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Journals of the First Fleet

March 18, 2023

There are 20 known contemporary accounts of the First Fleet made by people sailing in the fleet, including journals (both manuscript and published) and letters.[1][2] The eleven ships of the fleet, carrying over 1,000 convicts, soldiers and seamen, left England on 13 May 1787 and arrived in Botany Bay between 18 and 20 January 1788 before relocating to Port Jackson to establish the first European settlement in Australia, a penal colony which became Sydney.

The fleet sailing into Botany Bay, an engraving from the published diary of Arthur Phillip

At least 12 people on the fleet kept a journal of their experiences, some of which were later published, while others wrote letters home during the voyage or soon after their arrival in Australia. These personal accounts of the voyage were made by people including surgeons, officers, soldiers, ordinary seamen, and Captain Arthur Phillip, who commanded the expedition. Only one known account, that of James Martin, was by a transported convict. Their journals document the day-to-day experiences of those in the fleet, and record significant events including the first contact between the British settlers and the Aboriginal people of the area.

In 2009, the manuscript journals were included in The Australian Memory of the World Register, a regional register associated with the UNESCO international Memory of the World programme.[3][4]

Journals

Arthur Bowes Smyth

 
Drawing of an emu from his journal
Main article: Arthur Bowes Smyth
 
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Arthur Bowes Smyth (1750–1790) was a surgeon on board Lady Penrhyn, the transport that carried female convicts on the First Fleet. Smyth was born on 23 August 1750 at Tolleshunt D'Arcy, Essex, England, and was buried there shortly after his return to England on 31 March 1790.[5][6][7] Son of Surgeon Thomas Smyth and the seventh of ten children, Arthur Bowes Smyth followed in his father's footsteps practising medicine in his place of birth until appointed "Surgeon to the Ship's Company" aboard Lady Penrhyn in 1787.[7][8] Bowes Smyth then took charge of the prisoners on the ship when the convicts' surgeon John Turnpenny Altree fell ill at Tenerife and in Governor Arthur Phillip's opinion had proved unequal to the task.[7][9][10][11]

Bowes, as he was known in the colony, kept a journal from 22 March 1787 to 12 August 1789.[7] The journal is a detailed account of the voyage, recording weather observations, events on board, treatment of the sick and descriptions of ports of call en route in particular Rio de Janeiro and Cape Town.[8] His journal is notable for its interest in natural history including descriptions of bird life at Port Jackson and Lord Howe Island on Lady Penrhyn's return voyage.[6][7] The journal contains 25 drawings in watercolour, pen and ink, including the earliest known surviving illustration of the emu by a European.[5] These elements provide a unique account different from the other First Fleet Journals.

His journal is one of the most detailed eyewitness accounts of the first weeks of European settlement of Australia.[12] The journal entries for 18–26 January record first impressions on arrival including interactions with Aboriginal communities and descriptions of the vegetation, intense heat and native wildlife.[5][6] The convicts and their children who disembarked Lady Penrhyn at Port Jackson are listed.[5] His first journal entry dated 22 March 1787 records the full crew list and the women convicts, their name, age, trade, crime and term of transportation. The list of children born on the voyage contains inaccuracies regarding the sex of the child and dates of birth and death.[13] Lady Penrhyn, under charter to the East India Company to continue her voyage to China for a cargo of tea, departed Port Jackson in early May. His journal continues, recording the return voyage via Lord Howe Island, Tahiti, China, St Helena and finally England.[14][15] The original journal is now in the collection of the National Library of Australia with a manuscript copy in the British Library and a third manuscript copy held by the State Library of New South Wales.[16]

William Bradley

 
William Bradley's journal
Main article: William Bradley (Royal Navy officer)
 
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William Bradley (1757–1833) was a naval officer who sailed in the First Fleet on HMS Sirius as first lieutenant.[17] Bradley joined the navy in 1772, and served as a captain's servant, able seaman, midshipman, and master's mate, on H.M.S. Lenox, Aldborough, Mermaid, Rippon, Prothée, Phaeton and Ariadne.[17] Bradley's journal is held by the State Library of New South Wales and begins in 1786 with the organisation of the fleet from Deptford to Portsmouth and Gravesend,[18] describing taking convicts, instruments and supplies on board, and lists some names and numbers of those on board HMS Sirius.[19]

The journal records the voyage to Australia and describes ports, ships passed, the weather, as well as difficulties on board such having insufficient provisions to preserve the cattle on board.[19] Upon arriving in Australia, Bradley recounts his impressions of the colony as well as his interest in Aboriginal people and natural history.[20] In 1789 Bradley describes being one of a party ordered by Governor Arthur Phillip to capture two Aborigines, Colebee[21] and Bennelong by force, calling it "by far the most unpleasant service I ever was order'd to Execute."[19] Bradley's journal contains 29 watercolours inserted between the pages,[22] as well as 22 detailed charts illustrating the voyage to Australia, early survey expeditions in the colony, and further voyages on HMS Sirius.[23][24] Two days after reaching Port Jackson, Bradley and John Hunter began to survey and chart Sydney Harbour, naming various landmarks including Bradley's Point (now known as Bradleys Head).[24] The earliest known map of Sydney is Bradley's sketch of the encampment in March 1788.[24]

Bradley's journal also documents his journey to Norfolk Island in March 1790.[20] HMS Sirius was wrecked on arrival,[25] and Bradley remained for 11 months undertaking a survey of the island, then travelled back to Port Jackson on Supply.[20] The journal concludes with the return of HMS Sirius crew to England in April 1792 on Waakzaamheid, anchoring at Portsmouth on 23 April.[18][19]

From 1809, Bradley suffered increasingly from mental disturbances.[17] He was exiled to France after being caught attempting to defraud the postal authorities in 1814, and remained in exile until his death in 1833.[17]

Ralph Clark

 
The diaries of Lieutenant Ralph Clark (pictured) spanned from March 1787 to June 1792, with several gaps.
Main article: Ralph Clark
 
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Ralph Clark (c. 1755–1794) was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, between 1755[26] and 1762[27] and died in the West Indies in 1794. He married Betsy Alicia Trevan in 1784 and their son Ralph Stuart (sic), was born in 1785.[27] He was a Second Lieutenant of Marines with the 6th Company when he served on the convict transport Friendship bound for Botany Bay. He was later promoted to First Lieutenant.[28] The convict transport Friendship was built in Scarborough, England, in 1784 and was 276 tons. It was the smallest of the convict transports and carried 76 male and 21 female convicts with a crew of about 20.[29]

Clark's journal covers the First Fleet voyage and the first few weeks in New South Wales. It is held by the State Library of New South Wales and covers the period from 9 March 1787 to 10 March 1788. It lists all convicts aboard the 'Friendship', including the date when each was received on board, name, trade, crime, sentence, when and where they were tried, county, and place of birth. Clark's journal gives an insight into his view of the convict women who he refers to as "damned whores" and "abandond wreches [sic]".[30] His journal is of a very personal nature and makes constant reference to his 'beloved Betsy' and son Ralph, who he greatly missed.[30] Clark's journal has only three entries for March 1787, and no further entries until 13 May 1787.[28] His complete journal also covers later periods and is in four volumes, which includes his visit to Norfolk Island and his voyage on Gorgon returning to England.[30] The four volumes cover the following time periods: 9 March 1787 – 31 December 1787, 1 January 1788 – 10 March 1788, 15 February 1790 – 2 January 1791, and 25 January 1791 – 17 June 1792.[30] His journal and letterbook have also been published,[28] transcribed and digitised.[30]

David Collins

Main article: David Collins (lieutenant governor)

David Collins (1756–1810) was born on 3 March 1756 in London and joined the Royal Marines at the age of 14.[31] He was Judge-Advocate for the military and civil courts in the new colony of New South Wales, and later the first lieutenant-governor of the newly established colony Van Diemen's Land.[31] He served on HMS Sirius. Once he arrived in Sydney, Collins worked as secretary to Governor Phillip.[32] From his arrival in Botany Bay with the First Fleet on 20 January 1788 on board HMS Sirius,[33] Collins was responsible for the Colony's entire legal establishment.

During his time on HMS Sirius and in the colony, he kept a journal which also included his experiences in the settlement at Sydney. In 1797 he returned to London and the following year with the help of his wife Maria, he published his journal entitled An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales,[34] a detailed first-hand account of early settlement in Australia.[13] The book's introduction describes the long voyage of the fleet and particularly HMS Sirius to Australia. Collins gives an account of the accompanying ships, their weight and the number of convicts, supplies and crew each carried. He describes an incident on Sunday 20 May 1787, where a mutiny being plotted by some convicts on board Scarborough was discovered. Captain Phillip ordered the two ringleaders be taken on board HMS Sirius, where they were punished with two dozen lashes to each offender.[35] In the introduction Collins also mentions the fleet's passage to Brazil and describes two accidents that took place on that part of the voyage:

Only two accidents happened during the passage to the Brazils. A seaman belonging to the Alexander was so unfortunate as to fall overboard, and could not be recovered – and a female convict on board the Prince of Wales was so much bruised by the falling of the boat from off the booms, (which, owing to the violent motion of the ship, had got loose,) that she died the following day, notwithstanding the professional skill and humane attention of the principal surgeon, for as the boat in launching forward fell upon the neck and crushed the vertebrae and spine, all the aid he could render her was of no avail.

— David Collins, An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales[35]

The rest of the volume describes life in the early days of the new colony. Collins describes the local Aboriginal people, the Australian environment, events, accidents, crimes, supplies and the weather. It also includes some illustrations and plates.[34] A second volume was published in 1802.[36]

In 1803 he was appointed as lieutenant-governor and commissioned to form a new settlement at Sullivan Bay, Victoria. The location proved to be unsuitable, and Collins received permission to relocate to an existing settlement established at Risdon.[31] He sailed for Van Diemen's Land (now known as Tasmania) on HMS Calcutta. Critical of the intended site at Risdon, Collins chose Sullivans Cove as a superior location and harbour for Hobart Town. He served as Lieutenant-Governor of Van Diemen's Land until he died in 1810.[31]

John Easty

 
The first page of John Easty's journal
Main article: John Easty
 
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John Easty (fl. 1768?–1793) was a private soldier in the marines. His dates of birth and death are not known. Easty joined the marines no later than January 1784, and was appointed to Captain-Lieutenant Meredith's company on 4 November 1787.[37] He arrived with the First Fleet on Scarborough,[38] the second largest vessel in the First Fleet.[39]

Easty's journal is held by the State Library of New South Wales and he was the lowest ranking author of the surviving journals of the First Fleet.[40] He describes events on the voyage and in the colony in simple, irregular English. Incidents include accidents, crimes and punishments, and encounters with Aboriginal people. In March 1788 he received a flogging for bringing a female convict into the camp.[37] Some of the journal is hearsay or was written later.[37] Most of the events are reported in a matter of fact way, but Easty sometimes expresses his own strong opinions on matters such as the administration of the colony and religious beliefs. On 22 February 1790, he writes that he and a private in the 53rd Regiment, Thomas Brimage, signed and sealed their last wills and testaments to each other.[41]

Easty returned to England on Atlantic in December 1792, with the last detachment of marines to leave Sydney;[37] Arthur Philip also returned home on this voyage.[38] Easty rejoined his division at Portsmouth in May 1793.[37] He left the marines and was employed by Waddington & Smith, grocers, in London in September 1794.[37] In 1796 he petitioned the Admiralty for compensation promised for short rations in New South Wales.[37]

A transcription of John Easty's journal was published in 1965.[42]

John Hunter

 
Pages from John Hunter's journal
Main article: John Hunter (Royal Navy officer)

John Hunter (1737–1821), an officer of the Royal Navy, sailed with the First Fleet as a second captain on board HMS Sirius.[43][44] Hunter went on to become the second governor of New South Wales and later retired having achieved the rank of vice-Admiral. Hunter was born on 29 August 1737 at Leith in Scotland.[45]

Hunter's journal is held by the State Library of New South Wales and describes his experiences during the First Fleet voyage and the early days in the colony.[46] He also produced many charts, sketches and writings, including An Historical Journal of the Transactions at Port Jackson and Norfolk Island, With the Discoveries that have been Made in New South Wales and the Southern Ocean since the Publication of Phillip's Voyage (London, 1793)[45] and a book of sketches of Birds & Flowers of New South Wales Drawn on the Spot in 1788, '89 & '90[47] Upon arriving at Port Jackson in January 1788, Hunter surveyed the harbour and the adjacent coast areas.[43]

In October 1788 Hunter was ordered to sail on HMS Sirius to the Cape of Good Hope for supplies. After circumnavigating the globe, in May 1789 he returned to New South Wales, where he resumed his former duties as a magistrate and surveyor of the Port Jackson area.[45] In April 1792, following the wreck of HMS Sirius at Norfolk Island in 1790, Hunter returned to England[48] where he was court-martialled for the loss of the vessel under his command, and honourably acquitted.[45] In 1795 Hunter succeeded Arthur Phillip as the governor of New South Wales[45] and served in this capacity until September 1800.[44] His term as the governor was difficult and, after being accused of lack of competence and leadership, he was recalled from the office.[45] He left for England having handed over government of the colony to Philip Gidley King.[45] In 1801 Hunter returned to England, where he succeeded in clearing his name. He regained his standing in society and continued to progress his naval career. In 1807 he was promoted to rear-admiral, and finally in July 1810 to the rank of vice-Admiral.[45] He died on 13 March 1821 in London.

Philip Gidley King

Main article: Philip Gidley King
 
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Philip Gidley King (1758–1808) was the second lieutenant on HMS Sirius serving under Arthur Phillip, the leader of the first sub-colony on Norfolk Island, and later the third governor of New South Wales.

Philip Gidley King's private journal, Remarks & Journal Kept On the Expedition to Form a Colony, was kept in two volumes and is held by the State Library of New South Wales.[49] Volume 1 of the journal covers the period between 24 October 1786 – 12 January 1789. A fair copy, annotated by another hand and entitled A Narrative of the Preparation and Equipment of the First Fleet, the Voyage to New South Wales in H.M.S. Sirius, Events in N.S.W. and Norfolk Is., and the Voyage to England in H.M.S. Supply, was also made.[50] It includes a translation of some New Zealand Maori words.[51]

The journal contains details of events important to the community including items such as the weather, the amount of fish caught, persons sick or punished and crops that were grown.[52] It was published with minor revision as an appendix to John Hunter's Historical Journal of the Transactions at Port Jackson and Norfolk Island in 1793.[53]

Jacob Nagle

Main article: Jacob Nagle
 
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Jacob Nagle (1761–1841) was an ordinary seaman on board HMS Sirius. He was an American who was born in Pennsylvania in 1761 and who died in Ohio in 1841. As a young man he served in the American War of Independence, first as a soldier and later as a sailor. He was taken prisoner by the British and this led to him joining the British Navy in 1782. He was selected for duty on HMS Sirius in 1787.[54][55] His journal was written as a memoir in 1840, after his retirement from a life at sea, and covers the 45 years of his life as a seafarer.[56] There are two known copies, one in the William L. Clements Library at the University of Michigan[57] and the other in the State Library of New South Wales.[58] A transcribed, published version, edited and with commentary by C. Dann, was issued in 1988.[59] The years covering 1787–1791 are those spent as part of the First Fleet expedition.

Nagle's journal provides a detailed account of the First Fleet from the perspective of the common sailor. He writes in an informal style, as a worker, rather than the official language of the more educated decision makers.[59] He was present at and gives detailed reports on many key events. He was a member of Governor Phillip's boat crew and took part in the explorations which led to the selection of Sydney as the site for settlement.[59][60][61] He describes encounters with the Aboriginal people, including the spearing of Governor Phillip[54] and the capture of Bennelong and Coleby.[61] His eye-witness accounts of events often provide a very different perspective than the more official reports and journals.[59]

Nagle was on board HMS Sirius when it was wrecked on rocks at Norfolk Island in 1790. He was a strong swimmer and was able to help retrieve supplies.[55][61] He remained on Norfolk Island until the crew were rescued in 1791, when he returned to England. Jacob Nagle's stories and reminiscences provide a colourful insight into the First Fleet experience.[59]

Arthur Phillip

Main article: Arthur Phillip

Arthur Phillip (1738–1814) was born in London on 11 October 1738 to Jacob and Elizabeth Phillip, a German language teacher and former wife of a naval captain. He was educated at the Greenwich school for the sons of seaman and completed a two-year apprenticeship in the mercantile service. His naval career began during the Seven Years' War and led to an accomplished career, which included a promotion to lieutenant.[62] After a periodic retirement, Phillip returned to the British navy in 1778. In 1786, he was appointed the first Governor of New South Wales and Admiral of the First Fleet.[62] He was chosen for his organisational, leadership and farming skills.[63] He also displayed altruistic qualities, with plans to treat the Aboriginal people with decency and assist convicts with improving their lives.[64]

Although sailing on the flagship, HMS Sirius, Phillip's journal chronicles many facets of the fleet's journey. This ranges from preparations and plans, significant stages of the voyage, to the first landing at Botany Bay in 1788. The first meetings with Aboriginal people are described, along with the resettlement to Sydney Cove at Port Jackson. The journal then concentrates on the early events of the colony, such as major naval movements, inland expeditions, scurvy outbreaks and ongoing encounters with the indigenous inhabitants. Accompanying these entries are drawings of land, marine and wildlife discoveries. These include: Lord Howe Island, the Port Jackson shark and kangaroo. In addition, the journal includes an Appendix, which provide the routes taken by each ship in the fleet and a list of convicts sent to the new colony.[65]

Due to a persistent health issue, Phillip returned to England in 1792. While he never returned to New South Wales, he retained an interest in its development.[62] Phillip lived in Bath for most of his remaining life, until he died on 31 August 1814 .[63]

James Scott

Main article: James Scott (marine)
 
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James Scott (d.1796) was a Sergeant of Marines on Prince of Wales. He travelled with his wife, Jane, who gave birth to a daughter en route.[66] He returned to England in 1791 with his family, including a son, William, born in Sydney the previous year.[67] His account of the voyage and his time in the colony, entitled Remarks on a passage Botnay [i.e. Botany] bay 1787 has survived and covers the dates 13 May 1787 – 20 May 1792.[67] In his journal he records that he commanded the Quarter Guard, looked after pigs and poultry, and after arriving at Sydney searched for a lost marine in the bush. During the voyage, he records that a convict attempted to escape at Tenerife.[68] He died in Portsmouth, England in 1796.[66] The diary was published in 1963 as Remarks On a Passage to Botany Bay, 1787–1792: A First Fleet Journal.[68]

Daniel Southwell

Main article: Daniel Southwell

Daniel Southwell (c. 1764–1797) joined the Royal Navy in 1780. He joined the crew of HMS Sirius as a midshipman 28 October 1787, was promoted to master's mate during the voyage to New South Wales. In New South Wales, Southwell was appointed as commander of the lookout at South Head.[69]

Southwell kept a journal from the time the voyage started until May 1789. He also corresponded via letters with his mother and uncle. His journal and letters offer depictions of early colonial life and the first substantive interactions between Europeans and Australian Aborigines. The letters also reveal clashes between the colonial Governor Phillip, and his senior military officer Major Robert Ross, and Southwell's deep pessimism regarding the colony's economic and governmental prospects.[69]

Watkin Tench

Main article: Watkin Tench

Watkin Tench (1758?–1833) was a captain-lieutenant of the Marine Corps and author. He was born between May 1758 and May 1759 at Chester, England, the son of Fisher Tench and his wife Margaret (Margaritta).[70] Towards the end of 1786 he volunteered for a three-year tour of service with the convict settlement about to be formed at Botany Bay. He sailed in the transport Charlotte on 13 May 1787 as one of the two captain-lieutenants of the marine detachment under Major Robert Ross, and arrived in Botany Bay on 20 January 1788.

Watkin Tench kept a journal on board Charlotte and continued to document life in the early colony.[70] Tench has been described as having a flair for writing,[71] and he provides anecdotes about all aspects of life in the colony, including convict life, daily activities and reflections on the Aboriginal tribes.[72] He records his impressions of Tenerife, Rio de Janeiro and Cape Town, where the fleet stopped to restock supplies, and also describes in detail the behaviour of the convicts.[73] Tench, described in some sources as being particularly humane in his treatment of convicts,[71] records his "great pleasure" when on 20 May, in light of the good behaviour of the convicts, many were released temporarily from their bonds.[73] Phillip's decision to lead a small advance group of ships to Botany Bay, to begin construction of the settlement, is described by Tench as a decision made due to unfavourable winds after leaving the Cape of Good Hope,[73] although this had been allowed for in Phillip's instructions.[63]

Tench arranged for John Shortland, sailing back to England in 1788 on Alexander, to take Tench's manuscript with him so that it could be published. The journal was first published in London in 1789 by Debrett's as A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay: With an Account of New South Wales, Its Productions, Inhabitants, &c.[73] It was one of the earliest published accounts of the First Fleet voyage and the early settlement of Australia. The book ran to several editions and was later published in several languages, including French, German, Dutch and Swedish.[70]

John White

 
Photograph of John White's published journal, open to a drawing of a Tabuan parrot.
Main article: John White (surgeon)

John White (1756?–1832) served as the chief surgeon on the fleet and to the settlement at Port Jackson.[74] He had served on other ships in the Royal Navy, including as surgeon's mate on HMS Wasp[75] and surgeon on HMS Irresistible[75] before being recommended for the expedition to Botany Bay by Sir Andrew Snape Hamond.[75][76] His assistant surgeons on the First Fleet were Dennis Considen, Thomas Arndell and William Balmain.[76]

White's diary records details of how he ordered medical supplies, supervised the embarkation of the convicts and made visits during the voyage to the ships to check on the health of the convicts and crew. White was also a keen amateur naturalist and on arrival in Port Jackson he was particularly interested in the birds of the colony.[75] White sent the journal of his trip to Thomas Wilson, a friend in London, who published it in 1790.[77] The published edition included engravings drawn from the specimens White collected and appeared under the title Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales: With Sixty-Five Plates of Non-Descript Animals, Birds, Lizards, Serpents, Curious Cones of Trees and Other Natural Productions.[75][78]

White remained in the colony until December 1794, supervising the medical care of the convicts and crew arriving on the Second Fleet in 1790 and the Third Fleet in 1791.[75] The journal of Watkin Tench, another member of the colony, describes White adopting a young Aboriginal boy, named Nanbaree, who was orphaned by the smallpox epidemic at Port Jackson in 1789.[79]

Letters

David Blackburn

Main article: David Blackburn (Royal Navy officer)
 
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David Blackburn (1753–1795), from Newbury, Berkshire, England, was the master of HMS Supply.[80] He wrote a series of letters to family members and friends, many of which are still extant.[81] These letters describe the events of the voyage and the early days of settlement, including Blackburn's participation in the expedition to Norfolk Island to establish a settlement there in February 1788.[81] Blackburn's letters record the change in his feelings towards the voyage. Initially reluctant to join the fleet,[82] shortly before the fleet left he told his letter in a letter that "my dislike to the voyage begins gradually to wear off".[80]Supply was part of the advance party of ships which arrived in Botany Bay on 18 January.[83] Blackburn also joined Phillip's expedition in search of a better location for the settlement,[81] and describes Sydney Harbour as "excellent and extensive".[83] He died of illness on 10 January 1795.[81]

James Campbell

James Campbell served as Captain of Marines on Lady Penrhyn. His dates of birth and death are not known.[84] Campbell strongly criticised Phillip's actions, both during the voyage and after arrival in Australia. In a letter to Francis Reynolds-Moreton, 3rd Baron Ducie, dated 12 July 1788, Campbell describes the final stages of the voyage. He criticises Phillip's decision to take a small party of ships ahead as a "Don Quixote scheme" and notes that the two parties arrived within a few days of each other.[84]

John Campbell

John Campbell travelled on Lady Penrhyn as part of the fleet.[85] He wrote a letter to his parents while travelling back to England, in which he describes the voyage and early days of the colony.[85] Although he travelled on Lady Penrhyn, he is not included in Arthur Bowes Smyth's list of crew members on board.[8][85] He later returned to England on the same ship. He remained on board Lady Penrhyn while Phillip took a party ashore at Sydney Cove to plant the British flag,[85] and describes his view of events in his letter:

the Governor went on Shore to take Possession of the Land with a Company of Granadeers & Some Convicts at three A Clock in the Afternoon he sent on board of the Supply Brigantine for the Union Jack then orders was Gave fore the Soldiers to March down to the West Sid of the Cove they Cut one of the Trees Down & fixt as flag Staf & Hoistd the Jack and Fired four Volleys of Small Arms which was Answered with three Cheers from the Brig. (sic)

— John Campbell, Transcribed letter

Newton Fowell

Newton Fowell (1768–1790) was a midshipman on HMS Sirius during the voyage to Australia.[86] He was born in Devonshire, England. He joined the fleet after being recommended to Captain Phillip by Evan Nepean.[87] He wrote a series of letters to his father both while on board and after arriving in Australia describing his experiences on the voyage and during the early days of settlement.[86]

He sent his first letter on the voyage on 20 May 1787, taking advantage of the return of Hyena to England after it had escorted the fleet out of British waters.[88][89] In this letter he describes the fair winds enjoyed by the fleet as it left England, states that they hope to reach Tenerife in a fortnight, and notes that most of the convicts are "in good health".[89] He wrote again from Santa Cruz, describing the events of the previous weeks including the discovery of a planned mutiny, and his admiration of Captain Phillip.[88][90] In his letter of 12 July 1788, Fowell describes the final two months of the voyage and the first six months of the European settlement at Sydney Cove.[88][91] He also states that Phillip named the settlement Albion on 4 June 1788.[87][91]

Fowell was promoted to 2nd Lieutenant and, after HMS Sirius was shipwrecked in March 1790, he was sent to Batavia in 1790 on HMS Supply to obtain supplies for the colony. He died at sea on 25 August 1790 after contracting a fever.[86] His original manuscript letters have survived, and have also been published.[88]

Richard Johnson

Main article: Richard Johnson (chaplain)

Richard Johnson (1753–1827) was a Church of England clergyman who performed the first Christian church service in Australia.[92] He joined the fleet as a result of his interest in mission and prison reform.[93] He travelled on Golden Grove.[92] He wrote a series of letters to friends and family from the colony. In his letter of 10 February 1788, he gives an account of the voyage and arrival in Australia.[94] His faith is clear in his letters and does not waver.[92] He describes a storm which struck the fleet on 1 January 1788, which lasted 24 hours.[94] Johnson remained in the colony for 12 years, returning to England in 1800 for health reasons.[92]

Henry Waterhouse

Main article: Henry Waterhouse

Henry Waterhouse (1770–1812) was a midshipman on HMS Sirius.[95] He wrote a letter to his father on 11 July 1788. He describes the fleet's encounters with wildlife during the voyage including birds, seals and whales.[96] He was part of the expedition to Norfolk Island to found a settlement there.[95]

George Worgan

Main article: George Bouchier Worgan
 
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George Bouchier Worgan (1757–1838) was a naval surgeon on HMS Sirius.[97] Worgan's journal[98] takes the form of a letter to his brother Richard dated 12 June 1788.

The journal covers the early months of European settlement in New South Wales (20 January to 11 July 1788).[99][100] The first section, written on HMS Sirius, describes the fleet's arrival and their first encounter with Aboriginal Australians. In the journal he talks about a "rough journal" and a more complete form.[100] He describes expeditions, the coastline, and flora and fauna. He also describes the building activities involved in setting up the settlement in New South Wales, as well as native wood varieties and stone.[98] Worgan describes in detail the activities and behaviour of both the European settlers and the Indigenous people of the area, and the interactions between these groups.[100]

While in the colony Worgan went on expeditions to the Hawkesbury River and Broken Bay areas north of Sydney and accompanied Watkin Tench to the Nepean in 1790. He also spent a year on Norfolk Island. He returned to England in 1791. Worgan died at Liskeard on 4 March 1838.[97]

Convict narrative

James Martin

Main article: James Martin (convict)

James Martin (also spelled 'Martyn') was born c. 1760 in Ballymena, County Antrim. He had a wife and son in Exeter and had worked in England for seven years when, at Exeter Assizes on 20 March 1786, he was sentenced to transportation for seven years for stealing eleven screw bolts and other goods from Powderham Castle. He was held on the Dunkirk hulk for almost a year, and was embarked upon Charlotte on 11 March 1787, by which he was transported to New South Wales. Martin was apparently a useful tradesman in Sydney, and his narrative – known as the Memorandoms of James Martin – is the only extant first-hand account written by a First Fleet convict.[101]

On the night of 28 March 1791, Martin, along with William Bryant, his wife Mary (née Broad) and their two children Charlotte and Emanuel, William Allen, Samuel Bird, Samuel Broom, James Cox, Nathaniel Lillie, and William Morton, stole the colony's six-oared open boat. In this vessel, the party navigated the eastern and northern coasts of Australia, survived several ferocious storms, encountered Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders, and reached Kupang in Dutch West Timor on 5 June 1791, the entire party having survived. There, they successfully – for a while, at least – passed themselves off as the survivors of a shipwreck.

Once their true identities were discovered, the escapees were imprisoned and returned to England. During this journey, William Bryant, Emanuel Bryant, James Cox, Samuel Bird, and William Morton died. The survivors arrived back in England on 18 June 1792. On 7 July they were brought to the bar at the Old Bailey, and ordered to remain in Newgate gaol until their original sentences of transportation had expired. Mary Bryant received an unconditional pardon on 2 May 1793 when her sentence expired, while Martin, Allen, Broom, and Lillie were released by proclamation on 2 November 1793. From there, they largely disappear from the historical record.

The Memorandoms is part of the Bentham Papers archive in University College London Library's Special Collections. It was first discovered by the Bentham scholar Charles Blount, who in 1937 published a short edition, limited to 150 copies.[101] In 2017, an open-access book, containing reproductions of the original manuscript and a detailed introduction, edited by Tim Causer, was published by UCL Press.

See also

References

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Further reading

  • Egan, Jack (1999). Buried alive : Sydney 1788–1792 : eyewitness accounts of the making of a nation. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 9781865081380.
  • Frost, Alan (2012). The First Fleet: the real story. Black Inc. ISBN 9781863955614.
  • Parker, Derek (2009). Arthur Phillip. Woodslane Press. ISBN 9781921203992.
  • Pembroke, Michael (2013). Arthur Phillip: Sailor, Mercenary, Governor, Spy. Hardie Grant Books. ISBN 9781742705088.
  • Tink, Andrew (2011). Lord Sydney : the life and times of Tommy Townshend. Australian Scholarly Publishing. ISBN 9781921875434.

External links

  • A Journal of a Voyage from Portsmouth to New South Wales and China – in the Lady Penrhyn, Merchantman – William Cropton Sever, Commander by Arthur Bowes, Smyth, Surgeon – 1787-1788-1789
  • A Voyage to New South Wales by William Bradley
  • Journal kept on the Friendship during a voyage to Botany Bay and Norfolk Island; and on the Gorgon returning to England, 9 March 1787 – 31 December 1787, 1 January 1788 – 10 March 1788, 15 February 1790 – 2 January 1791, 25 January 1791 – 17 June 1792 by Ralph Clark
  • An Account of the English Colony of NSW Vol 1 by David Collins, at Project Gutenberg
  • Pt Jno Easty A Memorandum of the Transa() of a Voiage [sic] from England to Botany Bay in The Scarborough transport Captn Marshall Commander kept by me your humble Servan() John Easty marine wich [sic] began 1787 by John Easty
  • Journal kept on board the Sirius during a voyage to New South Wales, May 1787 – March 1791 by John Hunter
  • Remarks & Journal kept on the Expedition to form a Colony ... by Philip Gidley King
  • Memorandoms by James Martin: An Astonishing Escape from Early New South Wales, ed. T. Causer, London, UCL Press, 2017. Also [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UToptGN4990 Escape from Australia: a convict's tale, a UCL video production discussing the Memorandoms.
  • Partial transcript of Jacob Nagle his Book A.D. One Thousand Eight Hundred and Twenty Nine May 19th. Canton. Stark County Ohio by Jacob Nagle
  • The Voyage of Governor Phillip to Botany Bay by Arthur Phillip, at Project Gutenberg
  • Remarks on a passage Botnay (sic) bay 1787', 13 May 1787 – 20 May 1792 by James Scott
  • A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay by Watkin Tench
  • Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales by John White

March 18, 2023
journals, first, fleet, there, known, contemporary, accounts, first, fleet, made, people, sailing, fleet, including, journals, both, manuscript, published, letters, eleven, ships, fleet, carrying, over, convicts, soldiers, seamen, left, england, 1787, arrived,. There are 20 known contemporary accounts of the First Fleet made by people sailing in the fleet including journals both manuscript and published and letters 1 2 The eleven ships of the fleet carrying over 1 000 convicts soldiers and seamen left England on 13 May 1787 and arrived in Botany Bay between 18 and 20 January 1788 before relocating to Port Jackson to establish the first European settlement in Australia a penal colony which became Sydney The fleet sailing into Botany Bay an engraving from the published diary of Arthur Phillip At least 12 people on the fleet kept a journal of their experiences some of which were later published while others wrote letters home during the voyage or soon after their arrival in Australia These personal accounts of the voyage were made by people including surgeons officers soldiers ordinary seamen and Captain Arthur Phillip who commanded the expedition Only one known account that of James Martin was by a transported convict Their journals document the day to day experiences of those in the fleet and record significant events including the first contact between the British settlers and the Aboriginal people of the area In 2009 the manuscript journals were included in The Australian Memory of the World Register a regional register associated with the UNESCO international Memory of the World programme 3 4 Contents 1 Journals 1 1 Arthur Bowes Smyth 1 2 William Bradley 1 3 Ralph Clark 1 4 David Collins 1 5 John Easty 1 6 John Hunter 1 7 Philip Gidley King 1 8 Jacob Nagle 1 9 Arthur Phillip 1 10 James Scott 1 11 Daniel Southwell 1 12 Watkin Tench 1 13 John White 2 Letters 2 1 David Blackburn 2 2 James Campbell 2 3 John Campbell 2 4 Newton Fowell 2 5 Richard Johnson 2 6 Henry Waterhouse 2 7 George Worgan 3 Convict narrative 3 1 James Martin 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksJournals EditArthur Bowes Smyth Edit Drawing of an emu from his journal Main article Arthur Bowes Smyth Wikimedia Commons has media related to Journal of Arthur Bowes Smyth Arthur Bowes Smyth 1750 1790 was a surgeon on board Lady Penrhyn the transport that carried female convicts on the First Fleet Smyth was born on 23 August 1750 at Tolleshunt D Arcy Essex England and was buried there shortly after his return to England on 31 March 1790 5 6 7 Son of Surgeon Thomas Smyth and the seventh of ten children Arthur Bowes Smyth followed in his father s footsteps practising medicine in his place of birth until appointed Surgeon to the Ship s Company aboard Lady Penrhyn in 1787 7 8 Bowes Smyth then took charge of the prisoners on the ship when the convicts surgeon John Turnpenny Altree fell ill at Tenerife and in Governor Arthur Phillip s opinion had proved unequal to the task 7 9 10 11 Bowes as he was known in the colony kept a journal from 22 March 1787 to 12 August 1789 7 The journal is a detailed account of the voyage recording weather observations events on board treatment of the sick and descriptions of ports of call en route in particular Rio de Janeiro and Cape Town 8 His journal is notable for its interest in natural history including descriptions of bird life at Port Jackson and Lord Howe Island on Lady Penrhyn s return voyage 6 7 The journal contains 25 drawings in watercolour pen and ink including the earliest known surviving illustration of the emu by a European 5 These elements provide a unique account different from the other First Fleet Journals His journal is one of the most detailed eyewitness accounts of the first weeks of European settlement of Australia 12 The journal entries for 18 26 January record first impressions on arrival including interactions with Aboriginal communities and descriptions of the vegetation intense heat and native wildlife 5 6 The convicts and their children who disembarked Lady Penrhyn at Port Jackson are listed 5 His first journal entry dated 22 March 1787 records the full crew list and the women convicts their name age trade crime and term of transportation The list of children born on the voyage contains inaccuracies regarding the sex of the child and dates of birth and death 13 Lady Penrhyn under charter to the East India Company to continue her voyage to China for a cargo of tea departed Port Jackson in early May His journal continues recording the return voyage via Lord Howe Island Tahiti China St Helena and finally England 14 15 The original journal is now in the collection of the National Library of Australia with a manuscript copy in the British Library and a third manuscript copy held by the State Library of New South Wales 16 William Bradley Edit William Bradley s journal Main article William Bradley Royal Navy officer Wikimedia Commons has media related to Journal of William Bradley William Bradley 1757 1833 was a naval officer who sailed in the First Fleet on HMS Sirius as first lieutenant 17 Bradley joined the navy in 1772 and served as a captain s servant able seaman midshipman and master s mate on H M S Lenox Aldborough Mermaid Rippon Prothee Phaeton and Ariadne 17 Bradley s journal is held by the State Library of New South Wales and begins in 1786 with the organisation of the fleet from Deptford to Portsmouth and Gravesend 18 describing taking convicts instruments and supplies on board and lists some names and numbers of those on board HMS Sirius 19 The journal records the voyage to Australia and describes ports ships passed the weather as well as difficulties on board such having insufficient provisions to preserve the cattle on board 19 Upon arriving in Australia Bradley recounts his impressions of the colony as well as his interest in Aboriginal people and natural history 20 In 1789 Bradley describes being one of a party ordered by Governor Arthur Phillip to capture two Aborigines Colebee 21 and Bennelong by force calling it by far the most unpleasant service I ever was order d to Execute 19 Bradley s journal contains 29 watercolours inserted between the pages 22 as well as 22 detailed charts illustrating the voyage to Australia early survey expeditions in the colony and further voyages on HMS Sirius 23 24 Two days after reaching Port Jackson Bradley and John Hunter began to survey and chart Sydney Harbour naming various landmarks including Bradley s Point now known as Bradleys Head 24 The earliest known map of Sydney is Bradley s sketch of the encampment in March 1788 24 Bradley s journal also documents his journey to Norfolk Island in March 1790 20 HMS Sirius was wrecked on arrival 25 and Bradley remained for 11 months undertaking a survey of the island then travelled back to Port Jackson on Supply 20 The journal concludes with the return of HMS Sirius crew to England in April 1792 on Waakzaamheid anchoring at Portsmouth on 23 April 18 19 From 1809 Bradley suffered increasingly from mental disturbances 17 He was exiled to France after being caught attempting to defraud the postal authorities in 1814 and remained in exile until his death in 1833 17 Ralph Clark Edit The diaries of Lieutenant Ralph Clark pictured spanned from March 1787 to June 1792 with several gaps Main article Ralph Clark Wikimedia Commons has media related to wbr Journal of Ralph Clark and wbr Letters of Ralph Clark Ralph Clark c 1755 1794 was born in Edinburgh Scotland between 1755 26 and 1762 27 and died in the West Indies in 1794 He married Betsy Alicia Trevan in 1784 and their son Ralph Stuart sic was born in 1785 27 He was a Second Lieutenant of Marines with the 6th Company when he served on the convict transport Friendship bound for Botany Bay He was later promoted to First Lieutenant 28 The convict transport Friendship was built in Scarborough England in 1784 and was 276 tons It was the smallest of the convict transports and carried 76 male and 21 female convicts with a crew of about 20 29 Clark s journal covers the First Fleet voyage and the first few weeks in New South Wales It is held by the State Library of New South Wales and covers the period from 9 March 1787 to 10 March 1788 It lists all convicts aboard the Friendship including the date when each was received on board name trade crime sentence when and where they were tried county and place of birth Clark s journal gives an insight into his view of the convict women who he refers to as damned whores and abandond wreches sic 30 His journal is of a very personal nature and makes constant reference to his beloved Betsy and son Ralph who he greatly missed 30 Clark s journal has only three entries for March 1787 and no further entries until 13 May 1787 28 His complete journal also covers later periods and is in four volumes which includes his visit to Norfolk Island and his voyage on Gorgon returning to England 30 The four volumes cover the following time periods 9 March 1787 31 December 1787 1 January 1788 10 March 1788 15 February 1790 2 January 1791 and 25 January 1791 17 June 1792 30 His journal and letterbook have also been published 28 transcribed and digitised 30 David Collins Edit Main article David Collins lieutenant governor David Collins 1756 1810 was born on 3 March 1756 in London and joined the Royal Marines at the age of 14 31 He was Judge Advocate for the military and civil courts in the new colony of New South Wales and later the first lieutenant governor of the newly established colony Van Diemen s Land 31 He served on HMS Sirius Once he arrived in Sydney Collins worked as secretary to Governor Phillip 32 From his arrival in Botany Bay with the First Fleet on 20 January 1788 on board HMS Sirius 33 Collins was responsible for the Colony s entire legal establishment During his time on HMS Sirius and in the colony he kept a journal which also included his experiences in the settlement at Sydney In 1797 he returned to London and the following year with the help of his wife Maria he published his journal entitled An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales 34 a detailed first hand account of early settlement in Australia 13 The book s introduction describes the long voyage of the fleet and particularly HMS Sirius to Australia Collins gives an account of the accompanying ships their weight and the number of convicts supplies and crew each carried He describes an incident on Sunday 20 May 1787 where a mutiny being plotted by some convicts on board Scarborough was discovered Captain Phillip ordered the two ringleaders be taken on board HMS Sirius where they were punished with two dozen lashes to each offender 35 In the introduction Collins also mentions the fleet s passage to Brazil and describes two accidents that took place on that part of the voyage Only two accidents happened during the passage to the Brazils A seaman belonging to the Alexander was so unfortunate as to fall overboard and could not be recovered and a female convict on board the Prince of Wales was so much bruised by the falling of the boat from off the booms which owing to the violent motion of the ship had got loose that she died the following day notwithstanding the professional skill and humane attention of the principal surgeon for as the boat in launching forward fell upon the neck and crushed the vertebrae and spine all the aid he could render her was of no avail David Collins An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales 35 The rest of the volume describes life in the early days of the new colony Collins describes the local Aboriginal people the Australian environment events accidents crimes supplies and the weather It also includes some illustrations and plates 34 A second volume was published in 1802 36 In 1803 he was appointed as lieutenant governor and commissioned to form a new settlement at Sullivan Bay Victoria The location proved to be unsuitable and Collins received permission to relocate to an existing settlement established at Risdon 31 He sailed for Van Diemen s Land now known as Tasmania on HMS Calcutta Critical of the intended site at Risdon Collins chose Sullivans Cove as a superior location and harbour for Hobart Town He served as Lieutenant Governor of Van Diemen s Land until he died in 1810 31 John Easty Edit The first page of John Easty s journal Main article John Easty Wikimedia Commons has media related to Journal of John Easty John Easty fl 1768 1793 was a private soldier in the marines His dates of birth and death are not known Easty joined the marines no later than January 1784 and was appointed to Captain Lieutenant Meredith s company on 4 November 1787 37 He arrived with the First Fleet on Scarborough 38 the second largest vessel in the First Fleet 39 Easty s journal is held by the State Library of New South Wales and he was the lowest ranking author of the surviving journals of the First Fleet 40 He describes events on the voyage and in the colony in simple irregular English Incidents include accidents crimes and punishments and encounters with Aboriginal people In March 1788 he received a flogging for bringing a female convict into the camp 37 Some of the journal is hearsay or was written later 37 Most of the events are reported in a matter of fact way but Easty sometimes expresses his own strong opinions on matters such as the administration of the colony and religious beliefs On 22 February 1790 he writes that he and a private in the 53rd Regiment Thomas Brimage signed and sealed their last wills and testaments to each other 41 Easty returned to England on Atlantic in December 1792 with the last detachment of marines to leave Sydney 37 Arthur Philip also returned home on this voyage 38 Easty rejoined his division at Portsmouth in May 1793 37 He left the marines and was employed by Waddington amp Smith grocers in London in September 1794 37 In 1796 he petitioned the Admiralty for compensation promised for short rations in New South Wales 37 A transcription of John Easty s journal was published in 1965 42 John Hunter Edit Pages from John Hunter s journal Main article John Hunter Royal Navy officer John Hunter 1737 1821 an officer of the Royal Navy sailed with the First Fleet as a second captain on board HMS Sirius 43 44 Hunter went on to become the second governor of New South Wales and later retired having achieved the rank of vice Admiral Hunter was born on 29 August 1737 at Leith in Scotland 45 Hunter s journal is held by the State Library of New South Wales and describes his experiences during the First Fleet voyage and the early days in the colony 46 He also produced many charts sketches and writings including An Historical Journal of the Transactions at Port Jackson and Norfolk Island With the Discoveries that have been Made in New South Wales and the Southern Ocean since the Publication of Phillip s Voyage London 1793 45 and a book of sketches of Birds amp Flowers of New South Wales Drawn on the Spot in 1788 89 amp 90 47 Upon arriving at Port Jackson in January 1788 Hunter surveyed the harbour and the adjacent coast areas 43 In October 1788 Hunter was ordered to sail on HMS Sirius to the Cape of Good Hope for supplies After circumnavigating the globe in May 1789 he returned to New South Wales where he resumed his former duties as a magistrate and surveyor of the Port Jackson area 45 In April 1792 following the wreck of HMS Sirius at Norfolk Island in 1790 Hunter returned to England 48 where he was court martialled for the loss of the vessel under his command and honourably acquitted 45 In 1795 Hunter succeeded Arthur Phillip as the governor of New South Wales 45 and served in this capacity until September 1800 44 His term as the governor was difficult and after being accused of lack of competence and leadership he was recalled from the office 45 He left for England having handed over government of the colony to Philip Gidley King 45 In 1801 Hunter returned to England where he succeeded in clearing his name He regained his standing in society and continued to progress his naval career In 1807 he was promoted to rear admiral and finally in July 1810 to the rank of vice Admiral 45 He died on 13 March 1821 in London Philip Gidley King Edit Main article Philip Gidley King Wikimedia Commons has media related to Journal of Philip Gidley King Philip Gidley King 1758 1808 was the second lieutenant on HMS Sirius serving under Arthur Phillip the leader of the first sub colony on Norfolk Island and later the third governor of New South Wales Philip Gidley King s private journal Remarks amp Journal Kept On the Expedition to Form a Colony was kept in two volumes and is held by the State Library of New South Wales 49 Volume 1 of the journal covers the period between 24 October 1786 12 January 1789 A fair copy annotated by another hand and entitled A Narrative of the Preparation and Equipment of the First Fleet the Voyage to New South Wales in H M S Sirius Events in N S W and Norfolk Is and the Voyage to England in H M S Supply was also made 50 It includes a translation of some New Zealand Maori words 51 The journal contains details of events important to the community including items such as the weather the amount of fish caught persons sick or punished and crops that were grown 52 It was published with minor revision as an appendix to John Hunter s Historical Journal of the Transactions at Port Jackson and Norfolk Island in 1793 53 Jacob Nagle Edit Main article Jacob Nagle Wikimedia Commons has media related to Memoir of Jacob Nagle Jacob Nagle 1761 1841 was an ordinary seaman on board HMS Sirius He was an American who was born in Pennsylvania in 1761 and who died in Ohio in 1841 As a young man he served in the American War of Independence first as a soldier and later as a sailor He was taken prisoner by the British and this led to him joining the British Navy in 1782 He was selected for duty on HMS Sirius in 1787 54 55 His journal was written as a memoir in 1840 after his retirement from a life at sea and covers the 45 years of his life as a seafarer 56 There are two known copies one in the William L Clements Library at the University of Michigan 57 and the other in the State Library of New South Wales 58 A transcribed published version edited and with commentary by C Dann was issued in 1988 59 The years covering 1787 1791 are those spent as part of the First Fleet expedition Nagle s journal provides a detailed account of the First Fleet from the perspective of the common sailor He writes in an informal style as a worker rather than the official language of the more educated decision makers 59 He was present at and gives detailed reports on many key events He was a member of Governor Phillip s boat crew and took part in the explorations which led to the selection of Sydney as the site for settlement 59 60 61 He describes encounters with the Aboriginal people including the spearing of Governor Phillip 54 and the capture of Bennelong and Coleby 61 His eye witness accounts of events often provide a very different perspective than the more official reports and journals 59 Nagle was on board HMS Sirius when it was wrecked on rocks at Norfolk Island in 1790 He was a strong swimmer and was able to help retrieve supplies 55 61 He remained on Norfolk Island until the crew were rescued in 1791 when he returned to England Jacob Nagle s stories and reminiscences provide a colourful insight into the First Fleet experience 59 Arthur Phillip Edit Main article Arthur Phillip Arthur Phillip 1738 1814 was born in London on 11 October 1738 to Jacob and Elizabeth Phillip a German language teacher and former wife of a naval captain He was educated at the Greenwich school for the sons of seaman and completed a two year apprenticeship in the mercantile service His naval career began during the Seven Years War and led to an accomplished career which included a promotion to lieutenant 62 After a periodic retirement Phillip returned to the British navy in 1778 In 1786 he was appointed the first Governor of New South Wales and Admiral of the First Fleet 62 He was chosen for his organisational leadership and farming skills 63 He also displayed altruistic qualities with plans to treat the Aboriginal people with decency and assist convicts with improving their lives 64 Although sailing on the flagship HMS Sirius Phillip s journal chronicles many facets of the fleet s journey This ranges from preparations and plans significant stages of the voyage to the first landing at Botany Bay in 1788 The first meetings with Aboriginal people are described along with the resettlement to Sydney Cove at Port Jackson The journal then concentrates on the early events of the colony such as major naval movements inland expeditions scurvy outbreaks and ongoing encounters with the indigenous inhabitants Accompanying these entries are drawings of land marine and wildlife discoveries These include Lord Howe Island the Port Jackson shark and kangaroo In addition the journal includes an Appendix which provide the routes taken by each ship in the fleet and a list of convicts sent to the new colony 65 Due to a persistent health issue Phillip returned to England in 1792 While he never returned to New South Wales he retained an interest in its development 62 Phillip lived in Bath for most of his remaining life until he died on 31 August 1814 63 James Scott Edit Main article James Scott marine Wikimedia Commons has media related to Journal of James Scott James Scott d 1796 was a Sergeant of Marines on Prince of Wales He travelled with his wife Jane who gave birth to a daughter en route 66 He returned to England in 1791 with his family including a son William born in Sydney the previous year 67 His account of the voyage and his time in the colony entitled Remarks on a passage Botnay i e Botany bay 1787 has survived and covers the dates 13 May 1787 20 May 1792 67 In his journal he records that he commanded the Quarter Guard looked after pigs and poultry and after arriving at Sydney searched for a lost marine in the bush During the voyage he records that a convict attempted to escape at Tenerife 68 He died in Portsmouth England in 1796 66 The diary was published in 1963 as Remarks On a Passage to Botany Bay 1787 1792 A First Fleet Journal 68 Daniel Southwell Edit Main article Daniel Southwell Daniel Southwell c 1764 1797 joined the Royal Navy in 1780 He joined the crew of HMS Sirius as a midshipman 28 October 1787 was promoted to master s mate during the voyage to New South Wales In New South Wales Southwell was appointed as commander of the lookout at South Head 69 Southwell kept a journal from the time the voyage started until May 1789 He also corresponded via letters with his mother and uncle His journal and letters offer depictions of early colonial life and the first substantive interactions between Europeans and Australian Aborigines The letters also reveal clashes between the colonial Governor Phillip and his senior military officer Major Robert Ross and Southwell s deep pessimism regarding the colony s economic and governmental prospects 69 Watkin Tench Edit Main article Watkin Tench Watkin Tench 1758 1833 was a captain lieutenant of the Marine Corps and author He was born between May 1758 and May 1759 at Chester England the son of Fisher Tench and his wife Margaret Margaritta 70 Towards the end of 1786 he volunteered for a three year tour of service with the convict settlement about to be formed at Botany Bay He sailed in the transport Charlotte on 13 May 1787 as one of the two captain lieutenants of the marine detachment under Major Robert Ross and arrived in Botany Bay on 20 January 1788 Watkin Tench kept a journal on board Charlotte and continued to document life in the early colony 70 Tench has been described as having a flair for writing 71 and he provides anecdotes about all aspects of life in the colony including convict life daily activities and reflections on the Aboriginal tribes 72 He records his impressions of Tenerife Rio de Janeiro and Cape Town where the fleet stopped to restock supplies and also describes in detail the behaviour of the convicts 73 Tench described in some sources as being particularly humane in his treatment of convicts 71 records his great pleasure when on 20 May in light of the good behaviour of the convicts many were released temporarily from their bonds 73 Phillip s decision to lead a small advance group of ships to Botany Bay to begin construction of the settlement is described by Tench as a decision made due to unfavourable winds after leaving the Cape of Good Hope 73 although this had been allowed for in Phillip s instructions 63 Tench arranged for John Shortland sailing back to England in 1788 on Alexander to take Tench s manuscript with him so that it could be published The journal was first published in London in 1789 by Debrett s as A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay With an Account of New South Wales Its Productions Inhabitants amp c 73 It was one of the earliest published accounts of the First Fleet voyage and the early settlement of Australia The book ran to several editions and was later published in several languages including French German Dutch and Swedish 70 John White Edit Photograph of John White s published journal open to a drawing of a Tabuan parrot Main article John White surgeon John White 1756 1832 served as the chief surgeon on the fleet and to the settlement at Port Jackson 74 He had served on other ships in the Royal Navy including as surgeon s mate on HMS Wasp 75 and surgeon on HMS Irresistible 75 before being recommended for the expedition to Botany Bay by Sir Andrew Snape Hamond 75 76 His assistant surgeons on the First Fleet were Dennis Considen Thomas Arndell and William Balmain 76 White s diary records details of how he ordered medical supplies supervised the embarkation of the convicts and made visits during the voyage to the ships to check on the health of the convicts and crew White was also a keen amateur naturalist and on arrival in Port Jackson he was particularly interested in the birds of the colony 75 White sent the journal of his trip to Thomas Wilson a friend in London who published it in 1790 77 The published edition included engravings drawn from the specimens White collected and appeared under the title Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales With Sixty Five Plates of Non Descript Animals Birds Lizards Serpents Curious Cones of Trees and Other Natural Productions 75 78 White remained in the colony until December 1794 supervising the medical care of the convicts and crew arriving on the Second Fleet in 1790 and the Third Fleet in 1791 75 The journal of Watkin Tench another member of the colony describes White adopting a young Aboriginal boy named Nanbaree who was orphaned by the smallpox epidemic at Port Jackson in 1789 79 Letters EditDavid Blackburn Edit Main article David Blackburn Royal Navy officer Wikimedia Commons has media related to David Blackburn David Blackburn 1753 1795 from Newbury Berkshire England was the master of HMS Supply 80 He wrote a series of letters to family members and friends many of which are still extant 81 These letters describe the events of the voyage and the early days of settlement including Blackburn s participation in the expedition to Norfolk Island to establish a settlement there in February 1788 81 Blackburn s letters record the change in his feelings towards the voyage Initially reluctant to join the fleet 82 shortly before the fleet left he told his letter in a letter that my dislike to the voyage begins gradually to wear off 80 Supply was part of the advance party of ships which arrived in Botany Bay on 18 January 83 Blackburn also joined Phillip s expedition in search of a better location for the settlement 81 and describes Sydney Harbour as excellent and extensive 83 He died of illness on 10 January 1795 81 James Campbell Edit James Campbell served as Captain of Marines on Lady Penrhyn His dates of birth and death are not known 84 Campbell strongly criticised Phillip s actions both during the voyage and after arrival in Australia In a letter to Francis Reynolds Moreton 3rd Baron Ducie dated 12 July 1788 Campbell describes the final stages of the voyage He criticises Phillip s decision to take a small party of ships ahead as a Don Quixote scheme and notes that the two parties arrived within a few days of each other 84 John Campbell Edit John Campbell travelled on Lady Penrhyn as part of the fleet 85 He wrote a letter to his parents while travelling back to England in which he describes the voyage and early days of the colony 85 Although he travelled on Lady Penrhyn he is not included in Arthur Bowes Smyth s list of crew members on board 8 85 He later returned to England on the same ship He remained on board Lady Penrhyn while Phillip took a party ashore at Sydney Cove to plant the British flag 85 and describes his view of events in his letter the Governor went on Shore to take Possession of the Land with a Company of Granadeers amp Some Convicts at three A Clock in the Afternoon he sent on board of the Supply Brigantine for the Union Jack then orders was Gave fore the Soldiers to March down to the West Sid of the Cove they Cut one of the Trees Down amp fixt as flag Staf amp Hoistd the Jack and Fired four Volleys of Small Arms which was Answered with three Cheers from the Brig sic John Campbell Transcribed letter Newton Fowell Edit Newton Fowell 1768 1790 was a midshipman on HMS Sirius during the voyage to Australia 86 He was born in Devonshire England He joined the fleet after being recommended to Captain Phillip by Evan Nepean 87 He wrote a series of letters to his father both while on board and after arriving in Australia describing his experiences on the voyage and during the early days of settlement 86 He sent his first letter on the voyage on 20 May 1787 taking advantage of the return of Hyena to England after it had escorted the fleet out of British waters 88 89 In this letter he describes the fair winds enjoyed by the fleet as it left England states that they hope to reach Tenerife in a fortnight and notes that most of the convicts are in good health 89 He wrote again from Santa Cruz describing the events of the previous weeks including the discovery of a planned mutiny and his admiration of Captain Phillip 88 90 In his letter of 12 July 1788 Fowell describes the final two months of the voyage and the first six months of the European settlement at Sydney Cove 88 91 He also states that Phillip named the settlement Albion on 4 June 1788 87 91 Fowell was promoted to 2nd Lieutenant and after HMS Sirius was shipwrecked in March 1790 he was sent to Batavia in 1790 on HMS Supply to obtain supplies for the colony He died at sea on 25 August 1790 after contracting a fever 86 His original manuscript letters have survived and have also been published 88 Richard Johnson Edit Main article Richard Johnson chaplain Richard Johnson 1753 1827 was a Church of England clergyman who performed the first Christian church service in Australia 92 He joined the fleet as a result of his interest in mission and prison reform 93 He travelled on Golden Grove 92 He wrote a series of letters to friends and family from the colony In his letter of 10 February 1788 he gives an account of the voyage and arrival in Australia 94 His faith is clear in his letters and does not waver 92 He describes a storm which struck the fleet on 1 January 1788 which lasted 24 hours 94 Johnson remained in the colony for 12 years returning to England in 1800 for health reasons 92 Henry Waterhouse Edit Main article Henry Waterhouse Henry Waterhouse 1770 1812 was a midshipman on HMS Sirius 95 He wrote a letter to his father on 11 July 1788 He describes the fleet s encounters with wildlife during the voyage including birds seals and whales 96 He was part of the expedition to Norfolk Island to found a settlement there 95 George Worgan Edit Main article George Bouchier Worgan Wikimedia Commons has media related to Journal of George Bouchier Worgan George Bouchier Worgan 1757 1838 was a naval surgeon on HMS Sirius 97 Worgan s journal 98 takes the form of a letter to his brother Richard dated 12 June 1788 The journal covers the early months of European settlement in New South Wales 20 January to 11 July 1788 99 100 The first section written on HMS Sirius describes the fleet s arrival and their first encounter with Aboriginal Australians In the journal he talks about a rough journal and a more complete form 100 He describes expeditions the coastline and flora and fauna He also describes the building activities involved in setting up the settlement in New South Wales as well as native wood varieties and stone 98 Worgan describes in detail the activities and behaviour of both the European settlers and the Indigenous people of the area and the interactions between these groups 100 While in the colony Worgan went on expeditions to the Hawkesbury River and Broken Bay areas north of Sydney and accompanied Watkin Tench to the Nepean in 1790 He also spent a year on Norfolk Island He returned to England in 1791 Worgan died at Liskeard on 4 March 1838 97 Convict narrative EditJames Martin Edit Main article James Martin convict James Martin also spelled Martyn was born c 1760 in Ballymena County Antrim He had a wife and son in Exeter and had worked in England for seven years when at Exeter Assizes on 20 March 1786 he was sentenced to transportation for seven years for stealing eleven screw bolts and other goods from Powderham Castle He was held on the Dunkirk hulk for almost a year and was embarked upon Charlotte on 11 March 1787 by which he was transported to New South Wales Martin was apparently a useful tradesman in Sydney and his narrative known as the Memorandoms of James Martin is the only extant first hand account written by a First Fleet convict 101 On the night of 28 March 1791 Martin along with William Bryant his wife Mary nee Broad and their two children Charlotte and Emanuel William Allen Samuel Bird Samuel Broom James Cox Nathaniel Lillie and William Morton stole the colony s six oared open boat In this vessel the party navigated the eastern and northern coasts of Australia survived several ferocious storms encountered Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders and reached Kupang in Dutch West Timor on 5 June 1791 the entire party having survived There they successfully for a while at least passed themselves off as the survivors of a shipwreck Once their true identities were discovered the escapees were imprisoned and returned to England During this journey William Bryant Emanuel Bryant James Cox Samuel Bird and William Morton died The survivors arrived back in England on 18 June 1792 On 7 July they were brought to the bar at the Old Bailey and ordered to remain in Newgate gaol until their original sentences of transportation had expired Mary Bryant received an unconditional pardon on 2 May 1793 when her sentence expired while Martin Allen Broom and Lillie were released by proclamation on 2 November 1793 From there they largely disappear from the historical record The Memorandoms is part of the Bentham Papers archive in University College London Library s Special Collections It was first discovered by the Bentham scholar Charles Blount who in 1937 published a short edition limited to 150 copies 101 In 2017 an open access book containing reproductions of the original manuscript and a detailed introduction edited by Tim Causer was published by UCL Press See also EditBorrowdale Fishburn Golden Grove History of Australia 1788 1850 Stories of convicts on the First FleetReferences Edit Journals from the First Fleet Discover Collections State Library of NSW Retrieved 28 November 2013 First Fleet scribes Webster World Retrieved 28 November 2013 First Fleet Journals Citation 33 Australian Memory of the World Program UNESCO Retrieved 5 December 2013 Macy Jennifer 14 October 2009 First Fleet journals listed on UNESCO register ABC News Blog Retrieved 18 December 2013 a b c d Arthur Bowes Smyth illustrated journal 1787 1789 Titled A Journal of a Voyage from Portsmouth to New South Wales and China in the Lady Penrhyn Merchantman William Cropton Sever Commander by Arthur Bowes Smyth Surgeon 1787 1788 1789 being a fair copy compiled ca 1790 catalogue State Library of New South Wales Retrieved 21 November 2013 a b c Arthur Bowes Smyth 1750 1790 Discover Collections State Library of New South Wales Archived from the original on 23 June 2014 Retrieved 21 November 2013 a b c d e Smyth Arthur Bowes 1750 1790 Australian Dictionary of Biography Australian National University Retrieved 21 November 2013 a b c The journal of Arthur Bowes Smyth surgeon Lady Penrhyn 1787 1789 State Library Catalogue Retrieved 27 November 2013 Bateson Charles Library of Australian History 1983 The convict ships 1787 1868 Australian ed Library of Australian History p 38 ISBN 978 0 908120 51 2 The convict ships 1787 1868 State Library Catalogue Retrieved 28 November 2013 Historical records of New South Wales v 1 pt 2 Phillip 1783 1792 Charles Potter Government Printer 1892 1901 p 120 Smyth Arthur Bowes 1750 1790 1964 Original daily journal kept on the transport Lady Penrhyn containing one of the most detailed accounts of the first hundred days of settlement of Australia in 1788 by Arthur Bowes Smyth F Edwards a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b Gillen Mollie Browning Yvonne 1938 Flynn Michael C Library of Australian History Gillen Mollie 1989 The founders of Australia a biographical dictionary of the First Fleet Library of Australian History p 42 ISBN 978 0 908120 69 7 a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Historical records of New South Wales v 1 pt 2 Phillip 1783 1792 Charles Potter Government Printer 1892 1901 pp 126 136 Smyth Arthur Bowes Fidlon Paul G Ryan R J joint ed 1979 The journal of Arthur Bowes Smyth surgeon Lady Penrhyn 1787 1789 Australian Documents Library ISBN 978 0 908219 00 1 a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Williams Nat 16 April 2014 The Bowes Smyth First Fleet journal Treasures Blog National Library of Australia Retrieved 16 April 2014 a b c d Hine Janet D Bradley William 1757 1833 Australian Dictionary of Biography National centre for Biography Australian National University Retrieved 19 November 2013 a b Bradley William 1969 A voyage to New South Wales the journal of Lieutenant William Bradley RN of HMS Sirius 1786 1792 Trustees of the Public Library of New South Wales in association with Ure Smith pp xvi 495 a b c d Bradley William Transcription of William Bradley Journal Titled A Voyage to New South Wales December 1786 May 1792 compiled Retrieved 22 November 2013 a b c Bradley William William Bradley Journal Titled A Voyage to New South Wales December 1786 May 1792 compiled 1802 Retrieved 21 November 2013 Keith Vincent Smith 2008 Colebee Dictionary of Sydney Dictionary of Sydney Trust Retrieved 22 November 2013 William Bradley Drawings from his journal A Voyage to New South Wales 1802 State Library of New South Wales Retrieved 21 November 2013 William Bradley Charts from his journal A Voyage to New South Wales 1802 State Library of New South Wales Retrieved 21 November 2013 a b c William Bradley 1757 1833 State Library of New South Wales View Shipwreck Sirius HMS Australian National Shipwreck Database Department of the Environment Retrieved 22 November 2013 Collection 03 Ralph Clark Journal kept on the Friendship during a voyage to Botany Bay and Norfolk Island and on the Gorgon returning to England 9 March 1787 31 December 1787 1 January 1788 10 March 1788 15 February 1790 2 January 1791 25 January 1791 17 June 1792 Fair copy probably compiled later Catalogue State Library of NSW Retrieved 22 November 2013 a b Hine Janet Clark Ralph 1762 1794 Australian Dictionary of Biography Australian National University Retrieved 22 November 2013 a b c The Journal and Letters of Lt Ralph Clark 1787 1792 PDF Australian Documents Library in Association with The Library of Australian History Pty Ltd Retrieved 22 November 2013 First Fleet Fellowship Victoria Inc Descendants of those who arrived with the First Fleet in 1788 with Captain Arthur Phillip First Fleet Fellowship Victoria Inc 2011 Retrieved 22 November 2013 a b c d e Clark Ralph Journal State Library of New South Wales Catalogue Retrieved 28 November 2013 a b c d Collins David 1756 1810 David Collins Australian Biographical Dictionary State Library of NSW Retrieved 6 November 2013 David Collins Discover Collections State Library of NSW Archived from the original on 22 November 2013 Retrieved 31 October 2013 David Collins Discover Collections State Library of NSW Retrieved 6 November 2013 a b An Account of the English colony in New South Wales David Collins State Library of NSW Retrieved 6 November 2013 a b Collins David 1798 An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales London T Cadell Jun and W Davies p xv An account of the English Colony in New South Wales volume 2 State Library of NSW Retrieved 6 November 2013 a b c d e f g Richardson G D Easty John Australian Dictionary of Biography National Centre of Biography Australian National University Retrieved 25 October 2013 a b John Easty Discover Collections State Library of New South Wales Retrieved 25 October 2013 Scarborough Webster s Encyclopedia of Australia Retrieved 25 October 2013 John Easty Webster s Encyclopedia of Australia Retrieved 25 October 2013 Easty John Collection 04 John Easty Journal 1786 1793 Manuscripts oral history amp pictures catalogue State Library of New South Wales Retrieved 7 November 2013 Easty John 1965 Memorandum of the transactions of a voyage from England to Botany Bay 1787 1793 a First Fleet journal Sydney Trustees of the Public Library of New South Wales in association with Angus and Robertson a b Hunter John Collection 05 John Hunter journal kept on board of the Sirus during a voyage to New South Wales May 1787 March 1791 Manuscripts oral history amp pictures State Library of New South Wales Retrieved 14 November 2013 a b John Hunter 1737 1821 Discover Collections State Library of New South Wales Retrieved 14 November 2013 a b c d e f g h Auchmuty J J Hunter John 1737 1821 Australian Dictionary of Biography National centre for Biography Australian National University Retrieved 14 November 2013 Collection 05 John Hunter journal kept on board HMS Sirius during a voyage to New South Wales May 1787 March 1791 Catalogue State Library of NSW Retrieved 1 December 2013 Teacher resources Captain John Hunter Sketchbook Treasure explorer National Library of Australia Retrieved 21 November 2013 Barnes Robert 2009 An unlikely leader the life and times of Captain John Hunter Sydney University Press pp xii 329 ISBN 9781920899196 Philip Gidley King Journal State Library of NSW Record Detail notes Manuscripts Oral History and Pictures State Library of NSW Philip Gidley King Discovery Collections State Library of NSW 21 December 2015 First Fleet Fellowship stories Retrieved 22 November 2013 King Philip Gidley 1758 1808 Australian Dictionary of Biography Australian National University a b Easton Arthur Nagle Jacob 1761 1841 Australian Dictionary of Biography Australian National University Retrieved 21 November 2013 a b Frost Alan Nagle Jacob 1761 1841 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press Retrieved 21 November 2013 Millinger James F 1990 Review of the book The Nagle Journal a Diary of the Life of Jacob Nagle Sailor from the Year 1775 to 1841 by John C Dann Jacob Nagle Journal of the Early Republic University of Pennsylvania Press 10 2 Summer 1990 260 261 doi 10 2307 3123562 JSTOR 3123562 Hixon Meg Finding aid for Jacob Nagle Journal 1840 William L Clements Library Manuscripts Division Finding Aids Manuscripts Division William L Clements Library University of Michigan Retrieved 22 November 2013 Jacob Nagle 1761 1841 Discover Collections Journals of the First Fleet State Library of New South Wales Retrieved 22 November 2013 a b c d e Nagle Jacob 1988 Dann John C ed The Nagle journal a diary of the life of Jacob Nagle sailor from the year 1775 to 1841 Weidenfeld amp Nicolson ISBN 1555842232 Broken Bay First Encounters Jacob Nagle s Account BluePlanet Retrieved 22 November 2013 a b c Jacob Nagle s Journal 100 Exhibition State Library of New South Wales Retrieved 22 November 2013 a b c Fletcher B H Arthur Phillip 1738 1814 Australian Dictionary of Biography Retrieved 31 October 2013 a b c Parker Derek 2009 Arthur Phillip Australia s First Governor Warriewood Woodslane Press ISBN 9781921203992 Captain Arthur Phillip Sydney Living Museums Retrieved 14 November 2013 Phillip Arthur 1968 The Voyage of Governor Phillip to Botany Bay Australiana Facsimile Editions No 185 Adelaide Libraries Board of South Australia a b James Scott biography Australian Dictionary of Biography Retrieved 7 November 2013 a b Scott s journal catalogue State Library of NSW Retrieved 7 November 2013 a b Scott James 1963 Remarks on a passage to Botany Bay 1787 1792 a First Fleet Journal The trustees of The Public Library of New South Wales in association with Angus and Robertson retrieved 2 December 2013 a b Horton Allan 1967 Southwell Daniel 1764 1797 Australian Dictionary of Biography National Centre of Biography Australian National University a b c Fitzhardinge L F Watkin Tench 1758 1833 Australian Dictionary of Biography Australian National University Retrieved 2 December 2013 a b Tench Watkin Flannery Tim F Tim Fridtjof 1956 Tench Watkin 1758 or 9 1833 Complete account of the settlement at Port Jackson Tench Watkin 1758 or 9 1833 Narrative of the expedition to Botany Bay 5 January 2009 1788 comprising A narrative of the exhibition to Botany Bay and A complete account of the settlement at Port Jackson Text Publishing published 2009 ISBN 978 1 921520 04 4 a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Watkin Tench Discover Collections State Library of NSW Retrieved 2 December 2013 a b c d Tench Watkin 1789 A narrative of the expedition to Botany Bay with an account of New South Wales its productions inhabitants amp c to which is subjoined a list of the civil and military establishments at Port Jackson printed for Messrs H Chamberlaine retrieved 2 December 2013 White John 1790 Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales a b c d e f Rienits Rex White John 1756 1832 Australian Dictionary of Biography Retrieved 25 October 2013 a b Frost Alan Frost Alan 1943 2011 The First Fleet the real story Black Inc ISBN 978 1 86395 529 4 a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Published Accounts Discover Collections State Library of New South Wales Retrieved 25 October 2013 Journal of a voyage to New South Wales with sixty five plates of non descript animals birds lizards serpents curious cones of trees and other natural productions Catalogue record State Library of New South Wales Retrieved 25 October 2013 Egan Jack 1999 Buried alive Sydney 1788 1792 eyewitness accounts of the making of a nation Allen amp Unwin ISBN 978 1 86508 138 0 a b Hirst Warwick 2005 Blackburn David 1753 1795 Australian Dictionary of Biography Vol Supplementary Volume National Centre of Biography Australian National University ISSN 1833 7538 Retrieved 26 July 2015 a b c d David Blackburn 1753 1795 Discover Collections State Library of NSW Archived from the original on 19 December 2013 Retrieved 6 December 2013 Elizabeth Blackburn Letter received from her son David Blackburn 1787 Retrieved 6 December 2013 a b Margaret Blackburn Letters 14 received from her brother David Blackburn 1787 1791 Retrieved 6 December 2013 a b James Campbell d 1795 Discover Collections State Library of NSW Retrieved 6 December 2013 a b c d John Campbell Discover Collections State Library of NSW Retrieved 7 December 2013 a b c Collection 17 Fowell Family Collection Letters received from Newton Fowell 1786 1790 Includes letters written by various other people Catalogue State Library of NSW Retrieved 6 December 2013 a b Newton Fowell 1768 1790 Discover Collections State Library of NSW Retrieved 6 December 2013 a b c d Fowell Newton Irvine Nance Sirius Ship 1988 The Sirius letters the complete letters of Newton Fowell midshipman amp lieutenant aboard the Sirius flagship of the first fleet on its voyage to New South Wales Fairfax Library ISBN 978 1 86290 000 4 a b Item 10 Letter received by John Fowell from Newton Fowell 20 May 1787 Catalogue State Library of NSW Retrieved 6 December 2013 Letter received by John Fowell from Newton Fowell 4 June 1787 Catalogue State Library of NSW Retrieved 6 December 2013 a b Item 18 Letter received by John Fowell from Newton Fowell 12 July 1788 Catalogue State Library of NSW Retrieved 6 December 2013 a b c d Cable K J Johnson Richard 1753 1827 Australian Dictionary of Biography Australian National University Retrieved 7 December 2013 Reverend Richard Johnson 1753 1827 Discover Collections State Library of NSW Retrieved 7 December 2013 a b Collection 18 Letters from the Rev Richard Johnson to Henry Fricker 30 May 1787 10 Aug 1797 with associated items ca 1888 Retrieved 7 December 2013 a b Parsons Vivienne Waterhouse Henry 1770 1812 Australian Dictionary of Biography Australian National University Retrieved 7 December 2013 Henry Waterhouse c 1770 1812 Discover Collections State Library of NSW Retrieved 7 December 2013 a b Cobley John Worgan George Bouchier 1757 1838 Australian Dictionary of Biography Australian National University Retrieved 2 December 2013 a b George Bouchier Worgan 1757 1838 website State Library of NSW Retrieved 14 November 2013 Worgan George Bouchier 1757 1838 website Encyclopedia of Australian Science Retrieved 14 November 2013 a b c George Bouchier Worgan letter written to his brother Richard Worgan 12 18 June 1788 Catalogue State Library of NSW Retrieved 14 November 2013 a b Martin James 2017 c1793 Causer Tim ed Memorandoms UCL Press ISBN 9781911576839 Further reading EditEgan Jack 1999 Buried alive Sydney 1788 1792 eyewitness accounts of the making of a nation Allen amp Unwin ISBN 9781865081380 Frost Alan 2012 The First Fleet the real story Black Inc ISBN 9781863955614 Parker Derek 2009 Arthur Phillip Woodslane Press ISBN 9781921203992 Pembroke Michael 2013 Arthur Phillip Sailor Mercenary Governor Spy Hardie Grant Books ISBN 9781742705088 Tink Andrew 2011 Lord Sydney the life and times of Tommy Townshend Australian Scholarly Publishing ISBN 9781921875434 External links EditA Journal of a Voyage from Portsmouth to New South Wales and China in the Lady Penrhyn Merchantman William Cropton Sever Commander by Arthur Bowes Smyth Surgeon 1787 1788 1789 A Voyage to New South Wales by William Bradley Journal kept on the Friendship during a voyage to Botany Bay and Norfolk Island and on the Gorgon returning to England 9 March 1787 31 December 1787 1 January 1788 10 March 1788 15 February 1790 2 January 1791 25 January 1791 17 June 1792 by Ralph Clark An Account of the English Colony of NSW Vol 1 by David Collins at Project Gutenberg Pt Jno Easty A Memorandum of the Transa of a Voiage sic from England to Botany Bay in The Scarborough transport Captn Marshall Commander kept by me your humble Servan John Easty marine wich sic began 1787 by John Easty Journal kept on board the Sirius during a voyage to New South Wales May 1787 March 1791 by John Hunter Remarks amp Journal kept on the Expedition to form a Colony by Philip Gidley King Memorandoms by James Martin An Astonishing Escape from Early New South Wales ed T Causer London UCL Press 2017 Also https www youtube com watch v UToptGN4990 Escape from Australia a convict s tale a UCL video production discussing the Memorandoms Partial transcript of Jacob Nagle his Book A D One Thousand Eight Hundred and Twenty Nine May 19th Canton Stark County Ohio by Jacob Nagle The Voyage of Governor Phillip to Botany Bay by Arthur Phillip at Project Gutenberg Remarks on a passage Botnay sic bay 1787 13 May 1787 20 May 1792 by James Scott A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay by Watkin Tench Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales by John White Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Journals of the First Fleet amp oldid 1115780471, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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