and, more importantly, the army. Indeed, the military head of state, Cemal Gürsel, began pushing for a more progressive candidate to take charge - Süleyman Demirel.

Demirel came from a modest village background, and climbed up the social latter by the way of his education. He had studied in the United States as an Eisenhower fellow and then worked in a US multinational construction company.[13] He appealed to the party's base of newly urbanized rural migrants, who could identify with his modest beginnings and status as a self-made man.[14] At the Justice Party's national convention in December 1964, Demirel ultimately defeated Bilgiç for the party's general-president post.[15]

Once firmly in charge, Demirel began his assault on İnönü's fragile coalition, making sure it failed to win a vote of confidence in early 1965. Parliamentary bickering finally led to the triumphant 1965 elections, in which the Justice Party received nearly 53% of the vote and promptly formed a majority government with 240 seats.[16] The party had achieved this result by appealing to small-holder peasants emerging from poverty, small commercial and industrial groups as well as the newly rich farmers; it performed most strongly in the relatively rich western provinces of Turkey, along the Aegean coast and in Thrace. This Justice Party victory was simultaneously a historical loss for the Republican People's Party, which suffered the worst defeat in its political history so far by winning only 134 seats and 29% of the vote.[17]

Decline edit

The Justice Party's good fortune, however, did not last for long. The small Anatolian enterprises that had formed a key part of the party's constituency couldn't compete with the Istanbul area's large, modern corporations. These entrepreneurs felt betrayed, and defected from the Justice Party to smaller rightist alternatives.[18] Meanwhile, the country suffered through increasing socio-political strife, as conflicts between leftist and rightist groups turned increasingly violent. Since Demirel symbolized a pro-Western capitalist current in the Turkish establishment, he became an easy target for both the far left and the religious right.[19] The party was still able to win the 1969 elections, carrying 256 seats with around 46.5% of the vote, but the overall situation grew increasingly chaotic. The near-constant street violence escalated, threatening the Turkish economy and ultimately provoking the military to intervene once again in 1971.[20] With the power once again firmly in its hands, the military forced Demirel to resign.

The Justice Party was not able to win the elections held in 1973 and 1977, but Demirel was able to serve as prime minister three more times between 1975 and 1980, albeit with coalition partners. On September 12, 1980, the military once again staged a coup d'état, and this time banned Demirel and the Justice Party from the country's politics. After an extended pause, the party eventually reemerged as the True Path Party, complete with the galloping horse logo, in 1983.

Grand National Assembly of Turkey
Election Votes Seats Status
# % Rank # ±
1961 3,527,435 34.8 2nd new AP-CHP Coalition (1961-1962)
Opposition (1962-1965)
1965 4,921,235 52.9 1st   82 Government
1969 4,229,712 46.5 1st   16 Government
1973 3,197,897 29.8 2nd   107 Opposition (1973-1975)
AP-MSP-MHP-CGP Coalition (1975-1977)
1977 5,468,202 36.9 2nd   40 AP-MSP-MHP Coalition (1977-1978)
Opposition (1978-1979)
Minority Government (1979-1980)

References edit

  1. ^ SÜLEYMAN DEMİREL'İN ARDINDAN
  2. ^ Türkiye popülizmin babasını kaybetti
  3. ^ Sherwood, 57
  4. ^ Ahmad, 128
  5. ^ Sherwood, 60
  6. ^ Ahmad, 127
  7. ^ Sherwood, 60
  8. ^ Dodd, 21
  9. ^ Sherwood, 60
  10. ^ Ahmad, 127
  11. ^ Ahmad, 128
  12. ^ Sherwood, 61
  13. ^ Ahmad, 131
  14. ^ Ahmad, 128
  15. ^ Sherwood, 61
  16. ^ Ahmad, 127
  17. ^ Sherwood, 55
  18. ^ Ahmad, 133
  19. ^ Ahmad, 131
  20. ^ Ahmad, 142

Sources edit

  • Ahmad, Feroz. "Turkey: The Quest for Identity". Oxford: Oneworld, 2003.
  • Dodd, C.H. (1992). "The Development of Turkish Democracy". British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 19, No. 1 (1992), pp 16–30
  • Sherwood, W.B. (1955). "The Rise of the Justice Party in Turkey". World Politics, Vol. 20, No. 1 (Oct., 1967), pp 54–65

February 16, 2024
justice, party, turkey, confused, with, justice, party, turkey, 2015, justice, party, turkish, adalet, partisi, turkish, political, party, prominent, 1960s, 1970s, descendant, democrat, party, dominated, süleyman, demirel, served, times, prime, minister, offic. Not to be confused with Justice Party Turkey 2015 The Justice Party Turkish Adalet Partisi AP was a Turkish political party prominent in the 1960s and 1970s A descendant of the Democrat Party the AP was dominated by Suleyman Demirel who served six times as prime minister and was in office at the time of the military coup on 12 September 1980 Along with all other political parties in Turkey the Justice Party was suppressed in the immediate aftermath of the coup It was subsequently re established as the True Path Party in 1983 Justice Party Adalet PartisiChairmanRagip Gumuspala 1961 1964 Suleyman Demirel 1964 1981 General SecretaryNuri Kemal BayarFounderRagip GumuspalaFounded11 February 1961 1961 02 11 Dissolved18 August 1981 1981 08 18 Preceded byDemocrat PartySucceeded byTrue Path PartyMotherland PartyGreat Turkey PartyHeadquartersAnkara TurkeyIdeologyRight wing populism 1 2 Political positionCentre rightColours Red official Purple customary Party flagPolitics of TurkeyPolitical partiesElectionsJustice Party was a liberal conservative party It advocated Kemalist principles parliamentary democracy and a market economy It strongly supported membership in NATO and close relations with the United States Contents 1 History 1 1 Establishment 1 2 Rise 1 3 Decline 2 References 3 SourcesHistory editEstablishment edit With the 1960 coup d etat Turkey s generals disbanded the formerly dominant Democrat Party They could not however entirely dismantle the vast grassroots organization that this party had left behind Democrat Party officials were based in many of the squatter neighborhoods in Turkey s larger cities and would quickly incorporate newly arrived Anatolian migrants into the party s fold 3 A number of parties soon emerged to reclaim this newly partyless Democrat voting bloc The Justice Party was one of these neo Democratic parties first established by retired general Ragip Gumuspala in 1961 4 It immediately adopted the galloping horse logo of the Democrat Party The Justice Party quickly proved the most successful in consolidating the existing Democrat Party provincial organizations particularly in the western regions of the country The New Turkey Party however was initially more successful in eastern Turkey 5 In the 1961 elections the two post Democrat parties combined to win a very impressive 48 5 of the vote 34 8 of which went to the Justice Party alone 6 The ruling generals however would not allow for a neo Democrat government to replace the old order they had brought down Instead they asked Ismet Inonu whose Republican People s Party was the largest party with 36 7 of the vote to form a coalition government Rise edit Inonu s various coalitions would form the government until 1964 but in the meantime the Justice Party continued to grow steadily gaining votes at the expense of the smaller post Democrat parties 7 The Republican People s Party eventual turn towards left of centre would also help to give the military a somewhat more favorable view of the Justice Party 8 In this political climate the 1963 nationwide local elections gained increased importance and eventually came to be seen as a political referendum on the newly established parties 9 The Justice Party ultimately emerged as a triumphant winner winning around 46 of the vote and establishing itself as the most popular party in the country 10 With its popular appeal well established the Justice Party turned to issues of leadership Gumuspala died in 1964 and questions soon emerged over who would succeed him as the party s leader 11 Sadettin Bilgic a doctor by training had become acting party president following Gumuspala s death and initially emerged as the favorite for the position But the Turkish press tarnished Bilgic s reputation accusing him of political and religious conservatism 12 Party leaders soon started to worry that he would ruin the party s image with the Turkish intelligentsia and more importantly the army Indeed the military head of state Cemal Gursel began pushing for a more progressive candidate to take charge Suleyman Demirel Demirel came from a modest village background and climbed up the social latter by the way of his education He had studied in the United States as an Eisenhower fellow and then worked in a US multinational construction company 13 He appealed to the party s base of newly urbanized rural migrants who could identify with his modest beginnings and status as a self made man 14 At the Justice Party s national convention in December 1964 Demirel ultimately defeated Bilgic for the party s general president post 15 Once firmly in charge Demirel began his assault on Inonu s fragile coalition making sure it failed to win a vote of confidence in early 1965 Parliamentary bickering finally led to the triumphant 1965 elections in which the Justice Party received nearly 53 of the vote and promptly formed a majority government with 240 seats 16 The party had achieved this result by appealing to small holder peasants emerging from poverty small commercial and industrial groups as well as the newly rich farmers it performed most strongly in the relatively rich western provinces of Turkey along the Aegean coast and in Thrace This Justice Party victory was simultaneously a historical loss for the Republican People s Party which suffered the worst defeat in its political history so far by winning only 134 seats and 29 of the vote 17 Decline edit The Justice Party s good fortune however did not last for long The small Anatolian enterprises that had formed a key part of the party s constituency couldn t compete with the Istanbul area s large modern corporations These entrepreneurs felt betrayed and defected from the Justice Party to smaller rightist alternatives 18 Meanwhile the country suffered through increasing socio political strife as conflicts between leftist and rightist groups turned increasingly violent Since Demirel symbolized a pro Western capitalist current in the Turkish establishment he became an easy target for both the far left and the religious right 19 The party was still able to win the 1969 elections carrying 256 seats with around 46 5 of the vote but the overall situation grew increasingly chaotic The near constant street violence escalated threatening the Turkish economy and ultimately provoking the military to intervene once again in 1971 20 With the power once again firmly in its hands the military forced Demirel to resign The Justice Party was not able to win the elections held in 1973 and 1977 but Demirel was able to serve as prime minister three more times between 1975 and 1980 albeit with coalition partners On September 12 1980 the military once again staged a coup d etat and this time banned Demirel and the Justice Party from the country s politics After an extended pause the party eventually reemerged as the True Path Party complete with the galloping horse logo in 1983 Grand National Assembly of Turkey Election Votes Seats Status Rank 1961 3 527 435 34 8 2nd 158 450 new AP CHP Coalition 1961 1962 Opposition 1962 1965 1965 4 921 235 52 9 1st 240 450 nbsp 82 Government1969 4 229 712 46 5 1st 256 450 nbsp 16 Government1973 3 197 897 29 8 2nd 149 450 nbsp 107 Opposition 1973 1975 AP MSP MHP CGP Coalition 1975 1977 1977 5 468 202 36 9 2nd 189 450 nbsp 40 AP MSP MHP Coalition 1977 1978 Opposition 1978 1979 Minority Government 1979 1980 References edit SULEYMAN DEMIREL IN ARDINDAN Turkiye populizmin babasini kaybetti Sherwood 57 Ahmad 128 Sherwood 60 Ahmad 127 Sherwood 60 Dodd 21 Sherwood 60 Ahmad 127 Ahmad 128 Sherwood 61 Ahmad 131 Ahmad 128 Sherwood 61 Ahmad 127 Sherwood 55 Ahmad 133 Ahmad 131 Ahmad 142Sources editAhmad Feroz Turkey The Quest for Identity Oxford Oneworld 2003 Dodd C H 1992 The Development of Turkish Democracy British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies Vol 19 No 1 1992 pp 16 30 Sherwood W B 1955 The Rise of the Justice Party in Turkey World Politics Vol 20 No 1 Oct 1967 pp 54 65 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Justice Party Turkey amp oldid 1204647446, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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