Jiao Yu (Chinese: 焦玉; pinyin: Jiāo Yù; Wade–Giles: Chiao Yü) was a Chinese military general, philosopher, and writer of the Yuan dynasty and early Ming dynasty under Zhu Yuanzhang, who founded the dynasty and became known as the Hongwu Emperor. He was entrusted by Zhu as a leading artillery officer for the rebel army that overthrew the MongolYuan dynasty, and established the Ming dynasty.[1]
An illustration of a fragmentation bomb from the Huolongjing. The black dots represent iron pellets.
Depiction of a fire arrow rocket launcher from the Huolongjing
Essentially a fire lance on a frame, the 'multiple bullets magazine eruptor' shoots lead shots, which are loaded in a magazine and fed into the barrel when turned around on its axis.
Jiao Yu was an aspiring scholar in his youth during the Yuan dynasty, but was not accepted into government service. Jiao Yu met an adept Daoist intellect living in the Tiantai Mountain known as Chichi Daoren (the "Knowing-when-to-stop Daoist").[3] Like Jiao Yu, Daoren accepted the teachings of Confucius and Mencius, but in military affairs Jiao was convinced that he had inherited the skill of the ancient Sun Tzu.[3] After Jiao Yu became his protégé, Daoren urged Yu to join the cause of Zhu Yuanzhang's rebellion.[4] Daoren had also shared with him various literary works on 'fire-weapons' and their recorded uses in battle.[4] After joining his ranks, Jiao Yu became one of Zhu Yuanzhang's trusted confidants in the Red Turban Rebellion against the Yuan dynasty. Zhu was impressed with Jiao's knowledge of firearms which he had earlier acquired from Daoren, yet Zhu wanted to test their abilities. Zhu ordered his officer Xu Da to provide a demonstration of their destructive capabilities, and after the display Zhu Yuanzhang was most impressed with their power.[4]
With the aid of Jiao's 'fire-weapons', Zhu's army, once stationed in Hezhou among a plethora of different rebel groups in surrounding towns, conquered Jingzhou and Xiangzhou in one expedition. In the second expedition the provinces of Jiang and Zhe, and in the third campaign the entire province of Fujian was taken, including its surrounding waterways.[2] After this, Zhu's army captured the whole of Shandong in one campaign, strengthening his base while the authority of the Mongol regime at Beijing was collapsing all around.[2] Zhu finally drove the Mongols north in 1367, establishing a new capital at Nanjing soon after while Beijing became the secondary capital.
After the successful rebellion and establishment of Zhu Yuanzhang as the Ming dynasty's new Hongwu Emperor, Jiao was charged with manufacturing firearms for the government.[4] Jiao was eventually appointed as the head officer of the enormous Shen Zhi Ying Armory, where multitudes of manufactured guns and artillery were deposited for storage and safekeeping.[4] Proper maintenance and safety measures for gunpowder arsenals were taken very seriously during Jiao's time due to the memory of previous disasters during the Song dynasty, such as Prime Minister Zhao Nanchong's personal arsenal catching fire and exploding in 1260 AD,[5] alongside the monumental disaster of the enormous Weiyang arsenal accidentally catching fire in 1280 AD and killing more than 100 people.[6] With Zhu Yuanzhang in power over the government, he established various production facilities in the capital at Nanjing for the manufacture of gunpowder and fire-weapons, stored in various arsenals throughout the country.[4] The Hongwu Emperor established a new Gunpowder Department in the central administration of the capital.[2] Jiao Yu placed a lot of emphasis on the importance of fire-weapons, as he once wrote in a preface to his book, "the very existence or destruction of the Empire, and the lives of the whole armed forces depend on the exact timing of these weapons. This is what fire-weapons are all about."[3]
Along with the scholar, general, and court adviser Liu Bowen (1311–1375), Jiao Yu became an editor of the 14th century military treatise known as the Huolongjing (Fire Drake Manual).[7] The Nanyang publication of the book, known as the Huolongjing Quanzhi (Fire Drake Manual in One Complete Volume) featured a preface written by Jiao Yu much later in 1412 AD. Both publications falsely attributed the earliest passages of the book to the ancient Chinese Prime Minister Zhuge Liang (181-234 AD) of the Shu Han,[7] even though gunpowder warfare did not exist in China until the advent of the gunpowder-fuse-ignited flamethrower (Pen Huo Qi) in the 10th century.[8] The oldest passages found in the Huolongjing were collected from sources no earlier than circa 1270 AD.[9]
Although Jiao Yu's biography does not appear in the History of Ming (1739), Yu was mentioned in Zhao Shizhen's Shenqipu (1598 AD), He Rubin's Binglu (1606 AD), and Jiao Xu's Zekelu (1643 AD).[4] His text Huolongjing was reprinted in the 19th century, during the late Qing dynasty.[7]
The Huolongjing (Chinese: 火龍神器陣灋), compiled and edited by Jiao Yu and Liu Zhi, outlined the use of many different gunpowder weapons found in China during the 14th century. It provided information for:
Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
External links
Chinese Siege Warfare
Chinese Fire Arrows
The History of Early Fireworks and Fire Arrows 2020-04-10 at the Wayback Machine
Gunpowder and Firearms in China
March 24, 2023
jiao, this, chinese, name, family, name, jiao, chinese, 焦玉, pinyin, jiāo, wade, giles, chiao, chinese, military, general, philosopher, writer, yuan, dynasty, early, ming, dynasty, under, yuanzhang, founded, dynasty, became, known, hongwu, emperor, entrusted, l. In this Chinese name the family name is Jiao Jiao Yu Chinese 焦玉 pinyin Jiao Yu Wade Giles Chiao Yu was a Chinese military general philosopher and writer of the Yuan dynasty and early Ming dynasty under Zhu Yuanzhang who founded the dynasty and became known as the Hongwu Emperor He was entrusted by Zhu as a leading artillery officer for the rebel army that overthrew the Mongol Yuan dynasty and established the Ming dynasty 1 An illustration of a fragmentation bomb from the Huolongjing The black dots represent iron pellets Depiction of a fire arrow rocket launcher from the Huolongjing Essentially a fire lance on a frame the multiple bullets magazine eruptor shoots lead shots which are loaded in a magazine and fed into the barrel when turned around on its axis As a senior adviser and general he was later appointed to the venerable and noble status of the Count of Dongning 2 He edited and wrote a famous military treatise that outlined the use of Chinese military technology during the mid 14th century based on his military campaign of 1355 AD 1 However descriptions of some gunpowder weapons in his treatise derive from Song dynasty 960 1279 AD materials on battles against the Khitans Liao dynasty Jurchens Jin dynasty and Mongols His Huolongjing translated as the Fire Drake Manual contains descriptions of fire arrows fire lances grenades firearms bombards cannons exploding cannonballs land mines naval mines rockets rocket launchers two stage rockets and various gunpowder solutions including poisonous concoctions Contents 1 Life and career 2 The Huolongjing 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External linksLife and career EditJiao Yu was an aspiring scholar in his youth during the Yuan dynasty but was not accepted into government service Jiao Yu met an adept Daoist intellect living in the Tiantai Mountain known as Chichi Daoren the Knowing when to stop Daoist 3 Like Jiao Yu Daoren accepted the teachings of Confucius and Mencius but in military affairs Jiao was convinced that he had inherited the skill of the ancient Sun Tzu 3 After Jiao Yu became his protege Daoren urged Yu to join the cause of Zhu Yuanzhang s rebellion 4 Daoren had also shared with him various literary works on fire weapons and their recorded uses in battle 4 After joining his ranks Jiao Yu became one of Zhu Yuanzhang s trusted confidants in the Red Turban Rebellion against the Yuan dynasty Zhu was impressed with Jiao s knowledge of firearms which he had earlier acquired from Daoren yet Zhu wanted to test their abilities Zhu ordered his officer Xu Da to provide a demonstration of their destructive capabilities and after the display Zhu Yuanzhang was most impressed with their power 4 With the aid of Jiao s fire weapons Zhu s army once stationed in Hezhou among a plethora of different rebel groups in surrounding towns conquered Jingzhou and Xiangzhou in one expedition In the second expedition the provinces of Jiang and Zhe and in the third campaign the entire province of Fujian was taken including its surrounding waterways 2 After this Zhu s army captured the whole of Shandong in one campaign strengthening his base while the authority of the Mongol regime at Beijing was collapsing all around 2 Zhu finally drove the Mongols north in 1367 establishing a new capital at Nanjing soon after while Beijing became the secondary capital After the successful rebellion and establishment of Zhu Yuanzhang as the Ming dynasty s new Hongwu Emperor Jiao was charged with manufacturing firearms for the government 4 Jiao was eventually appointed as the head officer of the enormous Shen Zhi Ying Armory where multitudes of manufactured guns and artillery were deposited for storage and safekeeping 4 Proper maintenance and safety measures for gunpowder arsenals were taken very seriously during Jiao s time due to the memory of previous disasters during the Song dynasty such as Prime Minister Zhao Nanchong s personal arsenal catching fire and exploding in 1260 AD 5 alongside the monumental disaster of the enormous Weiyang arsenal accidentally catching fire in 1280 AD and killing more than 100 people 6 With Zhu Yuanzhang in power over the government he established various production facilities in the capital at Nanjing for the manufacture of gunpowder and fire weapons stored in various arsenals throughout the country 4 The Hongwu Emperor established a new Gunpowder Department in the central administration of the capital 2 Jiao Yu placed a lot of emphasis on the importance of fire weapons as he once wrote in a preface to his book the very existence or destruction of the Empire and the lives of the whole armed forces depend on the exact timing of these weapons This is what fire weapons are all about 3 Along with the scholar general and court adviser Liu Bowen 1311 1375 Jiao Yu became an editor of the 14th century military treatise known as the Huolongjing Fire Drake Manual 7 The Nanyang publication of the book known as the Huolongjing Quanzhi Fire Drake Manual in One Complete Volume featured a preface written by Jiao Yu much later in 1412 AD Both publications falsely attributed the earliest passages of the book to the ancient Chinese Prime Minister Zhuge Liang 181 234 AD of the Shu Han 7 even though gunpowder warfare did not exist in China until the advent of the gunpowder fuse ignited flamethrower Pen Huo Qi in the 10th century 8 The oldest passages found in the Huolongjing were collected from sources no earlier than circa 1270 AD 9 Although Jiao Yu s biography does not appear in the History of Ming 1739 Yu was mentioned in Zhao Shizhen s Shenqipu 1598 AD He Rubin s Binglu 1606 AD and Jiao Xu s Zekelu 1643 AD 4 His text Huolongjing was reprinted in the 19th century during the late Qing dynasty 7 The Huolongjing EditMain article Huolongjing The Huolongjing Chinese 火龍神器陣灋 compiled and edited by Jiao Yu and Liu Zhi outlined the use of many different gunpowder weapons found in China during the 14th century It provided information for Various gunpowder compositions 10 Descriptions of the Chinese hollow cast iron grenade bomb 11 Descriptions of the Chinese fire arrow 12 Descriptions of explosive land mines 13 Descriptions of explosive naval mines 14 Descriptions of fire lances and proto guns 15 Descriptions of bombards and cannons 16 Descriptions of hollow gunpowder packed exploding cannonballs 17 Descriptions of handguns with possible serpentines used as components in matchlocks 18 Description of rocket launchers 19 and two stage rockets 20 Descriptions of winged rockets with fins attached for better aerodynamic stability 21 See also EditTechnology of the Song dynasty History of firearms Gunpowder warfare Black powder Battle of Tangdao Battle of Caishi Battle of Lake Poyang Liu BowenNotes Edit a b Needham Volume 5 Part 7 26 a b c d Needham Volume 5 Part 7 31 a b c Needham Volume 5 Part 7 29 a b c d e f g Needham Volume 5 Part 7 27 Needham Volume 5 Part 7 209 Needham Volume 5 Part 7 209 210 a b c Needham Volume 5 Part 7 25 Needham Volume 5 Part 7 82 Needham Volume 5 Part 7 24 Needham Volume 5 Part 7 pp 180 187 Needham Volume 5 Part 7 p 183 Needham Volume 5 Part 7 pp 153 154 Needham Volume 5 Part 7 pp 192 196 Needham Volume 5 Part 7 pp 203 205 Needham Volume 5 Part 7 p 229 Needham Volume 5 Part 7 pp 314 325 Needham Volume 5 Part 7 p 264 Needham Volume 5 Part 7 p 459 Needham Volume 5 Part 7 489 Needham Volume 5 Part 7 p 508 Needham Volume 5 Part 7 pp 498 503 References EditNeedham Joseph 1986 Science and Civilization in China Volume 5 Chemistry and Chemical Technology Part 7 Military Technology the Gunpowder Epic Taipei Caves Books Ltd External links EditChinese Siege Warfare Chinese Fire Arrows The History of Early Fireworks and Fire Arrows Archived 2020 04 10 at the Wayback Machine Gunpowder and Firearms in China Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jiao Yu amp oldid 1144328709, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
