Jan Wacław Machajski (pseudonymA. Wolski (A. Vol'ski), often corrupted in Russian as Makhaev; 27 December 1866 – 19 February 1926) was a Polishrevolutionary whose methodology drew from both anarchism and Marxism whilst criticising both as being products of the intelligentsia.[1]: 105
Machajski was born on 27 December 1866 in Busko-Zdrój. The son of a poor Polish official, Machajski was briefly attracted to Polish nationalism as a student, but abandoned it for internationalism and socialism.[2] He was arrested and exiled to Siberia in 1892, where he began to develop his critique of Marxist revisionism in German and Russian socialism.
Workers' Conspiracy in Kraków 1908–1909edit
The failure of the Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–07) created opportunities for revolutionary activity in Poland. In early 1908 he published a single issue of Rabochii zagovor (Workers' Conspiracy) in Geneva. after which he moved illegally to Kraków in Galicia.[3] Here he assumed the name Jan Kizlo and had low-paid work as a copyist. He and his wife also received financial support from his brother. He was also involved in revolutionary activity with Max Nomad.[3] Thanks to an activist called simply "Kolya" who worked at the imperial mint in St. Petersburg, Machajski was able to appropriate 25,000 roubles to fund the propaganda work of Workers' Conspiracy. This included more issues of the magazine Rabochii zagovor, translations of his writing and other material.[3] During this period the Polish Social Democratic Party of Galicia (PPSD) was aligned with the Polish Socialist Party – Revolutionary Faction, which stressed national independence over internationalism. Initially Nomad and Machajski proved quite successful in recruiting some of their membership, which led to various smears by the PPSD, including meetings arranged simply to denounce them, on occasion involving their leader, Ignacy Daszyński.[3]
Arrest in Zakopaneedit
By the end of 1909 Nomad had left, and Machajski followed suit moving to Zakopane, where he "was arrested and sentenced to two weeks' imprisonment for illegal residence and registration under a false name, and then was allowed to leave Austria. In the spring of 1911, he and his wife settled in Paris", where they lived for six years in relative obscurity.[3]
During the Russian Revolutionedit
Machajski in 1917
Machajski moved to Petrograd in 1917, where he linked up with former comrades such as Bronislav Mitkevich and launched another Machajskist organisation. In June–July 1918 they published in Moscow Rabochaia revoliutsiia (The Workers' Revolution) which restated his views in the context of the successful Bolshevik seizure of power.[3] Here he displayed a certain ambivalence towards the Bolsheviks. He argued that their regime was offering a radical version of the "bourgeois revolution," with a parliamentary system and unfettered capitalism. This Machajski viewed as the inescapable outcome of socialist politics which would place the intelligentsia as a class in power. Thus Machajski argued that the Bolsheviks were an updated version of the Jacobins of the French Revolution.[3] Their democratisation of the bourgeois system would only benefit the lower strata of the intelligentsia but offer nothing to the workers.[3]
Ideasedit
Influenced by Bakunin, he argued – in opposition to Karl Kautsky – that the class interest of intellectuals, including Marxist social democrats, was opposed to that of manual workers,[4] since the unproductive labour of intellectuals depended upon preserving a hereditary monopoly on education at workers' expense. Rather than put their hopes in political revolution, manual workers needed to concentrate upon pressing their economic demands through a mass general strike, until their wages equalled those of the intellectual worker and there could be a socialization of knowledge. Revolution would consist of a violent revolt of the unemployed worker-peasant.[2]
Machajski thus attempted a theoretical synthesis of anarchist political critique and Marxist political economy and theory of history (historical materialism), by applying the Marxist critique of class-dominated ideology to Marxism itself. Machajski theorised a "state capitalist" moment of social development, approximating the seizure of power by intellectuals of the state apparatus, and the oppression of the working class by intellectuals acting to further capitalism in its dying days. In comparison, Machajski theorised socialism as the direct political control of economic institutions by the working class itself. Machajski's contributions foreshadowed the debate over the nature of the Soviet Union and the Soviet-style societies, including the critiques of Leninism, Stalinism and Maoism.
Worksedit
Machajski wrote predominantly in Russian. His writing is more available in Polish or French than English, though commentary on his ideas exists in English.
Scientific Socialism (1899)
The Evolution of Social Democracy (1899)
The Intellectual Worker (1905)
An Unfinished Essay in the Nature of a Critique of Socialism
^ abMichael D. Kennedy, 'The Alternative in Eastern Europe at Century's Start: Brzozowski and Machajski on Intellectuals and Socialism' [review of Shatz], Theory and Society, Vol. 21. No. 5 (October 1992), pp. 735-753
^ abcdefghShatz, Marshall S. (1989). Jan Waclaw Machajski: A radical critic of the Russian intelligentsia and socialism Chapter 6: Cracow-Paris-Moscow. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
^Mark Leier, review of Marshall Shatz, Jan Waclaw Machajski, The International History Review Vol 11 No. 4 (November 1989), pp. 743-45
Gouldner, Alvin W., Prologue to a Theory of Revolutionary Intellectuals, Telos, No. 26 (Winter 1975–76), pp. 3–36
King, Lawrence Peter; Iván Szelényi (2004). Theories of the New Class: intellectuals and power. Contradictions. Vol. 20. Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN978-0-8166-4344-8.
Parry, Albert (1968). Jan Waclaw Machajski. His life and work. New York etc.: Inter-Language Literary Associates. OCLC 122375251.
Shatz, Marshall (1989). Jan Waclaw Machajski: a radical critic of the Russian intelligentsia and socialism. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN0-8229-3602-X
External linksedit
April 10, 2024
wacław, machajski, pseudonym, wolski, often, corrupted, russian, makhaev, december, 1866, february, 1926, polish, revolutionary, whose, methodology, drew, from, both, anarchism, marxism, whilst, criticising, both, being, products, intelligentsia, contents, lif. Jan Waclaw Machajski pseudonym A Wolski A Vol ski often corrupted in Russian as Makhaev 27 December 1866 19 February 1926 was a Polish revolutionary whose methodology drew from both anarchism and Marxism whilst criticising both as being products of the intelligentsia 1 105 Jan Waclaw Machajski Contents 1 Life 2 Workers Conspiracy in Krakow 1908 1909 3 Arrest in Zakopane 4 During the Russian Revolution 5 Ideas 6 Works 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksLife editMachajski was born on 27 December 1866 in Busko Zdroj The son of a poor Polish official Machajski was briefly attracted to Polish nationalism as a student but abandoned it for internationalism and socialism 2 He was arrested and exiled to Siberia in 1892 where he began to develop his critique of Marxist revisionism in German and Russian socialism Workers Conspiracy in Krakow 1908 1909 editThe failure of the Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland 1905 07 created opportunities for revolutionary activity in Poland In early 1908 he published a single issue of Rabochii zagovor Workers Conspiracy in Geneva after which he moved illegally to Krakow in Galicia 3 Here he assumed the name Jan Kizlo and had low paid work as a copyist He and his wife also received financial support from his brother He was also involved in revolutionary activity with Max Nomad 3 Thanks to an activist called simply Kolya who worked at the imperial mint in St Petersburg Machajski was able to appropriate 25 000 roubles to fund the propaganda work of Workers Conspiracy This included more issues of the magazine Rabochii zagovor translations of his writing and other material 3 During this period the Polish Social Democratic Party of Galicia PPSD was aligned with the Polish Socialist Party Revolutionary Faction which stressed national independence over internationalism Initially Nomad and Machajski proved quite successful in recruiting some of their membership which led to various smears by the PPSD including meetings arranged simply to denounce them on occasion involving their leader Ignacy Daszynski 3 Arrest in Zakopane editBy the end of 1909 Nomad had left and Machajski followed suit moving to Zakopane where he was arrested and sentenced to two weeks imprisonment for illegal residence and registration under a false name and then was allowed to leave Austria In the spring of 1911 he and his wife settled in Paris where they lived for six years in relative obscurity 3 During the Russian Revolution edit nbsp Machajski in 1917Machajski moved to Petrograd in 1917 where he linked up with former comrades such as Bronislav Mitkevich and launched another Machajskist organisation In June July 1918 they published in Moscow Rabochaia revoliutsiia The Workers Revolution which restated his views in the context of the successful Bolshevik seizure of power 3 Here he displayed a certain ambivalence towards the Bolsheviks He argued that their regime was offering a radical version of the bourgeois revolution with a parliamentary system and unfettered capitalism This Machajski viewed as the inescapable outcome of socialist politics which would place the intelligentsia as a class in power Thus Machajski argued that the Bolsheviks were an updated version of the Jacobins of the French Revolution 3 Their democratisation of the bourgeois system would only benefit the lower strata of the intelligentsia but offer nothing to the workers 3 Ideas editInfluenced by Bakunin he argued in opposition to Karl Kautsky that the class interest of intellectuals including Marxist social democrats was opposed to that of manual workers 4 since the unproductive labour of intellectuals depended upon preserving a hereditary monopoly on education at workers expense Rather than put their hopes in political revolution manual workers needed to concentrate upon pressing their economic demands through a mass general strike until their wages equalled those of the intellectual worker and there could be a socialization of knowledge Revolution would consist of a violent revolt of the unemployed worker peasant 2 Machajski thus attempted a theoretical synthesis of anarchist political critique and Marxist political economy and theory of history historical materialism by applying the Marxist critique of class dominated ideology to Marxism itself Machajski theorised a state capitalist moment of social development approximating the seizure of power by intellectuals of the state apparatus and the oppression of the working class by intellectuals acting to further capitalism in its dying days In comparison Machajski theorised socialism as the direct political control of economic institutions by the working class itself Machajski s contributions foreshadowed the debate over the nature of the Soviet Union and the Soviet style societies including the critiques of Leninism Stalinism and Maoism Works editMachajski wrote predominantly in Russian His writing is more available in Polish or French than English though commentary on his ideas exists in English Scientific Socialism 1899 The Evolution of Social Democracy 1899 The Intellectual Worker 1905 An Unfinished Essay in the Nature of a Critique of SocialismSee also editAnarchism and MarxismReferences edit Avrich Paul 1967 The Russian Anarchists Princeton Princeton University Press a b Michael D Kennedy The Alternative in Eastern Europe at Century s Start Brzozowski and Machajski on Intellectuals and Socialism review of Shatz Theory and Society Vol 21 No 5 October 1992 pp 735 753 a b c d e f g h Shatz Marshall S 1989 Jan Waclaw Machajski A radical critic of the Russian intelligentsia and socialism Chapter 6 Cracow Paris Moscow Pittsburgh University of Pittsburgh Press Mark Leier review of Marshall Shatz Jan Waclaw Machajski The International History Review Vol 11 No 4 November 1989 pp 743 45Further reading editAvrich Paul 1965 What Is Makhaevism Soviet Studies 17 1 66 75 doi 10 1080 09668136508410449 ISSN 0038 5859 JSTOR 149587 Gouldner Alvin W Prologue to a Theory of Revolutionary Intellectuals Telos No 26 Winter 1975 76 pp 3 36 King Lawrence Peter Ivan Szelenyi 2004 Theories of the New Class intellectuals and power Contradictions Vol 20 Minneapolis and London University of Minnesota Press ISBN 978 0 8166 4344 8 Parry Albert 1968 Jan Waclaw Machajski His life and work New York etc Inter Language Literary Associates OCLC 122375251 Shatz Marshall 1981 Jan Machajski and the Russian Revolutionary Movement Oriental Research Partners ISBN 978 0 89250 172 4 Shatz Marshall 1989 Jan Waclaw Machajski a radical critic of the Russian intelligentsia and socialism Pittsburgh University of Pittsburgh Press ISBN 0 8229 3602 XExternal links edit Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jan Waclaw Machajski amp oldid 1206681154, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
