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National Medical Association

April 11, 2024

The National Medical Association (NMA) is the largest and oldest organization representing African American physicians and their patients in the United States. As a 501(c)(3) national professional and scientific organization, the NMA represents the interests of over 30,000 African American physicians and their patients, with nearly 112 affiliated societies throughout the nation and U.S. territories. Through its membership, professional growth, community health education, advocacy, research, and collaborations with public and private organizations, the organization is dedicated to enhancing the quality of health among minorities and underprivileged people. Throughout its history, the NMA has primarily focused on health issues related to African Americans and medically underserved populations. However, its principles, goals, initiatives, and philosophy encompass all ethnic groups

National Medical Association
Formation1895
HeadquartersSilver Spring, Maryland
Location
  • United States
Membership
African American Physicians
Official language
English
President
Rachel Villanueva
Websitewww.nmanet.org

Conceived in no spirit of racial exclusiveness, fostering no ethnic antagonism, but born of the exigencies of the American environment, the National Medical Association has for its object the banding together for mutual cooperation and helpfulness, the men and women of African descent who are legally and honorably engaged in the practice of the cognate professions of medicine, surgery, pharmacy and dentistry.
— C.V. Roman, M.D. NMA Founding Member and First Editor of the Journal of the National Medical Association (NMA) 1908[1]

History edit

During the Jim Crow era in the southern part of the United States, state laws and social customs mandated the racial segregation of medical societies, medical facilities, and medical education.[2] The NMA was organized by twelve black doctors attending the Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta, Georgia. The first president was Robert F. Boyd, and Daniel Hale Williams served as the vice president.[3]

National health insurance edit

The NMA, dedicated to promoting the interests of those of "African Descent", contributed to the national health insurance dialogue from 1900 to 1950. Despite its rather marginal size, starting in the mid-1910s, the NMA advocated compulsory health insurance. Primarily, the association sought any means that provided medical care for African Americans. As an association, however, it also sought to promote the interests of the African American physicians themselves.

From the mid-1910s to the late 1940s, the American Medical Association (AMA) acted as the mainstream medical profession's voice. Yet numerous African American doctors were unable to join the AMA due to the lack of county medical societies and because of local bigoted practices, thereby limiting the number of African American AMA members. To exacerbate matters further, the NMA's leadership continued to support compulsory health insurance while AMA members largely distanced themselves from such a scheme due to (a) the red scare, (b) the belief in U.S. health superiority to other nations with national health insurance schemes and (c) the argument that national health insurance would potentially ruin the "sacred" practitioner-patient relationship. Struggling between providing medical care for African Americans as well as maintaining the voice of African American physicians, the NMA was internally divided on these issues from the late 1930s-early 1950s.

During this time period, the NMA leadership repeatedly stated their support for a national health insurance scheme through the Journal of the National Medical Association as well as newspapers like the Chicago Defender. At the same time, rank-and-file members, desirous to practice medicine, supported the AMA's proposals. Indeed, during the height of the health insurance debates from 1946 to 1950, the AMA often sent guest speakers to the NMA's conferences. Such AMA officials promised the NMA membership in their ranks as well as the right to practice medicine. Yet the NMA's leadership largely resisted the AMA's efforts. NMA presidents like Drs. E. L. Robinson, C. Austin Whitter and J. G. Gathings opposed the AMA's proposals on the grounds that the AMA had previously excluded African American patients from their care as well as African American physicians from their ranks. Furthermore, the AMA's support of Abraham Flexner's Report of 1910 witnessed the closure of numerous African American and women's hospitals across the country. How could, the NMA leadership argued, African American doctors support the AMA when the AMA was, in fact, the origin of some of African American's most severe issues (indeed, NMA member Dr. Cobb compared the AMA's tactics to the KKK during 1946–50).

By the early 1950s, the NMA still did not possess a consensual platform concerning health insurance. Internally torn about the best methods to promote their own professional ambitions as well as the interests of African American patients, the health insurance topic remained a divisive one. Still, members of the NMA offered resistance to the AMA's promotion of voluntary health insurance when few medical practitioners dared to.

In the late 1950s, the NMA took a more active interest in civil rights under the leadership of its president, T. R. M. Howard, a surgeon from Mississippi. In the months after his election as president, Howard had played a key role in the search for evidence and witnesses in the Emmett Till murder case and led the largest civil rights organization in the state, the Regional Council of Negro Leadership. In 1957, under his leadership, the NMA organized the Imhotep National Conference on Hospital Integration which publicized and challenged continuing hospital segregation in both the North and South.[4]

NMA Convention and Scientific Assembly edit

 
Marcia Fudge speaking at the 2017 annual NMA conference

Nearly every year since its founding in 1895, the NMA has held the Annual Convention & Scientific Assembly, which is regarded as the nation's foremost forum on medical science and African American health. The NMA is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to sponsor continuing medical education.

Through the presentation of CME programs at the national and regional conventions, as well as at state and local society meetings, NMA members are able to meet Category 1 requirements for the Physician's Achievement Award of the NMA and the Physician's Recognition Award of the American Medical Association (AMA). The NMA offers CME programs in 23 specialties—from aerospace medicine to urology.[5]

Program awareness edit

The NMA has conducted national consumer awareness programs in cancer, women's health, radon, secondhand smoke, smoking cessation and immunizations. Further, the work of the NMA and its members has received national exposure on NBC, ABC, FOX and CNN television stations, as well as numerous radio and major print media each year.[6]

Journal of the National Medical Association edit

The official journal of the National Medical Association, Journal of the National Medical Association, began publication in 1908 soon after the founding of the NMA with C. V. Roman as first editor. Currently under the leadership of Editor-in-Chief Edith P. Mitchell, MD, MACP, FCPP, it is a peer-reviewed publication whose purpose is to address medical care disparities of persons of African descent.[7]

List of presidents edit

  1. Robert F. Boyd (1895 to 1898)[8][9]
  2. H. T. Noel (1895 to 1900)[8][9]
  3. O. D. Porter (1901 to 1902)[9]
  4. F. A. Stewart (1903)[8][9]
  5. Charles Victor Roman (1904)[8][9]
  6. John E. Hunter (1905)[8][9]
  7. R. E. Jones (1906)[8][9]
  8. Nathan Francis Mossell (1907)[8][9]
  9. W. H. Wright (1908)[8][9]
  10. P. A. Johnson (1909)[8][9]
  11. Marcus F. Wheatland (1910)[8][9]
  12. Austin M. Curtis (1911)[8][9]
  13. H. F. Gamble (1912)[8][9]
  14. John A. Kenney (1913)[9]
  15. A. M. Brown (1914)[9]
  16. F. S. Hargraves (1915)[9]
  17. Ulysses Grant Dailey (1916)[9][10]
  18. D. W. Byrd (1917)[9]
  19. George W. Cabaniss (1918)[9]
  20. D. A. Ferguson (1919)[9]
  21. J. W. Jones (1920)[9]
  22. John P. Turner (1921)[9]
  23. Henry Morgan Green (1922)[11][9]
  24. J. Edward Perry (1923)[9]
  25. John O. Plummer (1924)[9]
  26. Michael Q. Dumas (1925)[9]
  27. Walter G. Alexander (1926)[9]
  28. Carl G. Roberts (1927)[9]
  29. C. V. Freeman (1928)[9]
  30. Thomas Spotuas Burwell (1929)[9][12]
  31. L. A. West (1930)[9]
  32. W. H. Higgins (1931)[9]
  33. Peter Marshall Murray (1932)[9]
  34. C. Hamilton Francis (1933)[9]
  35. Midian O. Bousfield (1934)[9]
  36. John H. Hale (1935)[9]
  37. W. Harry Barnes (1936)[9]
  38. Roscoe Conkling Giles (1937)[9]
  39. Lyndon M. Hills (1938)[9]
  40. George W. Bowles (1939)[9]
  41. Albert W. Dumas (1940)[9]
  42. Kenneth W. Clement (1941)[9]
  43. Arthur M. Vaughn (1942)[9]
  44. Henry Eugene Lee (1943)[9]
  45. T. Manuel Smith (1944–1945)[9]
  46. Emory I. Robinson (1946)[9]
  47. Walter M. Young (1947)[9]
  48. J.A.C. Larrimore (1948)[9]
  49. C. Austin Whittier (1949)[9]
  50. C. Herbert Marshall (1950)[9]
  51. Henry H. Walker (1951)[9]
  52. Joseph G. Gathering (1952)[9]
  53. Witter C. Atkinson (1953)[9]

References edit

  1. ^ Historical Manifesto National Medical Association retrieved 2017-10-09
  2. ^ Black Physicians in the Jim Crow South (c). University of Arkansas Press. 2003. ISBN 9781610750721.
  3. ^ Morrison, Sheena M.; Fee, Elizabeth (2010-04-01). "The Journal of the National Medical Association: A Voice for Civil Rights and Social Justice". American Journal of Public Health. 100 (S1): S70–S71. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.175042. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 2837443. PMID 20147673.
  4. ^ History National Medical Association retrieved 2017-10-09
  5. ^ Benefits of Membership at the NMA National Medical Association retrieved 2017-10-09
  6. ^ Benefits of Membership at the NMA National Medical Association retrieved 2010-07-21
  7. ^ "Journal of the National Medical Association". Elsevier B.V. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Presidents of National Medical Association". Journal of the National Medical Association. 4 (4): 351. October 1912. PMC 2621469. PMID 20891312.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba Williams, Richard Allen (2020). Blacks in Medicine: Clinical, Demographic, and Socioeconomic Correlations. Springer Nature. pp. 98–99. ISBN 9783030419608.
  10. ^ "Celebrating Black History: Ulysses G. Dailey, MD". Northwestern Medicine. Northwestern University. February 19, 2021.
  11. ^ Booker, Robert (2012-02-14). "City boasts long roll of black achievers". The Knoxville News-Sentinel. p. 13. Retrieved 2023-04-08.
  12. ^ Turner, John P. (August 1938). "In Memoriam: T. Spotuas Burwell". Journal of the National Medical Association. 30 (3): 134. PMC 2624174.

External links edit

  • Official website

April 11, 2024
national, medical, association, largest, oldest, organization, representing, african, american, physicians, their, patients, united, states, national, professional, scientific, organization, represents, interests, over, african, american, physicians, their, pa. The National Medical Association NMA is the largest and oldest organization representing African American physicians and their patients in the United States As a 501 c 3 national professional and scientific organization the NMA represents the interests of over 30 000 African American physicians and their patients with nearly 112 affiliated societies throughout the nation and U S territories Through its membership professional growth community health education advocacy research and collaborations with public and private organizations the organization is dedicated to enhancing the quality of health among minorities and underprivileged people Throughout its history the NMA has primarily focused on health issues related to African Americans and medically underserved populations However its principles goals initiatives and philosophy encompass all ethnic groupsNational Medical AssociationFormation1895HeadquartersSilver Spring MarylandLocationUnited StatesMembershipAfrican American PhysiciansOfficial languageEnglishPresidentRachel VillanuevaWebsitewww wbr nmanet wbr org Conceived in no spirit of racial exclusiveness fostering no ethnic antagonism but born of the exigencies of the American environment the National Medical Association has for its object the banding together for mutual cooperation and helpfulness the men and women of African descent who are legally and honorably engaged in the practice of the cognate professions of medicine surgery pharmacy and dentistry C V Roman M D NMA Founding Member and First Editor of the Journal of the National Medical Association NMA 1908 1 Contents 1 History 1 1 National health insurance 2 NMA Convention and Scientific Assembly 3 Program awareness 4 Journal of the National Medical Association 5 List of presidents 6 References 7 External linksHistory editDuring the Jim Crow era in the southern part of the United States state laws and social customs mandated the racial segregation of medical societies medical facilities and medical education 2 The NMA was organized by twelve black doctors attending the Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta Georgia The first president was Robert F Boyd and Daniel Hale Williams served as the vice president 3 National health insurance edit The NMA dedicated to promoting the interests of those of African Descent contributed to the national health insurance dialogue from 1900 to 1950 Despite its rather marginal size starting in the mid 1910s the NMA advocated compulsory health insurance Primarily the association sought any means that provided medical care for African Americans As an association however it also sought to promote the interests of the African American physicians themselves From the mid 1910s to the late 1940s the American Medical Association AMA acted as the mainstream medical profession s voice Yet numerous African American doctors were unable to join the AMA due to the lack of county medical societies and because of local bigoted practices thereby limiting the number of African American AMA members To exacerbate matters further the NMA s leadership continued to support compulsory health insurance while AMA members largely distanced themselves from such a scheme due to a the red scare b the belief in U S health superiority to other nations with national health insurance schemes and c the argument that national health insurance would potentially ruin the sacred practitioner patient relationship Struggling between providing medical care for African Americans as well as maintaining the voice of African American physicians the NMA was internally divided on these issues from the late 1930s early 1950s During this time period the NMA leadership repeatedly stated their support for a national health insurance scheme through the Journal of the National Medical Association as well as newspapers like the Chicago Defender At the same time rank and file members desirous to practice medicine supported the AMA s proposals Indeed during the height of the health insurance debates from 1946 to 1950 the AMA often sent guest speakers to the NMA s conferences Such AMA officials promised the NMA membership in their ranks as well as the right to practice medicine Yet the NMA s leadership largely resisted the AMA s efforts NMA presidents like Drs E L Robinson C Austin Whitter and J G Gathings opposed the AMA s proposals on the grounds that the AMA had previously excluded African American patients from their care as well as African American physicians from their ranks Furthermore the AMA s support of Abraham Flexner s Report of 1910 witnessed the closure of numerous African American and women s hospitals across the country How could the NMA leadership argued African American doctors support the AMA when the AMA was in fact the origin of some of African American s most severe issues indeed NMA member Dr Cobb compared the AMA s tactics to the KKK during 1946 50 By the early 1950s the NMA still did not possess a consensual platform concerning health insurance Internally torn about the best methods to promote their own professional ambitions as well as the interests of African American patients the health insurance topic remained a divisive one Still members of the NMA offered resistance to the AMA s promotion of voluntary health insurance when few medical practitioners dared to In the late 1950s the NMA took a more active interest in civil rights under the leadership of its president T R M Howard a surgeon from Mississippi In the months after his election as president Howard had played a key role in the search for evidence and witnesses in the Emmett Till murder case and led the largest civil rights organization in the state the Regional Council of Negro Leadership In 1957 under his leadership the NMA organized the Imhotep National Conference on Hospital Integration which publicized and challenged continuing hospital segregation in both the North and South 4 NMA Convention and Scientific Assembly edit nbsp Marcia Fudge speaking at the 2017 annual NMA conferenceNearly every year since its founding in 1895 the NMA has held the Annual Convention amp Scientific Assembly which is regarded as the nation s foremost forum on medical science and African American health The NMA is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to sponsor continuing medical education Through the presentation of CME programs at the national and regional conventions as well as at state and local society meetings NMA members are able to meet Category 1 requirements for the Physician s Achievement Award of the NMA and the Physician s Recognition Award of the American Medical Association AMA The NMA offers CME programs in 23 specialties from aerospace medicine to urology 5 Program awareness editThe NMA has conducted national consumer awareness programs in cancer women s health radon secondhand smoke smoking cessation and immunizations Further the work of the NMA and its members has received national exposure on NBC ABC FOX and CNN television stations as well as numerous radio and major print media each year 6 Journal of the National Medical Association editThe official journal of the National Medical Association Journal of the National Medical Association began publication in 1908 soon after the founding of the NMA with C V Roman as first editor Currently under the leadership of Editor in Chief Edith P Mitchell MD MACP FCPP it is a peer reviewed publication whose purpose is to address medical care disparities of persons of African descent 7 List of presidents editThis list is incomplete you can help by adding missing items April 2023 Robert F Boyd 1895 to 1898 8 9 H T Noel 1895 to 1900 8 9 O D Porter 1901 to 1902 9 F A Stewart 1903 8 9 Charles Victor Roman 1904 8 9 John E Hunter 1905 8 9 R E Jones 1906 8 9 Nathan Francis Mossell 1907 8 9 W H Wright 1908 8 9 P A Johnson 1909 8 9 Marcus F Wheatland 1910 8 9 Austin M Curtis 1911 8 9 H F Gamble 1912 8 9 John A Kenney 1913 9 A M Brown 1914 9 F S Hargraves 1915 9 Ulysses Grant Dailey 1916 9 10 D W Byrd 1917 9 George W Cabaniss 1918 9 D A Ferguson 1919 9 J W Jones 1920 9 John P Turner 1921 9 Henry Morgan Green 1922 11 9 J Edward Perry 1923 9 John O Plummer 1924 9 Michael Q Dumas 1925 9 Walter G Alexander 1926 9 Carl G Roberts 1927 9 C V Freeman 1928 9 Thomas Spotuas Burwell 1929 9 12 L A West 1930 9 W H Higgins 1931 9 Peter Marshall Murray 1932 9 C Hamilton Francis 1933 9 Midian O Bousfield 1934 9 John H Hale 1935 9 W Harry Barnes 1936 9 Roscoe Conkling Giles 1937 9 Lyndon M Hills 1938 9 George W Bowles 1939 9 Albert W Dumas 1940 9 Kenneth W Clement 1941 9 Arthur M Vaughn 1942 9 Henry Eugene Lee 1943 9 T Manuel Smith 1944 1945 9 Emory I Robinson 1946 9 Walter M Young 1947 9 J A C Larrimore 1948 9 C Austin Whittier 1949 9 C Herbert Marshall 1950 9 Henry H Walker 1951 9 Joseph G Gathering 1952 9 Witter C Atkinson 1953 9 References edit Historical Manifesto National Medical Association retrieved 2017 10 09 Black Physicians in the Jim Crow South c University of Arkansas Press 2003 ISBN 9781610750721 Morrison Sheena M Fee Elizabeth 2010 04 01 The Journal of the National Medical Association A Voice for Civil Rights and Social Justice American Journal of Public Health 100 S1 S70 S71 doi 10 2105 AJPH 2009 175042 ISSN 0090 0036 PMC 2837443 PMID 20147673 History National Medical Association retrieved 2017 10 09 Benefits of Membership at the NMA National Medical Association retrieved 2017 10 09 Benefits of Membership at the NMA National Medical Association retrieved 2010 07 21 Journal of the National Medical Association Elsevier B V Retrieved 8 June 2020 a b c d e f g h i j k l Presidents of National Medical Association Journal of the National Medical Association 4 4 351 October 1912 PMC 2621469 PMID 20891312 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba Williams Richard Allen 2020 Blacks in Medicine Clinical Demographic and Socioeconomic Correlations Springer Nature pp 98 99 ISBN 9783030419608 Celebrating Black History Ulysses G Dailey MD Northwestern Medicine Northwestern University February 19 2021 Booker Robert 2012 02 14 City boasts long roll of black achievers The Knoxville News Sentinel p 13 Retrieved 2023 04 08 Turner John P August 1938 In Memoriam T Spotuas Burwell Journal of the National Medical Association 30 3 134 PMC 2624174 External links editOfficial website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title National Medical Association amp oldid 1214551895 Journal of the National Medical Association, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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