Julius Plücker (16 June 1801 – 22 May 1868) was a German mathematician and physicist. He made fundamental contributions to the field of analytical geometry and was a pioneer in the investigations of cathode rays that led eventually to the discovery of the electron. He also vastly extended the study of Lamé curves.
Plücker was born at Elberfeld (now part of Wuppertal). After being educated at Düsseldorf and at the universities of Bonn, Heidelberg and Berlin he went to Paris in 1823, where he came under the influence of the great school of French geometers, whose founder, Gaspard Monge, had only recently died.
In 1825 he returned to Bonn, and in 1828 was made professor of mathematics.
In the same year he published the first volume of his Analytisch-geometrische Entwicklungen, which introduced the method of "abridged notation".
In 1831 he published the second volume, in which he clearly established on a firm and independent basis projective duality.
Careeredit
In 1836, Plücker was made professor of physics at University of Bonn. In 1858, after a year of working with vacuum tubes of his Bonn colleague Heinrich Geißler,[2] he published his first classical researches on the action of the magnet on the electric discharge in rarefied gases. He found that the discharge caused a fluorescent glow to form on the glass walls of the vacuum tube, and that the glow could be made to shift by applying an electromagnet to the tube, thus creating a magnetic field.[3] It was later shown that the glow was produced by cathode rays.
Plücker, first by himself and afterwards in conjunction with Johann Hittorf, made many important discoveries in the spectroscopy of gases. He was the first to use the vacuum tube with the capillary part now called a Geissler tube, by means of which the luminous intensity of feeble electric discharges was raised sufficiently to allow of spectroscopic investigation. He anticipated Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff in announcing that the lines of the spectrum were characteristic of the chemical substance which emitted them, and in indicating the value of this discovery in chemical analysis. According to Hittorf, he was the first who saw the three lines of the hydrogen spectrum, which a few months after his death, were recognized in the spectrum of the solar protuberances.
In 1865, Plücker returned to the field of geometry and invented what was known as line geometry in the nineteenth century. In projective geometry, Plücker coordinates refer to a set of homogeneous co-ordinates introduced initially to embed the space of lines in projective space as a quadric in . The construction uses 2×2 minor determinants, or equivalently the second exterior power of the underlying vector space of dimension 4. It is now part of the theory of Grassmannians (-dimensional subspaces of an -dimensional vector space ), to which the generalization of these co-ordinates to minors of the matrix of homogeneous coordinates, also known as Plücker coordinates, apply. The embedding of the Grassmannian into the projectivization of the th exterior power of is known as the Plücker embedding.
Bibliographyedit
1828: Analytisch-Geometrische Entwicklungen from Internet Archive
1835: System der analytischen Geometrie, auf neue Betrachtungsweisen gegründet, und insbesondere eine ausführliche Theorie der Kurven dritter Ordnung enthaltend
1839: Theorie der algebraischen Curven, gegründet auf eine neue Behandlungsweise der analytischen Geometrie
1846: System der Geometrie des Raumes in neuer analytischer Behandlungsweise, insbesondere die Theorie der Flächen zweiter Ordnung und Classe enthaltend
1852: System der Geometrie des Raumes in neuer analytischer Behandlungsweise, insbesondere die Theorie der Flächen zweiter Ordnung und Classe enthaltend. Zweite wohlfeilere Auflage
1865: On a New Geometry of Space Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 14: 53–8
1868: Neue Geometrie des Raumes gegründet auf die Betrachtung der geraden Linie als Raumelement. Erste Abtheilung. Leipzig.
1869: Neue Geometrie des Raumes gegründet auf die Betrachtung der geraden Linie als Raumelement. Zweite Abtheilung. Ed. F. Klein. Leipzig.
1895–1896: Gesammelte Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, Band 1 (vol. 1), Mathematische Abhandlungen (edited by Arthur Moritz Schoenflies & Friedrich Pockels), Teubner 1895,[4] Archive, Band 2 (vol. 2), Physikalische Abhandlungen (edited by Friedrich Pockels), 1896, Archive
Born, Heinrich, Die Stadt Elberfeld. Festschrift zur Dreihundert-Feier 1910. J.H. Born, Elberfeld 1910
Giermann, Heiko, Stammfolge der Familie Plücker, in: Deutsches Geschlechterbuch, 217. Bd, A. Starke Verlag, Limburg a.d.L. 2004
Strutz, Edmund, Die Ahnentafeln der Elberfelder Bürgermeister und Stadtrichter 1708–1808. 2. Auflage, Verlag Degener & Co., Neustadt an der Aisch 1963 ISBN3-7686-4069-8
Julius Plücker und die Stammfolge der Familie Plücker, Deutsches Geschlechterbuch, 217. Bd., A. Starke Verlag, Limburg a.d.L. 2004 (Word)
uni-bonn.de[permanent dead link] „Ein streitbarer Gelehrter im 19. Jahrhundert. Der Mathematiker Julius Plücker starb vor 140 Jahren.“ Pressemitteilung der Universität Bonn vom 21. Mai 2008
"Discussion of the general form for light waves" (English translation)
February 16, 2024
julius, plücker, june, 1801, 1868, german, mathematician, physicist, made, fundamental, contributions, field, analytical, geometry, pioneer, investigations, cathode, rays, that, eventually, discovery, electron, also, vastly, extended, study, lamé, curves, born. Julius Plucker 16 June 1801 22 May 1868 was a German mathematician and physicist He made fundamental contributions to the field of analytical geometry and was a pioneer in the investigations of cathode rays that led eventually to the discovery of the electron He also vastly extended the study of Lame curves Julius PluckerJulius PluckerBorn 1801 06 16 16 June 1801 citation needed Elberfeld Duchy of Berg Holy Roman Empire citation needed Died22 May 1868 1868 05 22 aged 66 citation needed Bonn Kingdom of Prussia citation needed NationalityGerman citation needed Alma materUniversity of BonnUniversity of HeidelbergUniversity of BerlinUniversity of ParisUniversity of Marburg citation needed Known forPlucker s conoid Plucker coordinates Plucker embedding Plucker formula Plucker matrix Plucker relations Plucker surface Homogeneous coordinatesAwardsCopley Medal 1866 Scientific careerFieldsMathematicsPhysicsInstitutionsUniversity of BonnUniversity of BerlinUniversity of HalleDoctoral advisorChristian Ludwig Gerling 1 Doctoral studentsFelix Klein citation needed August Beer citation needed Contents 1 Biography 1 1 Early years 1 2 Career 2 Bibliography 3 Awards 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External linksBiography editThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed April 2015 Learn how and when to remove this template message Early years edit Plucker was born at Elberfeld now part of Wuppertal After being educated at Dusseldorf and at the universities of Bonn Heidelberg and Berlin he went to Paris in 1823 where he came under the influence of the great school of French geometers whose founder Gaspard Monge had only recently died In 1825 he returned to Bonn and in 1828 was made professor of mathematics In the same year he published the first volume of his Analytisch geometrische Entwicklungen which introduced the method of abridged notation In 1831 he published the second volume in which he clearly established on a firm and independent basis projective duality Career edit In 1836 Plucker was made professor of physics at University of Bonn In 1858 after a year of working with vacuum tubes of his Bonn colleague Heinrich Geissler 2 he published his first classical researches on the action of the magnet on the electric discharge in rarefied gases He found that the discharge caused a fluorescent glow to form on the glass walls of the vacuum tube and that the glow could be made to shift by applying an electromagnet to the tube thus creating a magnetic field 3 It was later shown that the glow was produced by cathode rays Plucker first by himself and afterwards in conjunction with Johann Hittorf made many important discoveries in the spectroscopy of gases He was the first to use the vacuum tube with the capillary part now called a Geissler tube by means of which the luminous intensity of feeble electric discharges was raised sufficiently to allow of spectroscopic investigation He anticipated Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff in announcing that the lines of the spectrum were characteristic of the chemical substance which emitted them and in indicating the value of this discovery in chemical analysis According to Hittorf he was the first who saw the three lines of the hydrogen spectrum which a few months after his death were recognized in the spectrum of the solar protuberances In 1865 Plucker returned to the field of geometry and invented what was known as line geometry in the nineteenth century In projective geometry Plucker coordinates refer to a set of homogeneous co ordinates introduced initially to embed the space of lines in projective space P 3 displaystyle mathbf P 3 nbsp as a quadric in P 5 displaystyle mathbf P 5 nbsp The construction uses 2 2 minor determinants or equivalently the second exterior power of the underlying vector space of dimension 4 It is now part of the theory of Grassmannians G r k V displaystyle mathbf Gr k V nbsp k displaystyle k nbsp dimensional subspaces of an n displaystyle n nbsp dimensional vector space V displaystyle V nbsp to which the generalization of these co ordinates to k k displaystyle k times k nbsp minors of the n k displaystyle n times k nbsp matrix of homogeneous coordinates also known as Plucker coordinates apply The embedding of the Grassmannian G r k V displaystyle mathbf Gr k V nbsp into the projectivization P L k V displaystyle mathbf P Lambda k V nbsp of the k displaystyle k nbsp th exterior power of V displaystyle V nbsp is known as the Plucker embedding Bibliography edit1828 Analytisch Geometrische Entwicklungen from Internet Archive 1835 System der analytischen Geometrie auf neue Betrachtungsweisen gegrundet und insbesondere eine ausfuhrliche Theorie der Kurven dritter Ordnung enthaltend 1839 Theorie der algebraischen Curven gegrundet auf eine neue Behandlungsweise der analytischen Geometrie 1846 System der Geometrie des Raumes in neuer analytischer Behandlungsweise insbesondere die Theorie der Flachen zweiter Ordnung und Classe enthaltend 1852 System der Geometrie des Raumes in neuer analytischer Behandlungsweise insbesondere die Theorie der Flachen zweiter Ordnung und Classe enthaltend Zweite wohlfeilere Auflage 1865 On a New Geometry of Space Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 14 53 8 1868 Neue Geometrie des Raumes gegrundet auf die Betrachtung der geraden Linie als Raumelement Erste Abtheilung Leipzig 1869 Neue Geometrie des Raumes gegrundet auf die Betrachtung der geraden Linie als Raumelement Zweite Abtheilung Ed F Klein Leipzig 1895 1896 Gesammelte Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen Band 1 vol 1 Mathematische Abhandlungen edited by Arthur Moritz Schoenflies amp Friedrich Pockels Teubner 1895 4 Archive Band 2 vol 2 Physikalische Abhandlungen edited by Friedrich Pockels 1896 ArchiveAwards editPlucker was the recipient of the Copley Medal from the Royal Society in 1866 5 See also editBirkeland Eyde process Duality projective geometry Grassmannian Ion pump Parameter space Timeline of low temperature technologyReferences edit Julius Plucker The Mathematics Genealogy Project www mathgenealogy org John Theodore Merz A history of European thought in the nineteenth century 2 W Blackwood and sons 1912 pp 189 190 Julius Plucker chemed chem purdue edu Scott Charlotte Angas 1897 Book Review Julius Pluckers gesammelte mathematische Abhandlungen Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 4 3 121 126 doi 10 1090 S0002 9904 1897 00469 4 MR 1557565 Julius Plucker Biography Maths History Bibliography editBorn Heinrich Die Stadt Elberfeld Festschrift zur Dreihundert Feier 1910 J H Born Elberfeld 1910 Giermann Heiko Stammfolge der Familie Plucker in Deutsches Geschlechterbuch 217 Bd A Starke Verlag Limburg a d L 2004 Strutz Edmund Die Ahnentafeln der Elberfelder Burgermeister und Stadtrichter 1708 1808 2 Auflage Verlag Degener amp Co Neustadt an der Aisch 1963 ISBN 3 7686 4069 8 Gustav Karsten 1888 Plucker Julius Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie in German vol 26 Leipzig Duncker amp Humblot pp 321 323External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Julius Plucker Julius Plucker at the Mathematics Genealogy Project The Cathode Ray Tube site Weisstein Eric Wolfgang ed Plucker Julius 1801 1868 ScienceWorld O Connor John J Robertson Edmund F Julius Plucker MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive University of St Andrews Julius Plucker in the German National Library catalogue Julius Plucker in der philosophischen Fakultat der Universitat Halle PDF Julius Plucker und die Stammfolge der Familie Plucker Deutsches Geschlechterbuch 217 Bd A Starke Verlag Limburg a d L 2004 Word uni bonn de permanent dead link Ein streitbarer Gelehrter im 19 Jahrhundert Der Mathematiker Julius Plucker starb vor 140 Jahren Pressemitteilung der Universitat Bonn vom 21 Mai 2008 Discussion of the general form for light waves English translation Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Julius Plucker amp oldid 1200847416, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
