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Applied Physics Laboratory

The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (Applied Physics Laboratory, or APL) is a not-for-profit university-affiliated research center (UARC) in Howard County, Maryland. It is affiliated with Johns Hopkins University and employs 8,700 people as of 2024.[2] APL is the nation's largest UARC.[3]

Applied Physics Laboratory
Established1942
Research typeUnclassified / classified
Budget$2.09 billion[1]
DirectorDr. Ralph Semmel
Staff8700[2]
LocationLaurel, Maryland, U.S.
Operating agency
Johns Hopkins University
Websitewww.jhuapl.edu

The lab serves as a technical resource for the Department of Defense, NASA, and other government agencies. APL has developed numerous systems and technologies in the areas of air and missile defense, surface and undersea naval warfare, computer security, and space science and spacecraft construction.[4] While APL provides research and engineering services to the government, it is not a traditional defense contractor, as it is a UARC and a division of Johns Hopkins University. APL is a scientific and engineering research and development division, rather than an academic division, of Johns Hopkins.

Hopkins' Whiting School of Engineering offers part-time graduate programs for Lab staff members through its Engineering for Professionals program. Courses are taught at seven locations in the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area, including the APL Education Center.[5]

History edit

APL was created in 1942 during World War II under the Office of Scientific Research and Development's Section T[6] as part of the Government's effort to mobilize the nation's science and engineering expertise within its universities. Its founding director was Merle Anthony Tuve, who led Section T throughout the war. Section T was created on August 17, 1940.[7] According to the official history[8] of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, Scientists Against Time, APL was the name of Section T's main laboratory from 1942 onward, not the name of the organization overall.[9] Section T's Applied Physics Laboratory succeeded in developing the variable-time proximity fuze[10] that played a significant role in the Allied victory.[11] In response to the fuze's success, the APL created the MK 57 gun director in 1944. Pleased with the APL's work, the Navy then tasked it with the mission to find a way to negate guided missile threats. From there on, the APL became very involved in wartime research.[12] Expected to disband at the end of the war, APL instead became heavily involved in the development of guided missile technology for the Navy. At governmental request, the University continued to maintain the Laboratory as a public service.

APL was originally located in Silver Spring, Maryland in a used-car garage[13] at the Wolfe Building at 8621 Georgia Avenue.[14][15] APL began moving to Laurel in 1954, with the construction of a two million dollar building and a $700,000 wing expansion in 1956.[16] The final staff transitioned to the new facility in 1975.[13][17] Before moving to Laurel, APL also maintained the "Forest Grove Station," north of Silver Spring on Georgia Avenue near today's Forest Glen Metro,[18] which included a hypersonic wind tunnel. The Forest Grove Station was vacated and torn down in 1963 and flight simulations were moved to Laurel. In the 1960s, APL built a mobile automaton called the Johns Hopkins Beast.

The Laboratory's name comes from its origins in World War II, but APL's major strengths are systems engineering and technology application. More than three-quarters of the staff are technical professionals, and 25% have computer science and math degrees. APL conducts programs in fundamental and applied research; exploratory and advanced development; test and evaluation; and systems engineering and integration.

Wartime contributions edit

During the 1950s and the 1960s APL worked with the US Navy in the Operation Bumblebee Program on the Talos missile, Tartar missile, Terrier, and RIM-2 Terrier Surface to Air Missile systems. The follow-on RIM-50 Typhon Missile Project, based on improved Talos and Tartar Missiles, while successful, was cancelled in 1963 due to high costs and was eventually developed into the now well-known Aegis Combat System based on an improved Terrier.

In 1990, APL became involved with Operation Desert Storm and was involved in the Gulf Crisis Room[clarification needed] among other efforts. In the same decade (1992), APL, along with Johns Hopkins University, developed an algorithm that allowed for automatic mammogram analysis.[12]

Pershing edit

In 1965, the US Army contracted with APL to develop and implement a test and evaluation program for the Pershing missile systems.[19] APL developed the Pershing Operational Test Program (OTP), provided technical support to the Pershing Operational Test Unit (POTU), identified problem areas and improved the performance and survivability of the Pershing systems.[20]

Campus edit

The modern Applied Physics Laboratory is located in Laurel, Maryland, and spans 461 acres with more than 30 buildings on site. Additional auxiliary campuses exist in the surrounding areas.[21] The campus includes multiple cutting-edge innovation and collaboration spaces as well as state-of-the-art labs and test facilities.[22]

In 2021, APL opened an interdisciplinary research center, known as Building 201, with 263,000 square feet of space, a 200-person auditorium and more than 90,000 square feet of specialized laboratory space.[3] The building also includes a four-story atrium filled with natural light, a STEM Center and a combination of 100 huddle, conference and auditorium breakout rooms.[23]

APL hired its first full-time sustainability manager in 2022.[24]

Education and internships edit

APL is also home to a Johns Hopkins graduate program in engineering and applied sciences, called Engineering for Professionals.[25] Courses are taught at seven locations in the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area, including the APL Education Center.[5]

APL's STEM includes several internships and programs, including the Maryland MESA program, which is an after-school program for students in grades 3-12; APL STEM in the Community, which focuses on STEM community outreach; the STEM Academy, which is an after-school course program for middle and high school students (grades 8-12); and APL's Student Program to Inspire, Relate and Enrich (ASPIRE), which allows high school juniors and seniors to experience and explore STEM careers before college.[26][27]

Research edit

As of APL's 80th anniversary in 2022, there were hundreds of projects spanning the Lab's 12 mission areas, that focus on solving complex research, engineering and analytical problems that present critical challenges to the United States.[28] Projects span from those in APL's more traditional areas of work, including air and missile defense, undersea warfare, to newer projects such as homeland security, artificial intelligence and cyber operations.[12]

APL has a list of 12 "Defining Innovations," which include the Lab's game-changing breakthroughs in technology that have created inflection points in history, including the Proximity fuze, Transit, Tomahawk and the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART).[29]

Defense edit

The U.S. Navy continues to be APL's primary long-term sponsor. The Laboratory performs work for the Missile Defense Agency, the Department of Homeland Security, intelligence agencies, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), and others. The Laboratory supports NASA through space science, spacecraft design and fabrication, and mission operations. APL has made significant contributions in the areas of air defense, strike and power projection, submarine security, antisubmarine warfare, strategic systems evaluation, command and control, distributed information and display systems, sensors, information processing, and space systems.

Space edit

 
Alan Stern celebrating the successful flyby of the Pluto system by New Horizons in 2015 in the APL Mission Operations Center.

APL has built and operated many spacecraft, including the TRANSIT navigation system, Geosat, ACE, TIMED, CONTOUR, MESSENGER, Van Allen Probes,[30] the New Horizons mission to Pluto, the Parker Solar Probe mission to the outer corona of the Sun,[31] and STEREO.[30]

In the early 1990s APL began building robotic space probes. It won the contract to build NEAR for one third the price that Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA's traditional supplier, estimated. APL's bid caused NASA to create the Discovery Program to solicit competing proposals for other missions. In 2019, the APL-proposed Dragonfly mission was selected as the fourth NASA New Frontiers mission.[32][33] Dragonfly is a relocatable lander in an X8 octocopter configuration that will explore Saturn's moon Titan by flying between landing sites to move around the moon's surface. In November 2021, APL launched the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission, which struck the smaller body of a binary asteroid system in September 2022 and was the first NASA planetary defense mission.[34]

The asteroid 132524 APL was named in honor of APL after a flyby by the New Horizons spacecraft.

Prosthetics edit

In 2014, APL made history with the successful use of the Modular Prosthetic Limb — a fully artificial articulated arm and hand — by a bilateral shoulder-level amputee. APL used pattern recognition algorithms to track which muscles were contracting and enable the prosthetics to move in conjunction with the amputee's body.[35]

Similar technology was used in 2016 for a demonstration in which a paralyzed man was able to "fist-bump" Barack Obama using signals sent from an implanted brain chip.[36] The limb returned sensory feedback from the arm to the wearer's brain. In 2023, APL announced that researchers have developed one of the world's smallest, most intense and fastest refrigeration devices, the wearable thin-film thermoelectric cooler (TFTEC), and teamed with neuroscientists to help amputees perceive a sense of temperature with their phantom limbs.[37] The technology won an R&D 100 award in 2023.[38]

Drones edit

APL researches and produces unmanned aerial vehicles for the US military.[39] One of its most recent projects is an unmanned aerial swarm that can be controlled by a single operator on the ground.[40]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "2022 Annual Report" (PDF). Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. Retrieved January 6, 2024.
  2. ^ a b "About APL". Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. Retrieved January 6, 2024.
  3. ^ a b Hogan, Governor Larry (October 20, 2021). "Gov. Hogan Celebrates Grand Opening Of New Research Facility At Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory". The BayNet. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
  4. ^ . Archived from the original on January 20, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
  5. ^ a b . Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. Archived from the original on April 20, 2013. Retrieved October 15, 2008.
  6. ^ Baxter, James Phinney (1946). Scientists Against Time. Little, Brown. ISBN 9780598553881.
  7. ^ Holmes, Jamie (2020). 12 Seconds of Silence: How a Team of Inventors, Tinkerers, and Spies Took Down a Nazi Superweapon. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-328-46012-7.
  8. ^ "Records of the office of Scientific Research and Development". National Archives. August 15, 2016. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
  9. ^ Baxter, James Phinney (1946). Scientists Against Time. Little, Brown. p. 230. ISBN 9780598553881.
  10. ^ Simpson, Joanne (April 2000). "The Funny Little Fuze with Devastating Aim". Johns Hopkins Magazine. Johns Hopkins University.
  11. ^ . JHU APL. Johns Hopkins University. Archived from the original on October 15, 2013. Retrieved March 12, 2015.
  12. ^ a b c . JHU APL. 2012. Archived from the original on October 15, 2013. Retrieved March 12, 2015.
  13. ^ a b www.jhuapl.edu (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on September 11, 2006. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  14. ^ McCoy, Jerry A; Society, Silver Spring Historical (November 2005). Historic Silver Spring. Arcadia. ISBN 978-0-7385-4188-4.
  15. ^ Gibson, R. E. "Reflections on the Origin and Early History of the Applied Physics Laboratory" (PDF). jhuapl.edu.
  16. ^ "Johns Hopkins Lets Contract in Md". The Washington Post. March 27, 1955.
  17. ^ The Johns Hopkins Gazette: March 25, 2002
  18. ^ Google Maps
  19. ^ Mentzer Jr., William R. (1998). (PDF). Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest. Johns Hopkins University. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
  20. ^ Lyman, Donald R. (May–June 1977). "POTU: Testing Pershing in Europe and CONUS" (PDF). Field Artillery Journal: 15–17.
  21. ^ "About:JHU|APL".
  22. ^ "Labs and Facilities | Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory". www.jhuapl.edu. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
  23. ^ "Johns Hopkins APL Ushers in New Era of Innovation, Collaboration and Research Capabilities | Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory". www.jhuapl.edu. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
  24. ^ "First Full-Time Sustainability Manager Hired at APL" (PDF). Johns Hopkins University 2023 Sustainability Report: 15. 2023.
  25. ^ . JHU APL. Archived from the original on April 20, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
  26. ^ "STEM". secwww.jhuapl.edu. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
  27. ^ "At Applied Physics Lab in Laurel, a Howard engineer has a mission to connect kids of color, girls with STEM". Baltimore Sun. February 26, 2020. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
  28. ^ "Johns Hopkins APL Rings in 80 Years". JHUAPL. Retrieved December 21, 2022.
  29. ^ "Defining Innovations". www.jhuapl.edu. Retrieved December 21, 2022.
  30. ^ a b "Space Press Releases". JHU APL. Retrieved March 12, 2015.
  31. ^ "Parker Solar Probe: A Nasa Mission to Touch the Sun". JHU APL. March 18, 2014. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  32. ^ NASA selects Titan drone for next New Frontiers mission. Jeff Foust, Space News. June 27, 2019. Retrieved July 6, 2019.
  33. ^ NASA's Dragonfly Will Fly Around Titan Looking for Origins, Signs of Life. NASA. June 27, 2019. Retrieved July 6, 2019.
  34. ^ https://dart.jhuapl.edu/ Double Asteroid Redirection Test project site
  35. ^ . JHU APL. December 16, 2014. Archived from the original on December 5, 2017. Retrieved March 12, 2015.
  36. ^ "Watch Obama fist bump a robotic arm powered by a brain chip". NBC News. Retrieved July 21, 2018.
  37. ^ Ford, Celia. "How to Make Bionic Limbs (Literally) Very Cool". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
  38. ^ Heney, Paul (August 22, 2023). "R&D 100 Winners for 2023 are announced". Research & Development World. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
  39. ^ "Drone Research and Robotic Warfare: The Hopkins Connection". Today's Announcements. Johns Hopkins University. April 20, 2012. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
  40. ^ Manufacturing Group (August 13, 2012). "Demonstrating Expanded Control of UAV Swarm". Aerospace Manufacturing and Design. Boeing and the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) have demonstrated that an operator on the ground, using only a laptop and a military radio, can command an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) "swarm". Despite limited flight training, the operator was able to connect with autonomous UAVs, task them and obtain information without using a ground control station. [...] The demonstrations are conducted under a collaborative agreement between Boeing and JHU/APL, a University Affiliated Research Center and a division of Johns Hopkins University that has been addressing critical national challenges through the innovative application of science and technology for nearly 70 years. It maintains a staff of about 5,000 on its Laurel, Maryland, campus.

39°09′55″N 76°53′50″W / 39.16528°N 76.89722°W / 39.16528; -76.89722

applied, physics, laboratory, other, uses, disambiguation, johns, hopkins, university, profit, university, affiliated, research, center, uarc, howard, county, maryland, affiliated, with, johns, hopkins, university, employs, people, 2024, nation, largest, uarc,. For other uses see APL disambiguation The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Applied Physics Laboratory or APL is a not for profit university affiliated research center UARC in Howard County Maryland It is affiliated with Johns Hopkins University and employs 8 700 people as of 2024 2 APL is the nation s largest UARC 3 Applied Physics LaboratoryEstablished1942Research typeUnclassified classifiedBudget 2 09 billion 1 DirectorDr Ralph SemmelStaff8700 2 LocationLaurel Maryland U S Operating agencyJohns Hopkins UniversityWebsitewww wbr jhuapl wbr eduThe lab serves as a technical resource for the Department of Defense NASA and other government agencies APL has developed numerous systems and technologies in the areas of air and missile defense surface and undersea naval warfare computer security and space science and spacecraft construction 4 While APL provides research and engineering services to the government it is not a traditional defense contractor as it is a UARC and a division of Johns Hopkins University APL is a scientific and engineering research and development division rather than an academic division of Johns Hopkins Hopkins Whiting School of Engineering offers part time graduate programs for Lab staff members through its Engineering for Professionals program Courses are taught at seven locations in the Baltimore Washington Metropolitan Area including the APL Education Center 5 Contents 1 History 1 1 Wartime contributions 1 2 Pershing 2 Campus 3 Education and internships 4 Research 4 1 Defense 4 2 Space 4 3 Prosthetics 4 4 Drones 5 See also 6 ReferencesHistory editAPL was created in 1942 during World War II under the Office of Scientific Research and Development s Section T 6 as part of the Government s effort to mobilize the nation s science and engineering expertise within its universities Its founding director was Merle Anthony Tuve who led Section T throughout the war Section T was created on August 17 1940 7 According to the official history 8 of the Office of Scientific Research and Development Scientists Against Time APL was the name of Section T s main laboratory from 1942 onward not the name of the organization overall 9 Section T s Applied Physics Laboratory succeeded in developing the variable time proximity fuze 10 that played a significant role in the Allied victory 11 In response to the fuze s success the APL created the MK 57 gun director in 1944 Pleased with the APL s work the Navy then tasked it with the mission to find a way to negate guided missile threats From there on the APL became very involved in wartime research 12 Expected to disband at the end of the war APL instead became heavily involved in the development of guided missile technology for the Navy At governmental request the University continued to maintain the Laboratory as a public service APL was originally located in Silver Spring Maryland in a used car garage 13 at the Wolfe Building at 8621 Georgia Avenue 14 15 APL began moving to Laurel in 1954 with the construction of a two million dollar building and a 700 000 wing expansion in 1956 16 The final staff transitioned to the new facility in 1975 13 17 Before moving to Laurel APL also maintained the Forest Grove Station north of Silver Spring on Georgia Avenue near today s Forest Glen Metro 18 which included a hypersonic wind tunnel The Forest Grove Station was vacated and torn down in 1963 and flight simulations were moved to Laurel In the 1960s APL built a mobile automaton called the Johns Hopkins Beast The Laboratory s name comes from its origins in World War II but APL s major strengths are systems engineering and technology application More than three quarters of the staff are technical professionals and 25 have computer science and math degrees APL conducts programs in fundamental and applied research exploratory and advanced development test and evaluation and systems engineering and integration Wartime contributions edit During the 1950s and the 1960s APL worked with the US Navy in the Operation Bumblebee Program on the Talos missile Tartar missile Terrier and RIM 2 Terrier Surface to Air Missile systems The follow on RIM 50 Typhon Missile Project based on improved Talos and Tartar Missiles while successful was cancelled in 1963 due to high costs and was eventually developed into the now well known Aegis Combat System based on an improved Terrier In 1990 APL became involved with Operation Desert Storm and was involved in the Gulf Crisis Room clarification needed among other efforts In the same decade 1992 APL along with Johns Hopkins University developed an algorithm that allowed for automatic mammogram analysis 12 Pershing edit In 1965 the US Army contracted with APL to develop and implement a test and evaluation program for the Pershing missile systems 19 APL developed the Pershing Operational Test Program OTP provided technical support to the Pershing Operational Test Unit POTU identified problem areas and improved the performance and survivability of the Pershing systems 20 Campus editThe modern Applied Physics Laboratory is located in Laurel Maryland and spans 461 acres with more than 30 buildings on site Additional auxiliary campuses exist in the surrounding areas 21 The campus includes multiple cutting edge innovation and collaboration spaces as well as state of the art labs and test facilities 22 In 2021 APL opened an interdisciplinary research center known as Building 201 with 263 000 square feet of space a 200 person auditorium and more than 90 000 square feet of specialized laboratory space 3 The building also includes a four story atrium filled with natural light a STEM Center and a combination of 100 huddle conference and auditorium breakout rooms 23 APL hired its first full time sustainability manager in 2022 24 Education and internships editAPL is also home to a Johns Hopkins graduate program in engineering and applied sciences called Engineering for Professionals 25 Courses are taught at seven locations in the Baltimore Washington Metropolitan Area including the APL Education Center 5 APL s STEM includes several internships and programs including the Maryland MESA program which is an after school program for students in grades 3 12 APL STEM in the Community which focuses on STEM community outreach the STEM Academy which is an after school course program for middle and high school students grades 8 12 and APL s Student Program to Inspire Relate and Enrich ASPIRE which allows high school juniors and seniors to experience and explore STEM careers before college 26 27 Research editAs of APL s 80th anniversary in 2022 there were hundreds of projects spanning the Lab s 12 mission areas that focus on solving complex research engineering and analytical problems that present critical challenges to the United States 28 Projects span from those in APL s more traditional areas of work including air and missile defense undersea warfare to newer projects such as homeland security artificial intelligence and cyber operations 12 APL has a list of 12 Defining Innovations which include the Lab s game changing breakthroughs in technology that have created inflection points in history including the Proximity fuze Transit Tomahawk and the Double Asteroid Redirection Test DART 29 Defense edit The U S Navy continues to be APL s primary long term sponsor The Laboratory performs work for the Missile Defense Agency the Department of Homeland Security intelligence agencies the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DARPA and others The Laboratory supports NASA through space science spacecraft design and fabrication and mission operations APL has made significant contributions in the areas of air defense strike and power projection submarine security antisubmarine warfare strategic systems evaluation command and control distributed information and display systems sensors information processing and space systems Space edit nbsp Alan Stern celebrating the successful flyby of the Pluto system by New Horizons in 2015 in the APL Mission Operations Center APL has built and operated many spacecraft including the TRANSIT navigation system Geosat ACE TIMED CONTOUR MESSENGER Van Allen Probes 30 the New Horizons mission to Pluto the Parker Solar Probe mission to the outer corona of the Sun 31 and STEREO 30 In the early 1990s APL began building robotic space probes It won the contract to build NEAR for one third the price that Jet Propulsion Laboratory JPL NASA s traditional supplier estimated APL s bid caused NASA to create the Discovery Program to solicit competing proposals for other missions In 2019 the APL proposed Dragonfly mission was selected as the fourth NASA New Frontiers mission 32 33 Dragonfly is a relocatable lander in an X8 octocopter configuration that will explore Saturn s moon Titan by flying between landing sites to move around the moon s surface In November 2021 APL launched the Double Asteroid Redirection Test DART mission which struck the smaller body of a binary asteroid system in September 2022 and was the first NASA planetary defense mission 34 The asteroid 132524 APL was named in honor of APL after a flyby by the New Horizons spacecraft Prosthetics edit In 2014 APL made history with the successful use of the Modular Prosthetic Limb a fully artificial articulated arm and hand by a bilateral shoulder level amputee APL used pattern recognition algorithms to track which muscles were contracting and enable the prosthetics to move in conjunction with the amputee s body 35 Similar technology was used in 2016 for a demonstration in which a paralyzed man was able to fist bump Barack Obama using signals sent from an implanted brain chip 36 The limb returned sensory feedback from the arm to the wearer s brain In 2023 APL announced that researchers have developed one of the world s smallest most intense and fastest refrigeration devices the wearable thin film thermoelectric cooler TFTEC and teamed with neuroscientists to help amputees perceive a sense of temperature with their phantom limbs 37 The technology won an R amp D 100 award in 2023 38 Drones edit APL researches and produces unmanned aerial vehicles for the US military 39 One of its most recent projects is an unmanned aerial swarm that can be controlled by a single operator on the ground 40 See also editList of United States college laboratories conducting basic defense research James Adams Ralph Asher Alpher Raquel Bono Gwendolyn Boyd Robert Braun Anne Brennan Robert Brode Nancy Chabot James Christy Paul Dabbar Richard Danzig Brett Denevi Lisa Disbrow Andre Douglas Ashutosh Dutta Carlos Del Castillo Christine Fox Nicola Fox David Goldfein Michael Griffin Lawrence Hafstad Cecil Haney J Allen Hynek Paul Kaminski Christina Koch Tom Krimigis Ellen Lord Ralph Lorenz Victor McCrary James Miller Gordon Moore George Murray Heather Murren Vivian O Brien Paul Oostburg Sanz Louise Prockter Gary Roughead John Richardson Michael Ryschkewitsch Ralph Semmel Ciara Sivels Paul Spudis James Stavridis Paul Stockton Rob Strain Elizabeth Turtle Merle Tuve James Van Allen Robert WorkReferences edit 2022 Annual Report PDF Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Retrieved January 6 2024 a b About APL Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Retrieved January 6 2024 a b Hogan Governor Larry October 20 2021 Gov Hogan Celebrates Grand Opening Of New Research Facility At Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory The BayNet Retrieved August 29 2023 About APL Archived from the original on January 20 2016 Retrieved January 17 2016 a b APL Education Center Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Archived from the original on April 20 2013 Retrieved October 15 2008 Baxter James Phinney 1946 Scientists Against Time Little Brown ISBN 9780598553881 Holmes Jamie 2020 12 Seconds of Silence How a Team of Inventors Tinkerers and Spies Took Down a Nazi Superweapon Houghton Mifflin Harcourt p 44 ISBN 978 1 328 46012 7 Records of the office of Scientific Research and Development National Archives August 15 2016 Retrieved September 1 2020 Baxter James Phinney 1946 Scientists Against Time Little Brown p 230 ISBN 9780598553881 Simpson Joanne April 2000 The Funny Little Fuze with Devastating Aim Johns Hopkins Magazine Johns Hopkins University Our History JHU APL Johns Hopkins University Archived from the original on October 15 2013 Retrieved March 12 2015 a b c APL at 70 JHU APL 2012 Archived from the original on October 15 2013 Retrieved March 12 2015 a b www jhuapl edu PDF https web archive org web 20060911232526 http www jhuapl edu techdigest td2104 hagler pdf Archived from the original PDF on September 11 2006 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help McCoy Jerry A Society Silver Spring Historical November 2005 Historic Silver Spring Arcadia ISBN 978 0 7385 4188 4 Gibson R E Reflections on the Origin and Early History of the Applied Physics Laboratory PDF jhuapl edu Johns Hopkins Lets Contract in Md The Washington Post March 27 1955 The Johns Hopkins Gazette March 25 2002 Google Maps Mentzer Jr William R 1998 Test and Evaluation of Land Mobile Missile Systems PDF Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest Johns Hopkins University Archived from the original PDF on March 4 2016 Retrieved December 2 2014 Lyman Donald R May June 1977 POTU Testing Pershing in Europe and CONUS PDF Field Artillery Journal 15 17 About JHU APL Labs and Facilities Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory www jhuapl edu Retrieved August 29 2023 Johns Hopkins APL Ushers in New Era of Innovation Collaboration and Research Capabilities Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory www jhuapl edu Retrieved August 29 2023 First Full Time Sustainability Manager Hired at APL PDF Johns Hopkins University 2023 Sustainability Report 15 2023 JHU Graduate Program in Engineering and Applied Sciences JHU APL Archived from the original on April 20 2013 Retrieved March 24 2015 STEM secwww jhuapl edu Retrieved August 29 2023 At Applied Physics Lab in Laurel a Howard engineer has a mission to connect kids of color girls with STEM Baltimore Sun February 26 2020 Retrieved August 29 2023 Johns Hopkins APL Rings in 80 Years JHUAPL Retrieved December 21 2022 Defining Innovations www jhuapl edu Retrieved December 21 2022 a b Space Press Releases JHU APL Retrieved March 12 2015 Parker Solar Probe A Nasa Mission to Touch the Sun JHU APL March 18 2014 Retrieved August 18 2017 NASA selects Titan drone for next New Frontiers mission Jeff Foust Space News June 27 2019 Retrieved July 6 2019 NASA s Dragonfly Will Fly Around Titan Looking for Origins Signs of Life NASA June 27 2019 Retrieved July 6 2019 https dart jhuapl edu Double Asteroid Redirection Test project site Amputee Makes History with APL s Modular Prosthetic Limb JHU APL December 16 2014 Archived from the original on December 5 2017 Retrieved March 12 2015 Watch Obama fist bump a robotic arm powered by a brain chip NBC News Retrieved July 21 2018 Ford Celia How to Make Bionic Limbs Literally Very Cool Wired ISSN 1059 1028 Retrieved August 29 2023 Heney Paul August 22 2023 R amp D 100 Winners for 2023 are announced Research amp Development World Retrieved August 29 2023 Drone Research and Robotic Warfare The Hopkins Connection Today s Announcements Johns Hopkins University April 20 2012 Retrieved August 13 2012 Manufacturing Group August 13 2012 Demonstrating Expanded Control of UAV Swarm Aerospace Manufacturing and Design Boeing and the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory JHU APL have demonstrated that an operator on the ground using only a laptop and a military radio can command an unmanned aerial vehicle UAV swarm Despite limited flight training the operator was able to connect with autonomous UAVs task them and obtain information without using a ground control station The demonstrations are conducted under a collaborative agreement between Boeing and JHU APL a University Affiliated Research Center and a division of Johns Hopkins University that has been addressing critical national challenges through the innovative application of science and technology for nearly 70 years It maintains a staff of about 5 000 on its Laurel Maryland campus 39 09 55 N 76 53 50 W 39 16528 N 76 89722 W 39 16528 76 89722 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Applied Physics Laboratory amp oldid 1194102896, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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