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Juan José Arévalo

Juan José Arévalo Bermejo (10 September 1904[1] – 8 October 1990) was a Guatemalan statesman and professor of philosophy who became Guatemala's first democratically elected president in 1945. He was elected following a popular uprising against the United States-backed dictator Jorge Ubico that began the Guatemalan Revolution. He remained in office until 1951, surviving 25 coup attempts. He did not contest the election of 1951, instead choosing to hand over power to Jacobo Árbenz. As president, he enacted several social reform policies, including an increase in the minimum wage and a series of literacy programs. He also oversaw the drafting of a new constitution in 1945. He is the father of the current President of Guatemala Bernardo Arévalo.

Juan José Arévalo
Official portrait, c. 1945
24th President of Guatemala
In office
15 March 1945 – 15 March 1951
Vice PresidentMario Monteforte (1948–1949)
Preceded byJuan Federico Ponce Vaides
Succeeded byJacobo Árbenz Guzmán
Personal details
Born(1904-09-10)10 September 1904
Taxisco, Santa Rosa, Guatemala
Died8 October 1990(1990-10-08) (aged 86)
Guatemala City, Guatemala
Political partyRevolutionary Action Party
Spouse(s)
(m. 1925; div. 1958)

Margarita de León
(m. 1959)
Children5 (including Bernardo)
Alma materEscuela Normal para Varones [es] (BEd)
National University of La Plata (PhD)

Biography edit

 
Arévalo Bermejo in his teenage years in a family portrait

Arévalo was born in Taxisco, Santa Rosa, on 10 September 1904, son of Mariano Arévalo Bonilla and Elena Bermejo de Paz. He was born in a lower middle class family. From his childhood he showed leadership and intelligence; he was a fellow student of Luis Martínez Mont from the age of seventeen, with whom they were disciples of Professor Miguel Morazán at the Central Normal School for Boys, (from the Spanish "Escuela Normal Central para Varones"). Martínez Mont and Arévalo were since then close friends; they studied teaching together and by 1923 they were already exemplary teachers at the Central Normal School for Boys. They also embarked on the creation of a literary magazine, which they called Alba and although it only had four issues, it published texts by renowned Guatemalan writers Rafael Arévalo Martínez, Flavio Herrera and Carlos Wyld Ospina. In 1927, as part of their educational project, the government of General Lázaro Chacón had called a contest for teachers, where the best would be awarded scholarships to study pedagogy abroad; both won: Martínez Mont left for Switzerland and Arévalo for Argentina.

Arévalo served as president from 15 March 1945 to 15 March 1951. He was elected in 1944, in a contest which is generally reckoned as the first truly free election in the country's history. Arévalo won over 86 percent of the vote, garnering more than four times as many votes as the other candidates combined. It is still the largest margin of victory for a free election in the country's history.

Arévalo's administration was marked by unprecedented relatively free political life during his six-year term. Arévalo, an educator and philosopher, understood the need for advancement in individuals, communities, and nations by practical means. Before his presidency, Arévalo had been an exiled university professor. He returned to Guatemala to help in the reconstruction efforts of the new post-Ubíco government, especially in the areas of social security. He also helped draft a new constitution which granted the people civil rights and liberties they had never previously known. His philosophy of "spiritual socialism," referred to as Arevalismo, may be considered less an economic system than a movement toward the liberation of the imagination of oppressed Latin America. In the post-World War II period, the governments of the United States and other countries misinterpreted Arevalismo as communism, serving as a cause for unease and alarm, which garnered support from neighboring satellite caudillos such as Anastasio Somoza García.

Many foreign estates, especially those undeveloped for agriculture, were confiscated and redistributed to peasants; landowners were obliged to provide adequate housing for their workers; new schools, hospitals, and houses were built; and a new minimum wage was introduced.[2]

In Guatemala's cities, newly enfranchised labor unions accompanied reformist labor laws that greatly benefitted the urban lower and middle classes. Several parties and trade unions were formed. The enfranchisement of a large proportion of the population was a significant legacy of his term. The benefits did not spread to the rural agrarian areas where hacendado traditions, termed latifundia, remained patrician, racist, unyielding, and harsh. Whilst the government made some effort to improve campesino peasants' civil rights, rural conditions in Guatemala could not be improved without large-scale agrarian reform, proposed as mediated and fairly compensated land redistribution. Failure in achieving that was a weakness for Arévalo's party in Congress and thus for his administration, which his successor attempted to confront and to remedy with Decree 900.

Arévalo was succeeded by Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán, who continued the agrarian reform approach of Arévalo's government. Arévalo freely yielded succession to his presidency in 1951 to Jacobo Árbenz in the second democratic election in Guatemala's republican history. Following Árbenz's expulsion in 1954, open democracy would not return to a destabilized Guatemala for three decades. Arévalo went into voluntary exile in Mexico as a university professor and writer. In 1956,[3] he would write a notable book called "The Shark and the Sardines," which attacked the United States Government and powerful American companies for their treatment of Latin America.[4] "The Shark and the Sardines" would be endorsed by American sociologist C. Wright Mills in his 1961 book Listen Yankee![5]

On 27 March 1963 he returned to his country to announce his candidacy for the November presidential elections.[6] Dictator Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes, who, despite the firm opposition of the Kennedy administration, had pledged to oversee a free and open election in which Arévalo would participate, flew into exile to Nicaragua after he was deposed in a coup on 31 March 1963.[6] Enrique Peralta Azurdia then seized power, and Arévalo fled the country again.[6] He would later return to Guatemala in the mid-1970s, and later held a meeting with civilian Guatemala President Vinicio Cerezo Arevalo hours after he was inaugurated on 14 January 1986. During the meeting, Arévalo praised the transition from military to civilian rule and even stated that "The October revolution is going to have a second chapter," though these hopes would soon be dashed by persistent human rights abuses, an ineffectual civilian administration and deep economic problems.[4] On 7 October 1990, Arévalo died in Guatemala City.[4]

Spiritual socialism (Arevalismo) edit

 
President Arévalo during his inauguration

Categorized as a dedicated democrat and nationalist, Juan José Arévalo defined his political philosophy as "spiritual socialism". The ideology was directed towards the moral development of Guatemalans with the intent to "liberate man psychologically".[7] Arévalo, the revolution's intellectual pillar, positioned his theoretical doctrine as integral to the construction of a progressive and peaceful Guatemalan society. Governments are capable of initiating the formation of an ideal society by allowing citizens the freedom to pursue their own opinions, property and way of life.[8] The revolution's first president asserted that safeguarding the free will of citizens generates popular support for governmental institutions, which ensure the security of the individual and collective equally.

Arevalismo did emphasize the importance of civil freedoms as the essential groundwork for human development, but the political principle maintained that "Individual liberty must be exercised within the limits of social order".[9] Democracy, according to Arévalo, was a social structure that required the restriction of civil rights in the event individual liberties conflict with national security and the will of the majority. The limit on civil rights appears contradictory to the notion of a Guatemalan government that expresses the free will of the people. However, the ambiguity is associated with Arévalo's dismissal of classical liberalism as an applicable guideline for Guatemalan governments.[10] Arévalo's rejection of Western oriented liberal individualism and apparent socialist inclinations led conservative sectors of the press to denounce the revolutionary president as a communist.

Arévalo opposed classical Marxism's materialist tendency and affirmed that "Communism is contrary to human nature, for it is contrary to the psychology of man".[11] Spiritual socialism's anti-communist stance was apparent through Arévalo's suppression of various communist influenced initiatives operating in Guatemala. The president exiled several communist activists, declined to legalize the Communist Party of Guatemala, removed government officials with ties to the communist newspaper and shut down the Marxist instruction facility known as Escuela Claridad.[12] Regardless of the aforementioned measures, Arévalo endured nearly 30 attempted coups from members of the Guatemalan military due to his perceived empathy for communists. He responded to anti-communists' attacks in a speech to the U.S. Congress in which he said, referring to World War II, "I fear the West has won the battle, but in its blind attacks on social welfare will lose the war to fascism."[13]

The character of the 1944 revolution, envisioned by Arévalo, was based on the development of a modern social democratic society.[14] A conversion from the remaining presence of feudalistic arrangements to a democratic socialist system was an aspiration of the revolutionary Guatemalan government. Arévalo's political philosophy stressed the importance of government intervention in the realm of economic and social interests as necessary to sustain the desires of the majority's free will. Deviating from Marxism, Arévalo valued property rights with the aim to subordinate them to benefit Guatemala as a whole if required. Overall, Arévalo sought to improve the social environment of the working majority through a reform of the capitalist mode of production. As a result, Arévalo faced at least 25 unsuccessful coup attempts during his presidency.[15]

Private life edit

Arévalo was married to Elisa Martínez Contreras, but at the time of her presidency, they were separated, yet Martínez assumed the role of first lady.[16] He had a relationship with Alaíde Foppa, by whom he had a son, Julio Solórzano Foppa.[17] At the time of his death, he was married to Margarita de Leon and had five children, including the current President of Guatemala Bernardo Arévalo.[18]

Works edit

He is the author of a scathing allegorical short story "The Shark and the Sardines," published in 1956. In 1963 he published a sequel entitled "Anti-Communism in Latin America".[19]

See also edit

References and notes edit

  1. ^ Britannica Enciclopedia Moderna. Encyclopaedia Britannica. June 2011. ISBN 9781615355167.
  2. ^ Lowe, Norman (2013). Mastering Modern World History (Fifth ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 618. ISBN 978-1-137-27694-0.
  3. ^ "Document #9: "Introduction to the Shark and the Sardines," Juan José Arévalo (1956)". Brown University Library. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  4. ^ a b c Golden, Tim (8 October 1990). "Juan Jose Arevalo Is Dead at 86; Guatemala President in Late 40's". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  5. ^ "Cuba: "Listen Yankee!"-a Review". Winter 1961. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  6. ^ a b c Rabe, Stephen G. (1999). The Most Dangerous Area in the World: John F. Kennedy Confronts Communist Revolution in Latin America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina press. pp. 73–75. ISBN 080784764X.
  7. ^ Handy, Jim (1984). Gift of the Devil. Toronto: Gagne. p. 107. ISBN 9780896082472.
  8. ^ Immerman, Richard (1990). "The Revolutionary Governments: Communism or Nationalism". The CIA in Guatemala: The Foreign Policy of Intervention. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 48. ISBN 9780292710832.
  9. ^ Handy, Gift of the Devil, 107.
  10. ^ Immerman, The Revolutionary Governments, 47.
  11. ^ Handy, Gift of the Devil, 111.
  12. ^ Jonas, Susanne (1991). The Battle for Guatemala: Rebels, Death Squads, and U.S Power. Boulder: Westview Press. p. 30. ISBN 0-8133-0614-0.
  13. ^ Relentless Persistence: Nonviolent Action in Latin America (McManus & Schlabach, eds., New Society, 1991).
  14. ^ Handy, Gift of the Devil, 103.
  15. ^ Streeter, Stephen M. (2000). Managing the counterrevolution : the United States and Guatemala, 1954-1961. Athens: Ohio Univ. Center for Internat. Studies. pp. 16–17. ISBN 0896802159.
  16. ^ Miller, Francesca (1991). Latin American women and the search for social justice. Hanover: University Press of New England. p. 126. ISBN 0-87451-557-2. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  17. ^ Poniatowska, Elena (21 October 2012). "Alaíde Foppa: 31 años después". La Jornada (in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
  18. ^ "Ex-Guatemalan Leader Juan Jose Arevalo, 86". Chicago, Illinois: The Chicago Tribune. 8 October 1990. p. 7. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  19. ^ Arévalo Bermejo, Juan José (24 January 2024). ""The Shark and the Sardines", Online Version". archive.org.

External links edit

  • . Time. 5 January 1962. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 31 March 2007.
Political offices
Preceded by President of Guatemala
1945–1951
Succeeded by

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In this Spanish name the first or paternal surname is Arevalo and the second or maternal family name is Bermejo This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Juan Jose Arevalo news newspapers books scholar JSTOR April 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article is missing information about several aspects of Ponce s life Please expand the article to include this information Further details may exist on the talk page April 2019 You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish September 2021 Click show for important translation instructions Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Wikipedia article at es Juan Jose Arevalo see its history for attribution You may also add the template Translated es Juan Jose Arevalo to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Learn how and when to remove this template message Juan Jose Arevalo Bermejo 10 September 1904 1 8 October 1990 was a Guatemalan statesman and professor of philosophy who became Guatemala s first democratically elected president in 1945 He was elected following a popular uprising against the United States backed dictator Jorge Ubico that began the Guatemalan Revolution He remained in office until 1951 surviving 25 coup attempts He did not contest the election of 1951 instead choosing to hand over power to Jacobo Arbenz As president he enacted several social reform policies including an increase in the minimum wage and a series of literacy programs He also oversaw the drafting of a new constitution in 1945 He is the father of the current President of Guatemala Bernardo Arevalo Juan Jose ArevaloOfficial portrait c 194524th President of GuatemalaIn office 15 March 1945 15 March 1951Vice PresidentMario Monteforte 1948 1949 Preceded byJuan Federico Ponce VaidesSucceeded byJacobo Arbenz GuzmanPersonal detailsBorn 1904 09 10 10 September 1904Taxisco Santa Rosa GuatemalaDied8 October 1990 1990 10 08 aged 86 Guatemala City GuatemalaPolitical partyRevolutionary Action PartySpouse s Elisa Martinez Contreras m 1925 div 1958 wbr Margarita de Leon m 1959 wbr Children5 including Bernardo Alma materEscuela Normal para Varones es BEd National University of La Plata PhD Contents 1 Biography 2 Spiritual socialism Arevalismo 3 Private life 4 Works 5 See also 6 References and notes 7 External linksBiography edit nbsp Arevalo Bermejo in his teenage years in a family portrait Arevalo was born in Taxisco Santa Rosa on 10 September 1904 son of Mariano Arevalo Bonilla and Elena Bermejo de Paz He was born in a lower middle class family From his childhood he showed leadership and intelligence he was a fellow student of Luis Martinez Mont from the age of seventeen with whom they were disciples of Professor Miguel Morazan at the Central Normal School for Boys from the Spanish Escuela Normal Central para Varones Martinez Mont and Arevalo were since then close friends they studied teaching together and by 1923 they were already exemplary teachers at the Central Normal School for Boys They also embarked on the creation of a literary magazine which they called Alba and although it only had four issues it published texts by renowned Guatemalan writers Rafael Arevalo Martinez Flavio Herrera and Carlos Wyld Ospina In 1927 as part of their educational project the government of General Lazaro Chacon had called a contest for teachers where the best would be awarded scholarships to study pedagogy abroad both won Martinez Mont left for Switzerland and Arevalo for Argentina Arevalo served as president from 15 March 1945 to 15 March 1951 He was elected in 1944 in a contest which is generally reckoned as the first truly free election in the country s history Arevalo won over 86 percent of the vote garnering more than four times as many votes as the other candidates combined It is still the largest margin of victory for a free election in the country s history Arevalo s administration was marked by unprecedented relatively free political life during his six year term Arevalo an educator and philosopher understood the need for advancement in individuals communities and nations by practical means Before his presidency Arevalo had been an exiled university professor He returned to Guatemala to help in the reconstruction efforts of the new post Ubico government especially in the areas of social security He also helped draft a new constitution which granted the people civil rights and liberties they had never previously known His philosophy of spiritual socialism referred to as Arevalismo may be considered less an economic system than a movement toward the liberation of the imagination of oppressed Latin America In the post World War II period the governments of the United States and other countries misinterpreted Arevalismo as communism serving as a cause for unease and alarm which garnered support from neighboring satellite caudillos such as Anastasio Somoza Garcia Many foreign estates especially those undeveloped for agriculture were confiscated and redistributed to peasants landowners were obliged to provide adequate housing for their workers new schools hospitals and houses were built and a new minimum wage was introduced 2 In Guatemala s cities newly enfranchised labor unions accompanied reformist labor laws that greatly benefitted the urban lower and middle classes Several parties and trade unions were formed The enfranchisement of a large proportion of the population was a significant legacy of his term The benefits did not spread to the rural agrarian areas where hacendado traditions termed latifundia remained patrician racist unyielding and harsh Whilst the government made some effort to improve campesino peasants civil rights rural conditions in Guatemala could not be improved without large scale agrarian reform proposed as mediated and fairly compensated land redistribution Failure in achieving that was a weakness for Arevalo s party in Congress and thus for his administration which his successor attempted to confront and to remedy with Decree 900 Arevalo was succeeded by Jacobo Arbenz Guzman who continued the agrarian reform approach of Arevalo s government Arevalo freely yielded succession to his presidency in 1951 to Jacobo Arbenz in the second democratic election in Guatemala s republican history Following Arbenz s expulsion in 1954 open democracy would not return to a destabilized Guatemala for three decades Arevalo went into voluntary exile in Mexico as a university professor and writer In 1956 3 he would write a notable book called The Shark and the Sardines which attacked the United States Government and powerful American companies for their treatment of Latin America 4 The Shark and the Sardines would be endorsed by American sociologist C Wright Mills in his 1961 book Listen Yankee 5 On 27 March 1963 he returned to his country to announce his candidacy for the November presidential elections 6 Dictator Miguel Ydigoras Fuentes who despite the firm opposition of the Kennedy administration had pledged to oversee a free and open election in which Arevalo would participate flew into exile to Nicaragua after he was deposed in a coup on 31 March 1963 6 Enrique Peralta Azurdia then seized power and Arevalo fled the country again 6 He would later return to Guatemala in the mid 1970s and later held a meeting with civilian Guatemala President Vinicio Cerezo Arevalo hours after he was inaugurated on 14 January 1986 During the meeting Arevalo praised the transition from military to civilian rule and even stated that The October revolution is going to have a second chapter though these hopes would soon be dashed by persistent human rights abuses an ineffectual civilian administration and deep economic problems 4 On 7 October 1990 Arevalo died in Guatemala City 4 Spiritual socialism Arevalismo edit nbsp President Arevalo during his inauguration Categorized as a dedicated democrat and nationalist Juan Jose Arevalo defined his political philosophy as spiritual socialism The ideology was directed towards the moral development of Guatemalans with the intent to liberate man psychologically 7 Arevalo the revolution s intellectual pillar positioned his theoretical doctrine as integral to the construction of a progressive and peaceful Guatemalan society Governments are capable of initiating the formation of an ideal society by allowing citizens the freedom to pursue their own opinions property and way of life 8 The revolution s first president asserted that safeguarding the free will of citizens generates popular support for governmental institutions which ensure the security of the individual and collective equally Arevalismo did emphasize the importance of civil freedoms as the essential groundwork for human development but the political principle maintained that Individual liberty must be exercised within the limits of social order 9 Democracy according to Arevalo was a social structure that required the restriction of civil rights in the event individual liberties conflict with national security and the will of the majority The limit on civil rights appears contradictory to the notion of a Guatemalan government that expresses the free will of the people However the ambiguity is associated with Arevalo s dismissal of classical liberalism as an applicable guideline for Guatemalan governments 10 Arevalo s rejection of Western oriented liberal individualism and apparent socialist inclinations led conservative sectors of the press to denounce the revolutionary president as a communist Arevalo opposed classical Marxism s materialist tendency and affirmed that Communism is contrary to human nature for it is contrary to the psychology of man 11 Spiritual socialism s anti communist stance was apparent through Arevalo s suppression of various communist influenced initiatives operating in Guatemala The president exiled several communist activists declined to legalize the Communist Party of Guatemala removed government officials with ties to the communist newspaper and shut down the Marxist instruction facility known as Escuela Claridad 12 Regardless of the aforementioned measures Arevalo endured nearly 30 attempted coups from members of the Guatemalan military due to his perceived empathy for communists He responded to anti communists attacks in a speech to the U S Congress in which he said referring to World War II I fear the West has won the battle but in its blind attacks on social welfare will lose the war to fascism 13 The character of the 1944 revolution envisioned by Arevalo was based on the development of a modern social democratic society 14 A conversion from the remaining presence of feudalistic arrangements to a democratic socialist system was an aspiration of the revolutionary Guatemalan government Arevalo s political philosophy stressed the importance of government intervention in the realm of economic and social interests as necessary to sustain the desires of the majority s free will Deviating from Marxism Arevalo valued property rights with the aim to subordinate them to benefit Guatemala as a whole if required Overall Arevalo sought to improve the social environment of the working majority through a reform of the capitalist mode of production As a result Arevalo faced at least 25 unsuccessful coup attempts during his presidency 15 Private life editArevalo was married to Elisa Martinez Contreras but at the time of her presidency they were separated yet Martinez assumed the role of first lady 16 He had a relationship with Alaide Foppa by whom he had a son Julio Solorzano Foppa 17 At the time of his death he was married to Margarita de Leon and had five children including the current President of Guatemala Bernardo Arevalo 18 Works editHe is the author of a scathing allegorical short story The Shark and the Sardines published in 1956 In 1963 he published a sequel entitled Anti Communism in Latin America 19 See also editHistory of Guatemala Jacobo Arbenz Guzman Jorge Ubico Operation PBSuccessReferences and notes edit Britannica Enciclopedia Moderna Encyclopaedia Britannica June 2011 ISBN 9781615355167 Lowe Norman 2013 Mastering Modern World History Fifth ed Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan p 618 ISBN 978 1 137 27694 0 Document 9 Introduction to the Shark and the Sardines Juan Jose Arevalo 1956 Brown University Library Retrieved 16 March 2022 a b c Golden Tim 8 October 1990 Juan Jose Arevalo Is Dead at 86 Guatemala President in Late 40 s The New York Times Retrieved 16 March 2022 Cuba Listen Yankee a Review Winter 1961 Retrieved 16 March 2022 a b c Rabe Stephen G 1999 The Most Dangerous Area in the World John F Kennedy Confronts Communist Revolution in Latin America Chapel Hill University of North Carolina press pp 73 75 ISBN 080784764X Handy Jim 1984 Gift of the Devil Toronto Gagne p 107 ISBN 9780896082472 Immerman Richard 1990 The Revolutionary Governments Communism or Nationalism The CIA in Guatemala The Foreign Policy of Intervention Austin University of Texas Press p 48 ISBN 9780292710832 Handy Gift of the Devil 107 Immerman The Revolutionary Governments 47 Handy Gift of the Devil 111 Jonas Susanne 1991 The Battle for Guatemala Rebels Death Squads and U S Power Boulder Westview Press p 30 ISBN 0 8133 0614 0 Relentless Persistence Nonviolent Action in Latin America McManus amp Schlabach eds New Society 1991 Handy Gift of the Devil 103 Streeter Stephen M 2000 Managing the counterrevolution the United States and Guatemala 1954 1961 Athens Ohio Univ Center for Internat Studies pp 16 17 ISBN 0896802159 Miller Francesca 1991 Latin American women and the search for social justice Hanover University Press of New England p 126 ISBN 0 87451 557 2 Retrieved 20 June 2015 Poniatowska Elena 21 October 2012 Alaide Foppa 31 anos despues La Jornada in Spanish Mexico City Mexico Retrieved 22 April 2015 Ex Guatemalan Leader Juan Jose Arevalo 86 Chicago Illinois The Chicago Tribune 8 October 1990 p 7 Retrieved 20 June 2015 Arevalo Bermejo Juan Jose 24 January 2024 The Shark and the Sardines Online Version archive org External links edit Echoes from a Sardine Time 5 January 1962 Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 Retrieved 31 March 2007 Political offices Preceded byJuan Federico Ponce President of Guatemala1945 1951 Succeeded byJacobo Arbenz Guzman Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Juan Jose Arevalo amp oldid 1217576610, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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