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Józef Pomiankowski

January 01, 1970

Józef Jan Klemens Pomiankowski (German: Josef Johann Klemens Pomiankowski, 23 November 1866 – 23 January 1929) was a lieutenant field marshal of the Austro-Hungarian Army and later general of the Polish Armed Forces. He was the military representative of the Austro-Hungarian military mission in the Ottoman Empire in the World War I, during which he was in charge of shaping Austrian policy on the Orient, often in competition with the allied German Empire.

Josef Pomiankowski

Early life edit

Józef Pomiankowski was born in Jaroslau from a Polish family originated from the Lesser Poland historical region (also known in XIX century as Galicia province after the Partitions of Poland). He entered the military lower secondary school in Güns, and four years later he enrolled the military upper secondary school in Mährisch Weißkirchen, and from 1883 to 1886 he graduated from the Imperial and Royal Technical Military Academy in Vienna.[1]

Military career edit

Early career and the Ottoman Empire edit

In November 1901, he received the important post of military attaché in Belgrade to the Kingdom of Serbia. There he acted in the military field and also made appropriate economic and political-strategic assessments, which he reported to Vienna in representing the Austro–Serbian relations. He was also able to demonstrate success in the field of intelligence and gather information about Serbian nationalist/terrorist groups in Macedonia and Bosnia, who had sought to separate Bosnia away from Austria.[2] Here, he used experiences to urge for immediate actions against "Serbian agitation" in vigorous and direct measures.[3]

In the end of 1909, he started as a colonel as a military attaché in Constantinople where he was also responsible for the Balkan issues, including Kingdom of Greece, and was later responsible for the disastrous First Balkan War, where he miscalculated the determination of Balkan nations against the Ottoman Empire.[4][5]

Also, during the time he worked in the Ottoman Empire, he had openly made contact with various figures of the Young Turks, including Talaat Pasha, Enver Pasha and Djemal Pasha.[6] It was the time he working here, he had taken a clear insight about the way the Young Turks functioned and made decisions, and in 1909, he found evidence that the Ottoman government was planning for a total extermination of non-Muslim people, eventually his prophecy turned real with the Armenian genocide, Assyrian genocide and Greek genocide occurred.[7] He later provided testimonies over the Armenian Genocide.[7]

World War I edit

With the outbreak of World War I, Pomiankowski, now a major general, served as a military plenipotentiary and also became the head of the Austro-Hungarian military mission in the Ottoman Empire and a junior partner of the German military mission under Otto Liman von Sanders. As such, he tried to use the differences between the Germans and the Ottomans in order to assert Austria-Hungary's political and economic interests in the Orient despite the limited means of power. Together with Foreign Minister Leopold Berchtold and the ambassador of the monarchy in Constantinople, Johann von Pallavicini, whom Pomiankowski built a strong friendship, Pomiankowski endeavored to pursue an independent policy towards the Orient to compete with the more powerful Germany.[8] Due to this competitive policy persuaded by Pomiankowski, there had been a brief brawl between German and Austrian governments in 1917 in question over influences and power Austria played undermining Germany.[9]

Pomiankowski was not only active in the military, but also actively shaped Austrian policy on the Orient on site, worked as a diplomat, head of his own intelligence service, propagandist, cultural ambassador, economist and diplomat. He helped set up the "Orient Department" in 1917 in order not to fall behind the overpowering partner Germany in the economic exploitation of the Balkans and the Ottoman Empire.[10][11] German officials in Constantinople tried in vain to intervene with Kaiser Wilhelm II or German chief of staff Conrad to replace their Austrian opponent, believing Pomiankowski was undermining German cooperation with Turkey.

Pomiankowski, like many major Polish-born figures before, strongly valued the Turks for their military bravery, but blamed Islam for the backwardness of the empire that prohibited modernization of Turkey.[12] He resented German policy of trying to mobilize Muslims to fight against the Entente because religious fragmentation of Islam meant that joint mobilization was not possible.[13] Like Pallavicini, he was also skeptical of the Austrian mission to the Orient by Alois Musil and Archduke Hubert Salvator, from September to November 1917.[14]

Since 1917, he was promoted to lieutenant field marshal, where he coordinated the monarchy's troops in the unsuccessful fighting on the Palestine front after a brief deployment on the Italian front from June 1917.

Armenian genocide edit

Even though Pomiankowski had a favorable opinion on the Turks in general, he had largely disapproved the Armenian genocide and was one of the earliest figures to realize the true scale of the genocide, by which he was greatly appalled.[15] In May 1916, he visited the eastern Anatolian areas where the genocide occurred and reported it to Vienna, Pomiankowski accused Enver Pasha of being complicit, however his tentative diplomatic attempts to obtain security for the persecuted Armenians were unsuccessful.[16] On the other hand, he defended the German colleagues after American ambassador to Turkey, Henry Morgenthau Sr., accused the Germans of behind the idea of deportations and genocide on Armenians.[17] He later called it "barbaric" in his memoirs and sympathized with the Armenians.[7]

Post-World War I and resurrection of Poland edit

After the end of the war, Pomiankowski organized the return transport of 200 officers and 1,050 soldiers with an Italian ship via Trieste to Austria. With Ottoman support, he broke up a revolution attempt by 200 soldiers who tried to install soldiers' councils and sent them to the Austrian-occupied Odessa by ship.[18] But with the collapse of the Habsburg monarchy, he immediately followed the call of Józef Piłsudski for the resurrection of Poland from Austrian, German and Russian occupation. He became Polish military representative for Sweden, Denmark and Norway in Stockholm and later head of the military purchasing commission for war materials in Paris, before taking Polish citizenship on 25 March 1919. Shortly afterwards, he helped organizing Polish Army to fight the Germans and Austrians, as well as against the Ukrainians, Czechoslovaks and most importantly, against the Bolsheviks, where his effort was paid with the foundation of the Second Polish Republic. He retired from the military in January 1922.[19]

Personal life edit

He was married and had two daughters, Maria and Janina, born in 1904 and 1905; the family lived in Lemberg and Vienna.[20]

In 1924 to 1927, he wrote the book Der Zusammenbruch des Ottomanischen Reiches (The Fall of the Ottoman Empire), detailed about the relations between Austria-Hungary to the Ottoman Empire in the final days.[10] It was recommended by historian Herbert W. Duda.[21]

He died on 21 January 1929 in Lwów, where he resigned and resettled, and was buried in the Łyczakowski Cemetery.[22]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Alexander Will: Der Gegenspieler im Hintergrund: Josef Pomiankowski und die antideutsche Orientpolitik Österreich-Ungarns 1914–1918. In: Wilfried Loth, Marc Hanisch (Hrsg.): Erster Weltkrieg und Dschihad. Die Deutschen und die Revolutionierung des Orients. Verlag Oldenbourg, München 2014, ISBN 978-3-486-75570-1, S. 193–214, hier: S. 194f.
  2. ^ Alexander Will: Der Gegenspieler im Hintergrund. S. 196ff.
  3. ^ Günther Kronenbitter: Krieg im Frieden. Die Führung der k.u.k. Armee und die Großmachtpolitik Österreich-Ungarns 1906–1914. Verlag Oldenbourg, München 2003, ISBN 3-486-56700-4, S. 327.
  4. ^ Alexander Will: Der Gegenspieler im Hintergrund. S. 199.
  5. ^ Günther Kronenbitter: Krieg im Frieden. Die Führung der k.u.k. Armee und die Großmachtpolitik Österreich-Ungarns 1906–1914. Verlag Oldenbourg, München 2003, ISBN 3-486-56700-4, S. 375.
  6. ^ * Charney, Israel (1994). The Widening Circle of Genocide. W. W. Norton & Co. p. 116. ISBN 1-4128-3965-3.
  7. ^ a b c Dadrian, Vahakn N. (2004). The history of the Armenian genocide : ethnic conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus (6th rev. ed.). New York: Berghahn Books. p. 384. ISBN 1-57181-666-6.
  8. ^ Wolfdieter Bihl: Die Kaukasuspolitik der Mittelmächte. Teil 1: Ihre Basis in der Orient-Politik und ihre Aktionen 1914-1917. Böhlau, Wien/Köln/Graz 1975, S. 113.
  9. ^ Frank G. Weber: Eagles on the Crescent. Germany, Austria, and the Diplomacy of the Turkish Alliance 1914–1918. Ithaca/London 1970, S. 261.
  10. ^ a b Alexander Will: Der Gegenspieler im Hintergrund. S. 193.
  11. ^ Alexander Will: Der Gegenspieler im Hintergrund. S. 211.
  12. ^ Alexander Will: Der Gegenspieler im Hintergrund. S. 204.
  13. ^ Alexander Will: Der Gegenspieler im Hintergrund. S. 206.
  14. ^ Wolfdieter Bihl: Die Kaukasuspolitik der Mittelmächte. Teil 1: Ihre Basis in der Orient-Politik und ihre Aktionen 1914-1917. Böhlau, Wien/Köln/Graz 1975, S. 136 und 140.
    Robert-Tarek Fischer: Österreich im Nahen Osten. Die Großmachtpolitik der Habsburgermonarchie im Arabischen Orient 1633–1918. Böhlau, Wien 2006, ISBN 3-205-77459-0, S. 274ff.
  15. ^ Michael Schwartz: Ethnische „Säuberungen“ in der Moderne. Globale Wechselwirkungen nationalistischer und rassistischer Gewaltpolitik im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Oldenbourg Verlag, München 2013, ISBN 3-486-70425-7, S. 85.
  16. ^ Michael Schwartz: Ethnische „Säuberungen“ in der Moderne. Globale Wechselwirkungen nationalistischer und rassistischer Gewaltpolitik im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Oldenbourg Verlag, München 2013, ISBN 3-486-70425-7, S. 92.
  17. ^ Michael Schwartz: Ethnische „Säuberungen“ in der Moderne. Globale Wechselwirkungen nationalistischer und rassistischer Gewaltpolitik im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Oldenbourg Verlag, München 2013, ISBN 3-486-70425-7, S. 79.
  18. ^ Robert-Tarek Fischer: Österreich im Nahen Osten. Die Grossmachtpolitik der Habsburgermonarchie im Arabischen Orient 1633–1918. Böhlau, Wien 2006, ISBN 3-205-77459-0, S. 283f.
  19. ^ Alexander Will: Der Gegenspieler im Hintergrund. S. 214.
    İnanç Atılgan: Österreichs Dilemma 1915: Türken oder Armenier? Wieser Verlag, Klagenfurt 2008, ISBN 978-3-85129-707-2, S. 111.
  20. ^ Stawecki, Piotr (1994), "Słownik biograficzny generałów Wojska Polskiego 1918-1939", Wydawnictwo Bellona, Warszawa, ISBN 8311082626
  21. ^ Alexander Will: Der Gegenspieler im Hintergrund. S. 194.
  22. ^ Dziennik Personalny Ministerstwa Spraw Wojskowych, 15 February 2016

Further reading edit

  • Pomiankowski, Josef (2004). Der Zusammenbruch des Ottomanischen Reiches. Akad. Dr.- und Verlag-Anst.

January 01, 1970
józef, pomiankowski, józef, klemens, pomiankowski, german, josef, johann, klemens, pomiankowski, november, 1866, january, 1929, lieutenant, field, marshal, austro, hungarian, army, later, general, polish, armed, forces, military, representative, austro, hungar. Jozef Jan Klemens Pomiankowski German Josef Johann Klemens Pomiankowski 23 November 1866 23 January 1929 was a lieutenant field marshal of the Austro Hungarian Army and later general of the Polish Armed Forces He was the military representative of the Austro Hungarian military mission in the Ottoman Empire in the World War I during which he was in charge of shaping Austrian policy on the Orient often in competition with the allied German Empire Josef Pomiankowski Contents 1 Early life 2 Military career 2 1 Early career and the Ottoman Empire 2 2 World War I 2 2 1 Armenian genocide 3 Post World War I and resurrection of Poland 4 Personal life 5 See also 6 References 7 Further readingEarly life editJozef Pomiankowski was born in Jaroslau from a Polish family originated from the Lesser Poland historical region also known in XIX century as Galicia province after the Partitions of Poland He entered the military lower secondary school in Guns and four years later he enrolled the military upper secondary school in Mahrisch Weisskirchen and from 1883 to 1886 he graduated from the Imperial and Royal Technical Military Academy in Vienna 1 Military career editEarly career and the Ottoman Empire edit In November 1901 he received the important post of military attache in Belgrade to the Kingdom of Serbia There he acted in the military field and also made appropriate economic and political strategic assessments which he reported to Vienna in representing the Austro Serbian relations He was also able to demonstrate success in the field of intelligence and gather information about Serbian nationalist terrorist groups in Macedonia and Bosnia who had sought to separate Bosnia away from Austria 2 Here he used experiences to urge for immediate actions against Serbian agitation in vigorous and direct measures 3 In the end of 1909 he started as a colonel as a military attache in Constantinople where he was also responsible for the Balkan issues including Kingdom of Greece and was later responsible for the disastrous First Balkan War where he miscalculated the determination of Balkan nations against the Ottoman Empire 4 5 Also during the time he worked in the Ottoman Empire he had openly made contact with various figures of the Young Turks including Talaat Pasha Enver Pasha and Djemal Pasha 6 It was the time he working here he had taken a clear insight about the way the Young Turks functioned and made decisions and in 1909 he found evidence that the Ottoman government was planning for a total extermination of non Muslim people eventually his prophecy turned real with the Armenian genocide Assyrian genocide and Greek genocide occurred 7 He later provided testimonies over the Armenian Genocide 7 World War I edit With the outbreak of World War I Pomiankowski now a major general served as a military plenipotentiary and also became the head of the Austro Hungarian military mission in the Ottoman Empire and a junior partner of the German military mission under Otto Liman von Sanders As such he tried to use the differences between the Germans and the Ottomans in order to assert Austria Hungary s political and economic interests in the Orient despite the limited means of power Together with Foreign Minister Leopold Berchtold and the ambassador of the monarchy in Constantinople Johann von Pallavicini whom Pomiankowski built a strong friendship Pomiankowski endeavored to pursue an independent policy towards the Orient to compete with the more powerful Germany 8 Due to this competitive policy persuaded by Pomiankowski there had been a brief brawl between German and Austrian governments in 1917 in question over influences and power Austria played undermining Germany 9 Pomiankowski was not only active in the military but also actively shaped Austrian policy on the Orient on site worked as a diplomat head of his own intelligence service propagandist cultural ambassador economist and diplomat He helped set up the Orient Department in 1917 in order not to fall behind the overpowering partner Germany in the economic exploitation of the Balkans and the Ottoman Empire 10 11 German officials in Constantinople tried in vain to intervene with Kaiser Wilhelm II or German chief of staff Conrad to replace their Austrian opponent believing Pomiankowski was undermining German cooperation with Turkey Pomiankowski like many major Polish born figures before strongly valued the Turks for their military bravery but blamed Islam for the backwardness of the empire that prohibited modernization of Turkey 12 He resented German policy of trying to mobilize Muslims to fight against the Entente because religious fragmentation of Islam meant that joint mobilization was not possible 13 Like Pallavicini he was also skeptical of the Austrian mission to the Orient by Alois Musil and Archduke Hubert Salvator from September to November 1917 14 Since 1917 he was promoted to lieutenant field marshal where he coordinated the monarchy s troops in the unsuccessful fighting on the Palestine front after a brief deployment on the Italian front from June 1917 Armenian genocide edit Even though Pomiankowski had a favorable opinion on the Turks in general he had largely disapproved the Armenian genocide and was one of the earliest figures to realize the true scale of the genocide by which he was greatly appalled 15 In May 1916 he visited the eastern Anatolian areas where the genocide occurred and reported it to Vienna Pomiankowski accused Enver Pasha of being complicit however his tentative diplomatic attempts to obtain security for the persecuted Armenians were unsuccessful 16 On the other hand he defended the German colleagues after American ambassador to Turkey Henry Morgenthau Sr accused the Germans of behind the idea of deportations and genocide on Armenians 17 He later called it barbaric in his memoirs and sympathized with the Armenians 7 Post World War I and resurrection of Poland editAfter the end of the war Pomiankowski organized the return transport of 200 officers and 1 050 soldiers with an Italian ship via Trieste to Austria With Ottoman support he broke up a revolution attempt by 200 soldiers who tried to install soldiers councils and sent them to the Austrian occupied Odessa by ship 18 But with the collapse of the Habsburg monarchy he immediately followed the call of Jozef Pilsudski for the resurrection of Poland from Austrian German and Russian occupation He became Polish military representative for Sweden Denmark and Norway in Stockholm and later head of the military purchasing commission for war materials in Paris before taking Polish citizenship on 25 March 1919 Shortly afterwards he helped organizing Polish Army to fight the Germans and Austrians as well as against the Ukrainians Czechoslovaks and most importantly against the Bolsheviks where his effort was paid with the foundation of the Second Polish Republic He retired from the military in January 1922 19 Personal life editHe was married and had two daughters Maria and Janina born in 1904 and 1905 the family lived in Lemberg and Vienna 20 In 1924 to 1927 he wrote the book Der Zusammenbruch des Ottomanischen Reiches The Fall of the Ottoman Empire detailed about the relations between Austria Hungary to the Ottoman Empire in the final days 10 It was recommended by historian Herbert W Duda 21 He died on 21 January 1929 in Lwow where he resigned and resettled and was buried in the Lyczakowski Cemetery 22 See also editArmenia Poland relations Witnesses and testimonies of the Armenian genocideReferences edit Alexander Will Der Gegenspieler im Hintergrund Josef Pomiankowski und die antideutsche Orientpolitik Osterreich Ungarns 1914 1918 In Wilfried Loth Marc Hanisch Hrsg Erster Weltkrieg und Dschihad Die Deutschen und die Revolutionierung des Orients Verlag Oldenbourg Munchen 2014 ISBN 978 3 486 75570 1 S 193 214 hier S 194f Alexander Will Der Gegenspieler im Hintergrund S 196ff Gunther Kronenbitter Krieg im Frieden Die Fuhrung der k u k Armee und die Grossmachtpolitik Osterreich Ungarns 1906 1914 Verlag Oldenbourg Munchen 2003 ISBN 3 486 56700 4 S 327 Alexander Will Der Gegenspieler im Hintergrund S 199 Gunther Kronenbitter Krieg im Frieden Die Fuhrung der k u k Armee und die Grossmachtpolitik Osterreich Ungarns 1906 1914 Verlag Oldenbourg Munchen 2003 ISBN 3 486 56700 4 S 375 Charney Israel 1994 The Widening Circle of Genocide W W Norton amp Co p 116 ISBN 1 4128 3965 3 a b c Dadrian Vahakn N 2004 The history of the Armenian genocide ethnic conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus 6th rev ed New York Berghahn Books p 384 ISBN 1 57181 666 6 Wolfdieter Bihl Die Kaukasuspolitik der Mittelmachte Teil 1 Ihre Basis in der Orient Politik und ihre Aktionen 1914 1917 Bohlau Wien Koln Graz 1975 S 113 Frank G Weber Eagles on the Crescent Germany Austria and the Diplomacy of the Turkish Alliance 1914 1918 Ithaca London 1970 S 261 a b Alexander Will Der Gegenspieler im Hintergrund S 193 Alexander Will Der Gegenspieler im Hintergrund S 211 Alexander Will Der Gegenspieler im Hintergrund S 204 Alexander Will Der Gegenspieler im Hintergrund S 206 Wolfdieter Bihl Die Kaukasuspolitik der Mittelmachte Teil 1 Ihre Basis in der Orient Politik und ihre Aktionen 1914 1917 Bohlau Wien Koln Graz 1975 S 136 und 140 Robert Tarek Fischer Osterreich im Nahen Osten Die Grossmachtpolitik der Habsburgermonarchie im Arabischen Orient 1633 1918 Bohlau Wien 2006 ISBN 3 205 77459 0 S 274ff Michael Schwartz Ethnische Sauberungen in der Moderne Globale Wechselwirkungen nationalistischer und rassistischer Gewaltpolitik im 19 und 20 Jahrhundert Oldenbourg Verlag Munchen 2013 ISBN 3 486 70425 7 S 85 Michael Schwartz Ethnische Sauberungen in der Moderne Globale Wechselwirkungen nationalistischer und rassistischer Gewaltpolitik im 19 und 20 Jahrhundert Oldenbourg Verlag Munchen 2013 ISBN 3 486 70425 7 S 92 Michael Schwartz Ethnische Sauberungen in der Moderne Globale Wechselwirkungen nationalistischer und rassistischer Gewaltpolitik im 19 und 20 Jahrhundert Oldenbourg Verlag Munchen 2013 ISBN 3 486 70425 7 S 79 Robert Tarek Fischer Osterreich im Nahen Osten Die Grossmachtpolitik der Habsburgermonarchie im Arabischen Orient 1633 1918 Bohlau Wien 2006 ISBN 3 205 77459 0 S 283f Alexander Will Der Gegenspieler im Hintergrund S 214 Inanc Atilgan Osterreichs Dilemma 1915 Turken oder Armenier Wieser Verlag Klagenfurt 2008 ISBN 978 3 85129 707 2 S 111 Stawecki Piotr 1994 Slownik biograficzny generalow Wojska Polskiego 1918 1939 Wydawnictwo Bellona Warszawa ISBN 8311082626 Alexander Will Der Gegenspieler im Hintergrund S 194 Dziennik Personalny Ministerstwa Spraw Wojskowych 15 February 2016Further reading editPomiankowski Josef 2004 Der Zusammenbruch des Ottomanischen Reiches Akad Dr und Verlag Anst Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jozef Pomiankowski amp oldid 1174939660, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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