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Johannes Clauberg

May 08, 2024

Johannes Clauberg (24 February 1622 – 31 January 1665) was a German theologian and philosopher. Clauberg was the founding Rector of the first University of Duisburg, where he taught from 1655 to 1665. He is known as a "scholastic cartesian".

Johannes Clauberg
Born24 February 1622
Died31 January 1665
Era17th-century philosophy
RegionWestern philosophy
SchoolCartesianism[1]

Biography edit

He was born in Solingen, and educated in the Aristotelian tradition in Köln, Moers and Bremen, then in Groningen, where he discovered what came to be called the reformed variation of Aristotelianism. He gave his first disputations in Groningen under the supervision of Tobias Andreae. His first treatise in metaphysics was written in those student years: Elementa philosophiae sive Ontosophia (1647). Travelling in France and England, he came to study the Cartesian philosophy under Johannes de Raey at Leiden. In 1649, he became professor of philosophy and theology at Herborn, but subsequently (1651), in consequence of the jealousy of his colleagues, accepted an invitation to a similar post at Duisburg.[2]

Clauberg was one of the earliest teachers of the new doctrines in Germany and an exact and methodical commentator on his masters writings. His theory of the connection between the soul and the body is in some respects analogous to that of Malebranche; but he is not therefore to be regarded as a true forerunner of Occasionalism, as he uses Occasion for the stimulus which directly produces a mental phenomenon, without postulating the intervention of God.[2][3] His view of the relation of God to his creatures is held to foreshadow the pantheism of Spinoza. All creatures exist only through the continuous creative energy of the Divine Being, and are no more independent of his will than are our thoughts independent of us, or rather less, for there are thoughts which force themselves upon us whether we will or not.[2]

Metaphysics, in Clauberg's conception, studies not the being (ens), but the intelligible, as in the most general object of the intellect (ens cogitabile). The most high concept is not being, but the object in general as known to the intellect. For metaphysics Clauberg suggested the names ontosophy or ontology, the latter being afterwards adopted by Wolff.[2] In the prolegomena to his Elementa philosophiae sive Ontosophiae (1647), Clauberg says:

Since the science which is about God calls itself Theosophy or Theology, it would seem fitting to call Ontosophy or Ontology that science which does not deal with this and that being, as distinct from the others owing to its special name or properties, but with being in general.

Étienne Gilson writes:[4]

This text may be held, in the present state of historical knowledge, for the birth certificate of ontology as a science conceived after the pattern of theology, yet radically distinct from it, since being qua being is held there as indifferent to all its conceivable determinations. 'There is, Clauberg says, a certain science which envisages being inasmuch as it is being, that is, inasmuch as it is understood to have a certain common nature or degree of being, a degree which is to be found in both corporeal and incorporeal beings, in God and in creatures, in each and every singular being according to its own mode.' Leibniz will later praise Clauberg for such an undertaking, but he will regret that it had not been a more successful one. The very word "ontology" occurs at least once in an undated fragment of Leibniz,[5] and one can expect accidentally to meet it later in various places, but it is not until 1729 that it finally comes into its own with the Ontologia of Christian Wolff."

Clauberg died in Duisburg, and lies buried in the city's cathedral.

Works edit

A collected edition of his philosophical works was published at Amsterdam (1691), with life by H. C. Hennin; see also E. Zeller, Geschichte der deutschen Philosophie seit Leibnitz (1873).[2]

  • Disputatio theologica practica de conscientia, Groningen, 1646.
  • [prop.], Tobias Andreae [praes.], Tessarakas thesium philosophicarum de logicae ab aliis disciplinis quibuscum vulgo confundi assolet distinctione (Groningen, 1646), 4 p.
  • Elementa philosophiae seu Ontosophia. Scientia prima, de iis quae Deo creaturisque suo modo communiter attribuuntur, distincta partibus quatuor, quarum I. Prolegomena, quibus ostenditur ratio huius scientiae perficiendae; II. Didactica, ipse nim. Ontosophia seu scientia prima et catholica methodo didascalicae inclusa brevissime; III. De usu illius scientiae in caeteris facultatibus ac scientiis omnibus; IV. Diacritica de differentia huius scientiae ab aliis disciplinis et imprimis theologia et logica quibuscum vulgo confundi solet. Pro mensura gratiae divinae impraesentiarum adspiranis elaborata, et ad elicienda Doctorum de his conatibus vel continuandis vel corrigendis iudiciis, iuris publici facta (Groningen, 1647).
  • Defensio cartesiana adversus Iacobum Revium ... et Cyriacum Lentulum pars prior exoterica, in qua Renati Cartesii dissertatio de Methodo vindicatur, simul illustria Cartesianae logicae et philosophiae specimina exhibentur (Amsterdam, 1652).
  • Logica vetus et nova, quadripartita, modum inveniendae ac tradendae veritatis in Genesi simul et analysi facile methodo exhibens (Editio princeps, Amsterdam, 1654; Editio secunda, Amsterdam, 1658; Editio tertia, Sulzbach, 1685); Specimen logicae Cartesianae seu modus philosophandi ubi ... in quibusdam novae introductionis in philosophiam aulicam veritas paucis expenditur. Studio Pauli Michaelis Rhegenii (Leipzig, 1689).
  • Initiatio philosophi, sive dubitatio Cartesiana, ad metaphysicam certitudinem viam aperiens (Leiden, 1655).
  • De Cognitione Dei et nostri, quatenus naturali rationis lumine, secundum veram philosophiam, potest comparari, exercitationes centum (Duisburg, 1656).
  • Redenkonst, Het menschelyk verstandt in de dingen te beghrijpen, oordelen, en onthouden, stierende Johan Klauberghens. Vertaalt uit het Latyn (Amsterdam, 1657).
  • Paraphrasis in R. Descartes Meditationes de prima Philosophia (Duisburg, 1658).
  • Ontosophia nova, quae vulgo Metaphysica, Theologiae, Iurisprudentiae et Philologiae, praesertim Germanicae studiosis accomodata. Accessit Logica contracta, et quae ex ea demonstratur Orthographia Germanica (Duisburg, 1660); Metaphysica de ente, quae rectius Ontosophia... Editio tertia (Amsterdam, 1664); Ontosophia, quae vulgo metaphysica vocatur, notis perpetuis in philosophiae et theologiae studiosorum usum illustrata, a Joh. Henrico Suicero. In calce annexa est Claubergii logica contracta (Tiguri, 1694).
  • Ars Etymologica Teutonum e Philosophiae fontibus derivata, id est, via Germanicarum vocum et origines et praestantiam detegendi ; cum plurium tum harum Vernunft, Suchen, Außspruch exemplis atque exinde enatis regulis praemonstrata (Duisburg, 1663).[6]
  • Physica, quibus rerum corporearum vis et natura... explicantur (Amsterdam, 1664); Dictata physica privata, id est physica contracta seu theses physicae, commentario perpetuo explicatae (Frankfurt, 1681; Leipzig, 1689).
  • [praes.], Chilias thesium ad philosophiam naturalem pertinentium... disputanda in Academia Duisburgensi (Groningen, 1668).
  • Differentia inter Cartesianum et alias in Scholis usitatam Philosophiam (Groningen, 1680).
  • Opera omnia philosophica, ed. Johannes Theodor Schalbruch, 2 vol. (Amsterdam, 1691); reprint Hildesheim, Georg Olms, 1968.

Notes edit

  1. ^ Copleston, Frederick Charles (2003). A History of Philosophy, Volume 4. Continuum International. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-8264-6898-7.
  2. ^ a b c d e   One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Clauberg, Johann". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 462.
  3. ^ Cf. H. Müller, J. Clauberg und seine Stellung im Cartesianismus.
  4. ^ In L'être et l'essence. Paris, Vrin, 1948 (English edition: Being and some philosophers, Toronto, Pontifical Institute for Mediaeval Studies, 1952), p. 112.
  5. ^ Louis Couturat, Opuscules et fragments inedits de Leibniz (Paris, 1903), p. 512.
  6. ^ This work was reprinted by Johann Georg von Eckhart in his edition of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Collectanea Etymologica (1717), pp. 182-254.

Further reading edit

  • Bardout, Jean-Christophe. Johannes Clauberg, in Steven Nadler (ed.), A Companion to Early Modern Philosophy, Malden: Blackwell, 2002, pp. 140–151.
  • Savini, Massimiliano. Johannes Clauberg, Methodus cartesiana et ontologie, Paris: Vrin, 2011.
  • Theo Verbeek (ed.). Johannes Clauberg (1622–1665) and Cartesian Philosophy in the Seventeenth Century, Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1999.

External links edit

  • Alice Ragni, Bibliographia Claubergiana (Nineteenth–Twenty-First Centuries): Tracking a Crossroads in the History of Philosophy
  • Francesco Trevisani, Johannes Clauberg und der reformierte Aristoteles 2012-03-06 at the Wayback Machine
  • The Birth of Ontology. A selection of Ontologists from 1560 to 1770

May 08, 2024
johannes, clauberg, february, 1622, january, 1665, german, theologian, philosopher, clauberg, founding, rector, first, university, duisburg, where, taught, from, 1655, 1665, known, scholastic, cartesian, born24, february, 1622died31, january, 1665era17th, cent. Johannes Clauberg 24 February 1622 31 January 1665 was a German theologian and philosopher Clauberg was the founding Rector of the first University of Duisburg where he taught from 1655 to 1665 He is known as a scholastic cartesian Johannes ClaubergBorn24 February 1622Died31 January 1665Era17th century philosophyRegionWestern philosophySchoolCartesianism 1 Contents 1 Biography 2 Works 3 Notes 4 Further reading 5 External linksBiography editHe was born in Solingen and educated in the Aristotelian tradition in Koln Moers and Bremen then in Groningen where he discovered what came to be called the reformed variation of Aristotelianism He gave his first disputations in Groningen under the supervision of Tobias Andreae His first treatise in metaphysics was written in those student years Elementa philosophiae sive Ontosophia 1647 Travelling in France and England he came to study the Cartesian philosophy under Johannes de Raey at Leiden In 1649 he became professor of philosophy and theology at Herborn but subsequently 1651 in consequence of the jealousy of his colleagues accepted an invitation to a similar post at Duisburg 2 Clauberg was one of the earliest teachers of the new doctrines in Germany and an exact and methodical commentator on his masters writings His theory of the connection between the soul and the body is in some respects analogous to that of Malebranche but he is not therefore to be regarded as a true forerunner of Occasionalism as he uses Occasion for the stimulus which directly produces a mental phenomenon without postulating the intervention of God 2 3 His view of the relation of God to his creatures is held to foreshadow the pantheism of Spinoza All creatures exist only through the continuous creative energy of the Divine Being and are no more independent of his will than are our thoughts independent of us or rather less for there are thoughts which force themselves upon us whether we will or not 2 Metaphysics in Clauberg s conception studies not the being ens but the intelligible as in the most general object of the intellect ens cogitabile The most high concept is not being but the object in general as known to the intellect For metaphysics Clauberg suggested the names ontosophy or ontology the latter being afterwards adopted by Wolff 2 In the prolegomena to his Elementa philosophiae sive Ontosophiae 1647 Clauberg says Since the science which is about God calls itself Theosophy or Theology it would seem fitting to call Ontosophy or Ontology that science which does not deal with this and that being as distinct from the others owing to its special name or properties but with being in general Etienne Gilson writes 4 This text may be held in the present state of historical knowledge for the birth certificate of ontology as a science conceived after the pattern of theology yet radically distinct from it since being qua being is held there as indifferent to all its conceivable determinations There is Clauberg says a certain science which envisages being inasmuch as it is being that is inasmuch as it is understood to have a certain common nature or degree of being a degree which is to be found in both corporeal and incorporeal beings in God and in creatures in each and every singular being according to its own mode Leibniz will later praise Clauberg for such an undertaking but he will regret that it had not been a more successful one The very word ontology occurs at least once in an undated fragment of Leibniz 5 and one can expect accidentally to meet it later in various places but it is not until 1729 that it finally comes into its own with the Ontologia of Christian Wolff Clauberg died in Duisburg and lies buried in the city s cathedral Works editA collected edition of his philosophical works was published at Amsterdam 1691 with life by H C Hennin see also E Zeller Geschichte der deutschen Philosophie seit Leibnitz 1873 2 Disputatio theologica practica de conscientia Groningen 1646 prop Tobias Andreae praes Tessarakas thesium philosophicarum de logicae ab aliis disciplinis quibuscum vulgo confundi assolet distinctione Groningen 1646 4 p Elementa philosophiae seu Ontosophia Scientia prima de iis quae Deo creaturisque suo modo communiter attribuuntur distincta partibus quatuor quarum I Prolegomena quibus ostenditur ratio huius scientiae perficiendae II Didactica ipse nim Ontosophia seu scientia prima et catholica methodo didascalicae inclusa brevissime III De usu illius scientiae in caeteris facultatibus ac scientiis omnibus IV Diacritica de differentia huius scientiae ab aliis disciplinis et imprimis theologia et logica quibuscum vulgo confundi solet Pro mensura gratiae divinae impraesentiarum adspiranis elaborata et ad elicienda Doctorum de his conatibus vel continuandis vel corrigendis iudiciis iuris publici facta Groningen 1647 Defensio cartesiana adversus Iacobum Revium et Cyriacum Lentulum pars prior exoterica in qua Renati Cartesii dissertatio de Methodo vindicatur simul illustria Cartesianae logicae et philosophiae specimina exhibentur Amsterdam 1652 Logica vetus et nova quadripartita modum inveniendae ac tradendae veritatis in Genesi simul et analysi facile methodo exhibens Editio princeps Amsterdam 1654 Editio secunda Amsterdam 1658 Editio tertia Sulzbach 1685 Specimen logicae Cartesianae seu modus philosophandi ubi in quibusdam novae introductionis in philosophiam aulicam veritas paucis expenditur Studio Pauli Michaelis Rhegenii Leipzig 1689 Initiatio philosophi sive dubitatio Cartesiana ad metaphysicam certitudinem viam aperiens Leiden 1655 De Cognitione Dei et nostri quatenus naturali rationis lumine secundum veram philosophiam potest comparari exercitationes centum Duisburg 1656 Redenkonst Het menschelyk verstandt in de dingen te beghrijpen oordelen en onthouden stierende Johan Klauberghens Vertaalt uit het Latyn Amsterdam 1657 Paraphrasis in R Descartes Meditationes de prima Philosophia Duisburg 1658 Ontosophia nova quae vulgo Metaphysica Theologiae Iurisprudentiae et Philologiae praesertim Germanicae studiosis accomodata Accessit Logica contracta et quae ex ea demonstratur Orthographia Germanica Duisburg 1660 Metaphysica de ente quae rectius Ontosophia Editio tertia Amsterdam 1664 Ontosophia quae vulgo metaphysica vocatur notis perpetuis in philosophiae et theologiae studiosorum usum illustrata a Joh Henrico Suicero In calce annexa est Claubergii logica contracta Tiguri 1694 Ars Etymologica Teutonum e Philosophiae fontibus derivata id est via Germanicarum vocum et origines et praestantiam detegendi cum plurium tum harum Vernunft Suchen Aussspruch exemplis atque exinde enatis regulis praemonstrata Duisburg 1663 6 Physica quibus rerum corporearum vis et natura explicantur Amsterdam 1664 Dictata physica privata id est physica contracta seu theses physicae commentario perpetuo explicatae Frankfurt 1681 Leipzig 1689 praes Chilias thesium ad philosophiam naturalem pertinentium disputanda in Academia Duisburgensi Groningen 1668 Differentia inter Cartesianum et alias in Scholis usitatam Philosophiam Groningen 1680 Opera omnia philosophica ed Johannes Theodor Schalbruch 2 vol Amsterdam 1691 reprint Hildesheim Georg Olms 1968 Notes edit Copleston Frederick Charles 2003 A History of Philosophy Volume 4 Continuum International p 174 ISBN 978 0 8264 6898 7 a b c d e nbsp One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Clauberg Johann Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 6 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 462 Cf H Muller J Clauberg und seine Stellung im Cartesianismus In L etre et l essence Paris Vrin 1948 English edition Being and some philosophers Toronto Pontifical Institute for Mediaeval Studies 1952 p 112 Louis Couturat Opuscules et fragments inedits de Leibniz Paris 1903 p 512 This work was reprinted by Johann Georg von Eckhart in his edition of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Collectanea Etymologica 1717 pp 182 254 Further reading editBardout Jean Christophe Johannes Clauberg in Steven Nadler ed A Companion to Early Modern Philosophy Malden Blackwell 2002 pp 140 151 Savini Massimiliano Johannes Clauberg Methodus cartesiana et ontologie Paris Vrin 2011 Theo Verbeek ed Johannes Clauberg 1622 1665 and Cartesian Philosophy in the Seventeenth Century Dordrecht Kluwer 1999 External links editAlice Ragni Bibliographia Claubergiana Nineteenth Twenty First Centuries Tracking a Crossroads in the History of Philosophy Francesco Trevisani Johannes Clauberg und der reformierte Aristoteles Archived 2012 03 06 at the Wayback Machine The Birth of Ontology A selection of Ontologists from 1560 to 1770 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Johannes Clauberg amp oldid 1220777936, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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