The silvery gibbon (Hylobates moloch), also known as the Javan gibbon, is a primate in the gibbon family Hylobatidae. It is endemic to the Indonesian island of Java, where it inhabits undisturbed rainforests up to an altitude of 2,450 m (8,040 ft). It is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List since 2008, as the wild population is estimated at comprising less than 2500 mature individuals.[2]
Its coat is bluish-grey in colour, with a dark grey or black cap. Like all gibbons, the silvery gibbon lacks an external tail, has dorsally placed scapulae, and reduced flexibility in its lumbar region. It has long, curved fingers and very long forelimbs relative to its hind limbs. On average, it reaches 8 kg (18 lb) in weight. It is diurnal and arboreal, climbing trees skilfully and brachiating through the forests. Brachiation is possible because of its mobile wrist joints, full rotation of the upper arm, and the ability to lock elbows in suspension. Its diet consists of fruits, leaves, and flowers.
Every three years, on average, the female gives birth to a single young, after a gestation of seven months. The offspring is nursed for about 18 months and lives with the family group until it is fully mature at about eight to ten years old.[3]
The silvery gibbon ranks among the most threatened primates. It is listed as Endangered on the 2009 IUCN Red List,[2] with the population appearing more stable than in a 2004 assessment of the species being Critically Endangered, which suggested there was a 50% chance of the silvery gibbon becoming extinct within the next decade.[4] Habitat destruction on densely populated Java continues to reduce the natural range of the species. Many gibbons are also lost to the illegal pet trade, when adults are hunted so their young can be sold in the markets as pets.[4] There are less than 2,000 silvery gibbons in the wild on eight sites that are considered to be genetically viable for the continuation of the species. There are also a dozen small, non-viable populations. Mount Halimun Salak National Park sustains the largest population of ca. 1,000 gibbons.[4] Other large populations of several hundred are found in the Gunung Ciremai National Park and Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park.[5] In the latter there is a Javan Gibbon Centre that rehabilitates ex-captive gibbons.[6]
Several zoos operate silvery gibbon breeding programs. Despite these efforts, the future survival of this species is in question.
Behaviour and ecologyEdit
Like all gibbon species, the silvery gibbon lives in pairs and stakes out territory that the pair strongly defends; it has relatively small territories of about 42 acres. Females sing to declare their territory several times a day, and if strangers are spotted, the male screams loudly in an attempt to scare them away. The majority of the solo song bouts or scream bouts are produced by the females.[7] The female vocal bouts occur after 0500 hr, with the vocal bout activity peaking around 0600 hr. In contrast, the male vocal bouts primarily occur before 0500 hr.[7] The males are usually very aggressive to others.
ClassificationEdit
Some authors recognize two subspecies of Hylobates moloch:[8]
Western silvery gibbon or western Javan gibbon, H. m. moloch
Eastern silvery gibbon or central Javan gibbon, H. m. pongoalsoni
ReferencesEdit
^Groves, C. P. (2005). "Species Hylobates moloch". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 180. ISBN0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
^ abcdNijman, V. (2020). "Hylobates moloch". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T10550A17966495. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T10550A17966495.en. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
^Kappeler, M. (1981). The Javan silvery gibbon (Hylobates lar moloch), habitat, distribution, numbers (Ph.D.). Basel: University of Basel.
silvery, gibbon, silvery, gibbon, hylobates, moloch, also, known, javan, gibbon, primate, gibbon, family, hylobatidae, endemic, indonesian, island, java, where, inhabits, undisturbed, rainforests, altitude, listed, endangered, iucn, list, since, 2008, wild, po. The silvery gibbon Hylobates moloch also known as the Javan gibbon is a primate in the gibbon family Hylobatidae It is endemic to the Indonesian island of Java where it inhabits undisturbed rainforests up to an altitude of 2 450 m 8 040 ft It is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List since 2008 as the wild population is estimated at comprising less than 2500 mature individuals 2 Silvery gibbonA silvery gibbon foraging in a Ficus tree Photograph taken in Mount Halimun Salak National ParkConservation statusEndangered IUCN 3 1 2 CITES Appendix I CITES 2 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaOrder PrimatesSuborder HaplorhiniInfraorder SimiiformesFamily HylobatidaeGenus HylobatesSpecies H moloch 1 Binomial nameHylobates moloch 1 Audebert 1798 Silvery gibbon rangeIts coat is bluish grey in colour with a dark grey or black cap Like all gibbons the silvery gibbon lacks an external tail has dorsally placed scapulae and reduced flexibility in its lumbar region It has long curved fingers and very long forelimbs relative to its hind limbs On average it reaches 8 kg 18 lb in weight It is diurnal and arboreal climbing trees skilfully and brachiating through the forests Brachiation is possible because of its mobile wrist joints full rotation of the upper arm and the ability to lock elbows in suspension Its diet consists of fruits leaves and flowers Every three years on average the female gives birth to a single young after a gestation of seven months The offspring is nursed for about 18 months and lives with the family group until it is fully mature at about eight to ten years old 3 Contents 1 Threats and conservation 2 Behaviour and ecology 3 Classification 4 References 5 External linksThreats and conservation EditThe silvery gibbon ranks among the most threatened primates It is listed as Endangered on the 2009 IUCN Red List 2 with the population appearing more stable than in a 2004 assessment of the species being Critically Endangered which suggested there was a 50 chance of the silvery gibbon becoming extinct within the next decade 4 Habitat destruction on densely populated Java continues to reduce the natural range of the species Many gibbons are also lost to the illegal pet trade when adults are hunted so their young can be sold in the markets as pets 4 There are less than 2 000 silvery gibbons in the wild on eight sites that are considered to be genetically viable for the continuation of the species There are also a dozen small non viable populations Mount Halimun Salak National Park sustains the largest population of ca 1 000 gibbons 4 Other large populations of several hundred are found in the Gunung Ciremai National Park and Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park 5 In the latter there is a Javan Gibbon Centre that rehabilitates ex captive gibbons 6 Several zoos operate silvery gibbon breeding programs Despite these efforts the future survival of this species is in question Behaviour and ecology EditLike all gibbon species the silvery gibbon lives in pairs and stakes out territory that the pair strongly defends it has relatively small territories of about 42 acres Females sing to declare their territory several times a day and if strangers are spotted the male screams loudly in an attempt to scare them away The majority of the solo song bouts or scream bouts are produced by the females 7 The female vocal bouts occur after 0500 hr with the vocal bout activity peaking around 0600 hr In contrast the male vocal bouts primarily occur before 0500 hr 7 The males are usually very aggressive to others Classification EditSome authors recognize two subspecies of Hylobates moloch 8 Western silvery gibbon or western Javan gibbon H m moloch Eastern silvery gibbon or central Javan gibbon H m pongoalsoniReferences Edit Groves C P 2005 Species Hylobates moloch In Wilson D E Reeder D M eds Mammal Species of the World A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference 3rd ed Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press p 180 ISBN 0 801 88221 4 OCLC 62265494 a b c d Nijman V 2020 Hylobates moloch IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e T10550A17966495 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2020 2 RLTS T10550A17966495 en Retrieved 17 January 2022 Kappeler M 1981 The Javan silvery gibbon Hylobates lar moloch habitat distribution numbers Ph D Basel University of Basel a b c The Silvery Gibbon Project Retrieved 2007 12 11 Supriatna Jatna Conservation Programs for the Endangered Javan Gibbon PDF Primate Conservation 2006 21 155 162 The Silvery Gibbon Project Conservation Projects Archived 2013 12 20 at archive today retrieved 20 December 2013 a b Geissmann T Nijman V 2009 Calling in Wild Silvery Gibbons Hylobates moloch in Java Indonesia Behavior Phylogeny and Conservation American Journal of Primatology 68 1 1 19 doi 10 1002 ajp 20203 PMID 16419119 S2CID 5900145 Geissmann T Gibbon Systematics and Species Identification Retrieved 2006 04 13 External links Edit nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Silvery gibbon ARKive images and movies of the Javan gibbon Hylobates moloch http www gibbons de Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Silvery gibbon amp oldid 1149325396, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
