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Joseph Halévy

December 15, 2023

Joseph Halévy (15 December 1827, in Adrianople – 21 January 1917, in Paris) was an Ottoman born Jewish-French Orientalist and traveller.

Joseph Halévy

His most notable work was done in Yemen, which he crossed during 1869 to 1870 in search of Sabaean inscriptions, no European having traversed that land since AD 24;[clarification needed] the result was a most valuable collection of 800 inscriptions.

While a teacher in Jewish schools, first in his native town and later in Bucharest, he devoted his leisure to the study of Oriental languages and archeology, in which he became proficient. In 1868 he was sent by the Alliance israélite universelle to Abyssinia to study the conditions of the Falashas. His report on that mission, which he had fulfilled with distinguished success, attracted the attention of the French Institute (Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres), which sent him to Yemen in 1870 to study the Sabaean inscriptions. Halévy returned with 686 of these, deciphering and interpreting them, and thus succeeding in reconstructing the rudiments of the Sabaean language and mythology. In 1879 Halévy became professor of Ethiopic in the École pratique des hautes études, Paris, and librarian of the Société Asiatique.

Halévy's scientific activity has been very extensive, and his writings on Oriental philology and archeology, which display great originality and ingenuity, have earned for him a worldwide reputation. He is especially known through his controversies with eminent Assyriologists concerning the non-Semitic Sumerian idiom found in the Assyro-Babylonian inscriptions. Contrary to the generally admitted opinion, Halévy put forward the theory that Sumerian is not a language, but merely an ideographic method of writing invented by the Semitic Babylonians themselves.[1]

Halevy was a professor at the University of Paris.

Biblical researches edit

For the student of specifically Jewish learning the most noteworthy of Halévy's works is his "Recherches Bibliques," wherein he shows himself to be a decided adversary of the so-called higher criticism. He analyzes the first twenty-five chapters of Genesis in the light of recently discovered Assyro-Babylonian documents, and admits that Gen. i.-xi. 26 represents an old Semitic myth almost wholly Assyro-Babylonian, greatly transformed by the spirit of prophetic monotheism. The narratives of Abraham and his descendants, however, although considerably embellished, he regards as fundamentally historical, and as the work of one author. The contradictions found in these narratives, and which are responsible for the belief of modern critics in a multiplicity of authors, disappear upon close examination. The hypothesis of Jahwistic and Elohistic documents is, according to him, fallacious.

Works edit

His works are numerous, and deal with various branches of Oriental study.

The following are Halévy's principal works, all of which have been published in Paris:

  • Mission archéologique dans le Yemen (1872)
  • Essai sur la langue Agaou, le dialect des Falachas (1873)
  • Voyage au Nedjrân (1873)
  • Études berbères, Epigraphie Lybique (1873)
  • Mélanges d'épigraphie et d'archéologie sémitiques (1874)
  • Études sabéennes (1875)
  • La Prétendue Langue d'Accad, Est-Elle Touranienne? (1875)
  • Études sur la syllabaire cunéiforme (1876)
  • La Nouvelle Evolution de l'Accadisme (1876–78)
  • Prières des Falachas, Ethiopic text with a Hebrew translation (1877)
  • Recherches critiques sur l'origine de la civilisation babylonienne (1877)
  • Essai sur les inscriptions du Safa (1882)
  • Documents Religieux de l'Assyrie et de la Babylonie, text with translation and commentary (1882)
  • Essai sur les Inscriptions du Safã (1882)
  • Mélanges de critique et d'histoire relatifs aux peuples sémitiques (1883)
  • Aperçu Grammatical sur l'Allographie Assyro-Babylonienne (1885)
  • Essai sur l'Origine des Ecritures Indiennes (1886)
  • La Correspondance d'Amenophis III. et d'Amenophis IV. Transcrite et Traduite (1891–93)
  • Les Inscriptions de Zindjirli, two studies, 1893, 1899.
  • Nouvelles Observations sur les Ecritures Indiennes (1895)
  • Recherches Bibliques, a series of articles begun in "R. E. J."; continued, after 1893, in the Revue Sémitique d'Epigraphie et d'Histoire Ancienne, founded by Halévy; and published in book-form in 1895.
  • Meliẓah we-Shir, Hebrew essays and poems (Jerusalem, 1895)
  • Tobie et Akhiakar (1900)
  • Le Sumérisme et l'Histoire Babylonienne (1900)
  • Taazaze Sanbat, Ethiopic text and translation, (1902)
  • Le Nouveau Fragment Hébreu de l'Ecclésiastique (1902)
  • Les Tablettes Gréco-Babyloniennes et le Sumérisme (1902)
  • Essai sur les Inscriptions Proto-Arabes (1903)
  • Etudes Evangéliques (1903).

In the earlier part of his life he was a regular contributor to the Hebrew periodicals, the clarity of his Hebrew being greatly admired.

Bibliography edit

References edit

  1. ^ Halévy, Joseph. Étude sur les documents philologiques assyriens [a lecture read in 1878]. In: idem, Mélanges de critique et d’histoire relatifs aux peuples sémitiques. Paris: Maisonneuve et Cie 1883, 241–364. Available online at <http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k56843109.image.f254.langEN>.
  •   This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Isidore Singer and Isaac Broydé (1901–1906). "Halévy, Joseph". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.

External links edit

December 15, 2023
joseph, halévy, december, 1827, adrianople, january, 1917, paris, ottoman, born, jewish, french, orientalist, traveller, most, notable, work, done, yemen, which, crossed, during, 1869, 1870, search, sabaean, inscriptions, european, having, traversed, that, lan. Joseph Halevy 15 December 1827 in Adrianople 21 January 1917 in Paris was an Ottoman born Jewish French Orientalist and traveller Joseph HalevyHis most notable work was done in Yemen which he crossed during 1869 to 1870 in search of Sabaean inscriptions no European having traversed that land since AD 24 clarification needed the result was a most valuable collection of 800 inscriptions While a teacher in Jewish schools first in his native town and later in Bucharest he devoted his leisure to the study of Oriental languages and archeology in which he became proficient In 1868 he was sent by the Alliance israelite universelle to Abyssinia to study the conditions of the Falashas His report on that mission which he had fulfilled with distinguished success attracted the attention of the French Institute Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres which sent him to Yemen in 1870 to study the Sabaean inscriptions Halevy returned with 686 of these deciphering and interpreting them and thus succeeding in reconstructing the rudiments of the Sabaean language and mythology In 1879 Halevy became professor of Ethiopic in the Ecole pratique des hautes etudes Paris and librarian of the Societe Asiatique Halevy s scientific activity has been very extensive and his writings on Oriental philology and archeology which display great originality and ingenuity have earned for him a worldwide reputation He is especially known through his controversies with eminent Assyriologists concerning the non Semitic Sumerian idiom found in the Assyro Babylonian inscriptions Contrary to the generally admitted opinion Halevy put forward the theory that Sumerian is not a language but merely an ideographic method of writing invented by the Semitic Babylonians themselves 1 Halevy was a professor at the University of Paris Biblical researches editFor the student of specifically Jewish learning the most noteworthy of Halevy s works is his Recherches Bibliques wherein he shows himself to be a decided adversary of the so called higher criticism He analyzes the first twenty five chapters of Genesis in the light of recently discovered Assyro Babylonian documents and admits that Gen i xi 26 represents an old Semitic myth almost wholly Assyro Babylonian greatly transformed by the spirit of prophetic monotheism The narratives of Abraham and his descendants however although considerably embellished he regards as fundamentally historical and as the work of one author The contradictions found in these narratives and which are responsible for the belief of modern critics in a multiplicity of authors disappear upon close examination The hypothesis of Jahwistic and Elohistic documents is according to him fallacious Works editHis works are numerous and deal with various branches of Oriental study The following are Halevy s principal works all of which have been published in Paris Mission archeologique dans le Yemen 1872 Essai sur la langue Agaou le dialect des Falachas 1873 Voyage au Nedjran 1873 Etudes berberes Epigraphie Lybique 1873 Melanges d epigraphie et d archeologie semitiques 1874 Etudes sabeennes 1875 La Pretendue Langue d Accad Est Elle Touranienne 1875 Etudes sur la syllabaire cuneiforme 1876 La Nouvelle Evolution de l Accadisme 1876 78 Prieres des Falachas Ethiopic text with a Hebrew translation 1877 Recherches critiques sur l origine de la civilisation babylonienne 1877 Essai sur les inscriptions du Safa 1882 Documents Religieux de l Assyrie et de la Babylonie text with translation and commentary 1882 Essai sur les Inscriptions du Safa 1882 Melanges de critique et d histoire relatifs aux peuples semitiques 1883 Apercu Grammatical sur l Allographie Assyro Babylonienne 1885 Essai sur l Origine des Ecritures Indiennes 1886 La Correspondance d Amenophis III et d Amenophis IV Transcrite et Traduite 1891 93 Les Inscriptions de Zindjirli two studies 1893 1899 Nouvelles Observations sur les Ecritures Indiennes 1895 Recherches Bibliques a series of articles begun in R E J continued after 1893 in the Revue Semitique d Epigraphie et d Histoire Ancienne founded by Halevy and published in book form in 1895 Meliẓah we Shir Hebrew essays and poems Jerusalem 1895 Tobie et Akhiakar 1900 Le Sumerisme et l Histoire Babylonienne 1900 Taazaze Sanbat Ethiopic text and translation 1902 Le Nouveau Fragment Hebreu de l Ecclesiastique 1902 Les Tablettes Greco Babyloniennes et le Sumerisme 1902 Essai sur les Inscriptions Proto Arabes 1903 Etudes Evangeliques 1903 In the earlier part of his life he was a regular contributor to the Hebrew periodicals the clarity of his Hebrew being greatly admired Bibliography editHayyim Habshush amp Alan Verskin A Vision of Yemen The Travels of a European Orientalist and His Native Guide Stanford California Stanford University Press 2019 1 Meyers Konversations Lexikon viii 219 La Grande Encyclopedie xix 755 Fuenn Keneset Yisrael p 479 Brainin in Ha Eshkol iv 257 Hayyim Habshush amp S D Goitein Travels in Yemen an account of Joseph Halevy s journey to Najran in the year 1870 Jerusalem Hebrew University Press 1941 Halevy Joseph Voyage au Nedjran pdf Bulletin de la Societe de Geographie Vol 6 no 4 1873 and Vol 6 no 13 1877 French References edit Halevy Joseph Etude sur les documents philologiques assyriens a lecture read in 1878 In idem Melanges de critique et d histoire relatifs aux peuples semitiques Paris Maisonneuve et Cie 1883 241 364 Available online at lt http gallica bnf fr ark 12148 bpt6k56843109 image f254 langEN gt nbsp This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Isidore Singer and Isaac Broyde 1901 1906 Halevy Joseph In Singer Isidore et al eds The Jewish Encyclopedia New York Funk amp Wagnalls External links editJoseph Halevy on data bnf fr Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Joseph Halevy amp oldid 1185933534, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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