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Gagaku

January 01, 1970

For the album, see Gagaku (album).
For the Asuka-period genre of masked dance-drama, see Gigaku. For the style of gagaku adopted from Tang-dynasty China, see Tōgaku.

Gagaku (雅楽, lit. "elegant music")[1] is a type of Japanese classical music that was historically used for imperial court music and dances. Gagaku was developed as court music of the Kyoto Imperial Palace, and its near-current form was established in the Heian period (794–1185) around the 10th century.[2][3] Today, it is performed by the Board of Ceremonies in the Tokyo Imperial Palace.

Gagaku consists of three primary repertoires:[2]

  1. Native Shinto religious music and imperial songs and dance, called Kuniburi no utamai (国風歌舞)
  2. Vocal music based on native folk poetry, called Utaimono (謡物)
  3. Songs and dance based on foreign-style music
    1. A Chinese, Vietnamese and Indian form (specifically Tang dynasty), called Tōgaku (唐楽)
    2. A Korean and Manchurian form, called komagaku (高麗楽)

Gagaku, like shōmyō, employs the yo scale, a pentatonic scale with ascending intervals of two, three, two, two, and three semitones between the five scale tones.[4] Artistically it differs from the music of the corresponding Chinese form yayue (雅楽) which is a term reserved for ceremonial music.[5]

History edit

 
Jingu-Bugaku at Kotaijingu (Naiku), Ise city, Mie Prefecture

The prototype of gagaku was introduced into Japan with Buddhism from China. In 589, Japanese official diplomatic delegations were sent to China (during the Sui dynasty) to learn Chinese culture, including Chinese court music. By the 7th century, the koto (the 13-stringed zither) and the biwa (a short-necked lute) had been introduced into Japan from China. Various instruments, including these two, were the earliest used to play gagaku.

Even though the Japanese use the same term, 雅楽 (yǎyuè in Mandarin Chinese, ngahngohk in Cantonese), the form of music imported from China was primarily banquet music (engaku) rather than the ceremonial music of the Chinese yǎyuè. The importation of music peaked during the Tang dynasty, and these pieces are called Tōgaku (Tang music). Gagaku pieces that originated at a time earlier than the Tang dynasty are called kogaku (ancient music), while those originating after the Tang dynasty are called shingaku (new music). The term gagaku itself was first recorded in 701, when the first imperial academy of music Gagakuryō was established.[5]

Music from the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo had been recorded as early as 453 AD, and komagaku was eventually used as a term that covered all Korean pieces, the Goguryeo kingdom being referred to as Koma in Japanese. Komagaku and Tōgaku became established in southern Japan during the Nara period (710–794). In 736, music from India and Vietnam were also introduced, known as Tenjikugaku (天竺楽) and Rinyūgaku (林邑楽) respectively.

During the Nara period in the 8th century, gagaku was performed at national events, such as the erection of the Great Buddha of Todai-ji Temple, by organizing gagaku performance groups at large temples.

From the 9th century to the 10th century, during the Heian period, traditional gagaku was developed further, becoming distinctly Japanese in style through its fusion with musical styles indigenous to Japan, changing it greatly. The form of gagaku was almost completed by the fusion of Tōgaku, Komagaku, Tenjikugaku and Rinyūgaku which were introduced from Asian countries, with Kuniburi no utamai, traditional Japanese music, and utaimono, songs born in the Heian period.[2][3] During this period, many pieces of gagaku music were created and foreign-style gagaku music was rearranged and renewed. Gagaku was also reorganized, and foreign-style gagaku music was classified into categories called Sahō (左方, left side) and Uhō (右方, right side). Chinese, Vietnamese and Indian style was classified as Sahō, and Korean and Manchurian style was classified as Uhō. Tenjikugaku and Rinyūgaku were also included in the category of Tōgaku.[2][3][6]

The popularity of gagaku reached its peak between the 9th and 10th centuries, when court aristocracy began to hold private concerts, but declined in the Kamakura period (1185–1333) when the power of the court aristocracy became diminished while that of the samurai rose.[6] Gagaku was played by musicians who belonged to hereditary guilds. During the Kamakura period, military rule was imposed and gagaku was rarely performed at court. At this time, there were three guilds, based in Osaka, Nara and Kyoto.

Due to the Ōnin War, a civil war from 1467 to 1477 during the Muromachi period, gagaku ensembles ceased to perform in Kyoto for about 100 years. In the Edo period, the Tokugawa shogunate revived and reorganized the court-style ensembles, the direct ancestors of the present gagaku ensembles.

After the Meiji Restoration of 1868, musicians from all three guilds came to the capital and their descendants make up most of the current Tokyo Imperial Palace Music Department. By that time, the present ensemble composition had been established, consisting of three wind instruments – hichiriki, ryūteki, and shō (bamboo mouth organ used to provide harmony) – and three percussion instruments – kakko (small drum), shōko (metal percussion), and taiko (drum) or dadaiko (large drum), supplemented by two string instruments – gakubiwa and gakusō.

Gagaku also accompanies classical dance performances called bugaku (舞楽). It may be used in religious ceremonies in some Buddhist temples.[7]

In 1955, the Japanese government recognized gagaku and bugaku as important National Treasures.

Today, gagaku is performed in three ways:[8]

  • as kangen, concert music for winds, strings and percussion,
  • as bugaku, or dance music, for which the stringed instruments are omitted.
  • as utaimono, singing to the accompaniment of a musical instrument, classified into 10 categories.

Komagaku survives only as bugaku.[9]

Contemporary gagaku ensembles, such as Reigakusha (伶楽舎), perform contemporary compositions for gagaku instruments. This subgenre of contemporary works for gagaku instruments, which began in the 1960s, is called reigaku (伶楽). 20th-century composers such as Tōru Takemitsu have composed works for gagaku ensembles, as well as individual gagaku instruments. In January 2015 the Reigakusha gagaku Ensemble and Ensemble Modern performed together Music with silent aitake's by Belgian composer Frederic D'Haene, making gagaku and Western music co-exist.[10]

Instruments used edit

Wind, string and percussion instruments are essential elements of gagaku music. Some instruments, such as Haishō, Gogen biwa, Kugo had been removed from the ensemble during Heian period and reconstructed based on the old documents and some remains of the instruments in the Shōsō-in during Showa Era.

Wind edit

  • Hichiriki (篳篥), oboe
  • O-hichiriki (大篳篥)
  • Ryūteki (龍笛), transverse flute used in tōgaku
  • Shō (笙), mouth organ
  • U (竽), large mouth organ
  • Komabue (高麗笛), transverse flute smaller than ryūteki, used in komagaku
  • Azuma-asobi-bue (東遊笛), also called chukan
  • Kagurabue (神楽笛), transverse flute larger than ryūteki, used in kuniburi no utamai
  • (Ancient) Shakuhachi (尺八)
  • Haishō (排簫), panpipes

String edit

  • Gaku Biwa (楽琵琶), 4-stringed lute
  • Gogen biwa (五絃琵琶), 5-stringed lute
  • Gakusō (楽箏), 13-string zither of Chinese origin
  • Kugo (箜篌), angled harp used in ancient times and recently revived
  • Genkan (阮咸)
  • Yamatogoto (大和琴, also called wa-gon), zither of Japanese origin, with 6 or 7 strings

Percussion edit

  • Shōko (鉦鼓), small gong, struck with two horn beaters
  • Kakko (鞨鼓/羯鼓), small hourglass-shaped drum struck with two wooden sticks
  • Tsuri-daiko (釣太鼓), drum on a stand with ornately painted head, played with two padded sticks
  • Da-daiko (鼉太鼓), large drums used at festivals
  • Ikko (一鼓), small, ornately decorated hourglass-shaped drum
  • San-no-tsuzumi (三の鼓), hourglass-shaped drum
  • Shakubyoshi (笏拍子, also called shaku), clapper made from a pair of flat wooden sticks
  • Hōkyō (方響)
  • Suzu (鈴), a bell tree clapper, specific to Mikomai dance performed as Mi-kagura
  • Tsuzumi (鼓), hourglass drum, specific to Shirabyōshi dance performed as Mi-kagura

Influence on Western music edit

Beginning in the 20th century, several western classical composers became interested in gagaku, and composed works based on gagaku. Most notable among these are Henry Cowell (Ongaku, 1957), La Monte Young (numerous works of drone music,[11] but especially Trio for Strings, 1958), Alan Hovhaness (numerous works), Olivier Messiaen (Sept haïkaï, 1962), Lou Harrison (Pacifika Rondo, 1963), Benjamin Britten (Curlew River, 1964), Bengt Hambraeus (Shogaku, from Tre Pezzi per Organo, 1967), Ákos Nagy (Veiled wince flute quartet 2010), Jarosław Kapuściński (numerous works), Sarah Peebles (numerous works), Michiko Toyama (Waka, 1960), and Tim Hecker (Konoyo, 2018).

One of the most important gagaku musicians of the 20th century, Masataro Togi (who served for many years as chief court musician), instructed American composers such as Alan Hovhaness and Richard Teitelbaum in the playing of gagaku instruments.

Other cultural influence edit

The American poet Steve Richmond developed a unique style based on the rhythms of gagaku. Richmond heard gagaku music on records at U.C.L.A.'s Department of Ethnomusicology in the early 1960s. In a 2009 interview with writer Ben Pleasants, Richmond claimed he had written an estimated 8,000–9,000 gagaku poems.[12]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, Kenkyusha Limited, Tokyo 1991, ISBN 4-7674-2015-6
  2. ^ a b c d Nihon gagakukai
  3. ^ a b c Japan Arts Council
  4. ^
  5. ^ a b Benito Ortolani (1995). The Japanese Theatre: From Shamanistic Ritual to Contemporary Pluralism. Princeton University Press. pp. 40–41. ISBN 978-0691043333.
  6. ^ a b Benito Ortolani (1995). The Japanese Theatre: From Shamanistic Ritual to Contemporary Pluralism. Princeton University Press. pp. 42–43. ISBN 978-0691043333.
  7. ^ . Kyushu National Museums. Archived from the original on 24 November 2007.
  8. ^ "Enjoy gagaku. What kind of music is Gagaku?" Doyusha Video
  9. ^ . Archived from the original on 2014-08-19. Retrieved 2007-10-05.
  10. ^ [1] Ravello Records released the CD in 2018.
  11. ^ Zuckerman, Gabrielle (ed.), (Archive.org copy of 2006), American Public Media, July 2002, musicmavericks.publicradio.org: "So, this contribution of Indian Classical music is one of the biggest influences on me, but there are other influences on me too. [...] We have the effect of Japanese gagaku, which has sustained tones in it in the instruments such as the Sho."
  12. ^ Pleasants, Ben. "American Rimbaud: An interview with Steve Richmond".
  • Alves, William. Music of the Peoples of the World. Thomson Schirmer, 2006.
  • Garfias, Robert. "Gradual Modifications of the Gagaku Tradition." Ethnomusicology, Vol. 4, No. 1. (Jan., 1960), pp. 16–19.
  • Matsumiya, Suiho. "Traditional Music in Japan To-Day: Its Stability and Evolution." Journal of the International Folk Music Council, Vol. 11 (1959), pp. 65–66.
  • Malm, William P. Japanese Music and Musical Instruments. Charles E. Japan: TuttleCo., Inc., 1959.

External links edit

  • Gagaku (Japanese Imperial Court Music) – The Imperial Household Agency
  • Gagaku – UNESCO
  • Gagaku Japanese Court Music & Dance
  • Gagaku music: Repertoire, Instruments and Orchestration

January 01, 1970
gagaku, album, album, asuka, period, genre, masked, dance, drama, gigaku, style, gagaku, adopted, from, tang, dynasty, china, tōgaku, 雅楽, elegant, music, type, japanese, classical, music, that, historically, used, imperial, court, music, dances, developed, cou. For the album see Gagaku album For the Asuka period genre of masked dance drama see Gigaku For the style of gagaku adopted from Tang dynasty China see Tōgaku Gagaku 雅楽 lit elegant music 1 is a type of Japanese classical music that was historically used for imperial court music and dances Gagaku was developed as court music of the Kyoto Imperial Palace and its near current form was established in the Heian period 794 1185 around the 10th century 2 3 Today it is performed by the Board of Ceremonies in the Tokyo Imperial Palace Gagaku consists of three primary repertoires 2 Native Shinto religious music and imperial songs and dance called Kuniburi no utamai 国風歌舞 Vocal music based on native folk poetry called Utaimono 謡物 Songs and dance based on foreign style music A Chinese Vietnamese and Indian form specifically Tang dynasty called Tōgaku 唐楽 A Korean and Manchurian form called komagaku 高麗楽 Gagaku like shōmyō employs the yo scale a pentatonic scale with ascending intervals of two three two two and three semitones between the five scale tones 4 Artistically it differs from the music of the corresponding Chinese form yayue 雅楽 which is a term reserved for ceremonial music 5 Contents 1 History 2 Instruments used 2 1 Wind 2 2 String 2 3 Percussion 3 Influence on Western music 4 Other cultural influence 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksHistory edit nbsp Jingu Bugaku at Kotaijingu Naiku Ise city Mie Prefecture The prototype of gagaku was introduced into Japan with Buddhism from China In 589 Japanese official diplomatic delegations were sent to China during the Sui dynasty to learn Chinese culture including Chinese court music By the 7th century the koto the 13 stringed zither and the biwa a short necked lute had been introduced into Japan from China Various instruments including these two were the earliest used to play gagaku Even though the Japanese use the same term 雅楽 yǎyue in Mandarin Chinese ngahngohk in Cantonese the form of music imported from China was primarily banquet music engaku rather than the ceremonial music of the Chinese yǎyue The importation of music peaked during the Tang dynasty and these pieces are called Tōgaku Tang music Gagaku pieces that originated at a time earlier than the Tang dynasty are called kogaku ancient music while those originating after the Tang dynasty are called shingaku new music The term gagaku itself was first recorded in 701 when the first imperial academy of music Gagakuryō was established 5 Music from the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo had been recorded as early as 453 AD and komagaku was eventually used as a term that covered all Korean pieces the Goguryeo kingdom being referred to as Koma in Japanese Komagaku and Tōgaku became established in southern Japan during the Nara period 710 794 In 736 music from India and Vietnam were also introduced known as Tenjikugaku 天竺楽 and Rinyugaku 林邑楽 respectively During the Nara period in the 8th century gagaku was performed at national events such as the erection of the Great Buddha of Todai ji Temple by organizing gagaku performance groups at large temples From the 9th century to the 10th century during the Heian period traditional gagaku was developed further becoming distinctly Japanese in style through its fusion with musical styles indigenous to Japan changing it greatly The form of gagaku was almost completed by the fusion of Tōgaku Komagaku Tenjikugaku and Rinyugaku which were introduced from Asian countries with Kuniburi no utamai traditional Japanese music and utaimono songs born in the Heian period 2 3 During this period many pieces of gagaku music were created and foreign style gagaku music was rearranged and renewed Gagaku was also reorganized and foreign style gagaku music was classified into categories called Sahō 左方 left side and Uhō 右方 right side Chinese Vietnamese and Indian style was classified as Sahō and Korean and Manchurian style was classified as Uhō Tenjikugaku and Rinyugaku were also included in the category of Tōgaku 2 3 6 The popularity of gagaku reached its peak between the 9th and 10th centuries when court aristocracy began to hold private concerts but declined in the Kamakura period 1185 1333 when the power of the court aristocracy became diminished while that of the samurai rose 6 Gagaku was played by musicians who belonged to hereditary guilds During the Kamakura period military rule was imposed and gagaku was rarely performed at court At this time there were three guilds based in Osaka Nara and Kyoto Due to the Ōnin War a civil war from 1467 to 1477 during the Muromachi period gagaku ensembles ceased to perform in Kyoto for about 100 years In the Edo period the Tokugawa shogunate revived and reorganized the court style ensembles the direct ancestors of the present gagaku ensembles After the Meiji Restoration of 1868 musicians from all three guilds came to the capital and their descendants make up most of the current Tokyo Imperial Palace Music Department By that time the present ensemble composition had been established consisting of three wind instruments hichiriki ryuteki and shō bamboo mouth organ used to provide harmony and three percussion instruments kakko small drum shōko metal percussion and taiko drum or dadaiko large drum supplemented by two string instruments gakubiwa and gakusō Gagaku also accompanies classical dance performances called bugaku 舞楽 It may be used in religious ceremonies in some Buddhist temples 7 In 1955 the Japanese government recognized gagaku and bugaku as important National Treasures Today gagaku is performed in three ways 8 as kangen concert music for winds strings and percussion as bugaku or dance music for which the stringed instruments are omitted as utaimono singing to the accompaniment of a musical instrument classified into 10 categories Komagaku survives only as bugaku 9 Contemporary gagaku ensembles such as Reigakusha 伶楽舎 perform contemporary compositions for gagaku instruments This subgenre of contemporary works for gagaku instruments which began in the 1960s is called reigaku 伶楽 20th century composers such as Tōru Takemitsu have composed works for gagaku ensembles as well as individual gagaku instruments In January 2015 the Reigakusha gagaku Ensemble and Ensemble Modern performed together Music with silent aitake s by Belgian composer Frederic D Haene making gagaku and Western music co exist 10 Instruments used editWind string and percussion instruments are essential elements of gagaku music Some instruments such as Haishō Gogen biwa Kugo had been removed from the ensemble during Heian period and reconstructed based on the old documents and some remains of the instruments in the Shōsō in during Showa Era Wind edit Hichiriki 篳篥 oboe O hichiriki 大篳篥 Ryuteki 龍笛 transverse flute used in tōgaku Shō 笙 mouth organ U 竽 large mouth organ Komabue 高麗笛 transverse flute smaller than ryuteki used in komagaku Azuma asobi bue 東遊笛 also called chukan Kagurabue 神楽笛 transverse flute larger than ryuteki used in kuniburi no utamai Ancient Shakuhachi 尺八 Haishō 排簫 panpipes String edit Gaku Biwa 楽琵琶 4 stringed lute Gogen biwa 五絃琵琶 5 stringed lute Gakusō 楽箏 13 string zither of Chinese origin Kugo 箜篌 angled harp used in ancient times and recently revived Genkan 阮咸 Yamatogoto 大和琴 also called wa gon zither of Japanese origin with 6 or 7 strings Percussion edit Shōko 鉦鼓 small gong struck with two horn beaters Kakko 鞨鼓 羯鼓 small hourglass shaped drum struck with two wooden sticks Tsuri daiko 釣太鼓 drum on a stand with ornately painted head played with two padded sticks Da daiko 鼉太鼓 large drums used at festivals Ikko 一鼓 small ornately decorated hourglass shaped drum San no tsuzumi 三の鼓 hourglass shaped drum Shakubyoshi 笏拍子 also called shaku clapper made from a pair of flat wooden sticks Hōkyō 方響 Suzu 鈴 a bell tree clapper specific to Mikomai dance performed as Mi kagura Tsuzumi 鼓 hourglass drum specific to Shirabyōshi dance performed as Mi kaguraInfluence on Western music editBeginning in the 20th century several western classical composers became interested in gagaku and composed works based on gagaku Most notable among these are Henry Cowell Ongaku 1957 La Monte Young numerous works of drone music 11 but especially Trio for Strings 1958 Alan Hovhaness numerous works Olivier Messiaen Sept haikai 1962 Lou Harrison Pacifika Rondo 1963 Benjamin Britten Curlew River 1964 Bengt Hambraeus Shogaku from Tre Pezzi per Organo 1967 Akos Nagy Veiled wince flute quartet 2010 Jaroslaw Kapuscinski numerous works Sarah Peebles numerous works Michiko Toyama Waka 1960 and Tim Hecker Konoyo 2018 One of the most important gagaku musicians of the 20th century Masataro Togi who served for many years as chief court musician instructed American composers such as Alan Hovhaness and Richard Teitelbaum in the playing of gagaku instruments Other cultural influence editThe American poet Steve Richmond developed a unique style based on the rhythms of gagaku Richmond heard gagaku music on records at U C L A s Department of Ethnomusicology in the early 1960s In a 2009 interview with writer Ben Pleasants Richmond claimed he had written an estimated 8 000 9 000 gagaku poems 12 See also editAak Etenraku Gigaku Kagura Nha nhạc YayueReferences edit Kenkyusha s New Japanese English Dictionary Kenkyusha Limited Tokyo 1991 ISBN 4 7674 2015 6 a b c d History of gagaku Nihon gagakukai a b c The Indigenization and Accomplishment of Gagaku Japan Arts Council Japanese Music Cross Cultural Communication World Music University of Wisconsin Green Bay a b Benito Ortolani 1995 The Japanese Theatre From Shamanistic Ritual to Contemporary Pluralism Princeton University Press pp 40 41 ISBN 978 0691043333 a b Benito Ortolani 1995 The Japanese Theatre From Shamanistic Ritual to Contemporary Pluralism Princeton University Press pp 42 43 ISBN 978 0691043333 正行寺の報恩講と雅楽 Kyushu National Museums Archived from the original on 24 November 2007 Enjoy gagaku What kind of music is Gagaku Doyusha Video overview University of California site Archived from the original on 2014 08 19 Retrieved 2007 10 05 1 Ravello Records released the CD in 2018 Zuckerman Gabrielle ed An Interview with La Monte Young and Marian Zazeela Archive org copy of 2006 American Public Media July 2002 musicmavericks publicradio org So this contribution of Indian Classical music is one of the biggest influences on me but there are other influences on me too We have the effect of Japanese gagaku which has sustained tones in it in the instruments such as the Sho Pleasants Ben American Rimbaud An interview with Steve Richmond Alves William Music of the Peoples of the World Thomson Schirmer 2006 Garfias Robert Gradual Modifications of the Gagaku Tradition Ethnomusicology Vol 4 No 1 Jan 1960 pp 16 19 Matsumiya Suiho Traditional Music in Japan To Day Its Stability and Evolution Journal of the International Folk Music Council Vol 11 1959 pp 65 66 Malm William P Japanese Music and Musical Instruments Charles E Japan TuttleCo Inc 1959 External links editGagaku Japanese Imperial Court Music The Imperial Household Agency Gagaku UNESCO Gagaku Japanese Court Music amp Dance Ancient Japan The Earliest Japanese Music Gagaku music Repertoire Instruments and Orchestration Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gagaku amp oldid 1225053121, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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