Jacob's Well
Jacob's Well (Arabic: بِئْر يَعْقُوب, romanized: Biʾr Yaʿqūb; Greek: Φρέαρ του Ιακώβ, romanized: Fréar tou Iakóv; Hebrew: באר יעקב, romanized: Beʾer Yaʿaqov), also known as Jacob's fountain and Well of Sychar, is a deep well constructed into the bedrock that has been associated in religious tradition with Jacob for roughly two millennia. It is situated inside an Eastern Orthodox church and monastery, in Balata village on the outskirts of the Palestinian city of Nablus in the West Bank.[1][2]
Jacob's Well in 2013. | |
Shown within the West Bank | |
| Location | Near Balata village, West Bank |
|---|---|
| Coordinates | 32°12′34″N 35°17′07″E / 32.209461°N 35.285331°E |
| Type | Well |
Religious significance edit
Bromiley (1982) claims that Jewish, Samaritan, Christian, and Muslim traditions associate the well with Jacob, but only mentions examples of Christian pilgrimage and Western research.[1]
Judaism edit
According to Gurevich & Harani (2017), "Judaism does not attribute any significance to the site", citing Yitzhak Magen (2009), Flavia Neapolis: Shechem in the Roman Period, vol. 1, p. 32.[3] This contradicts Bromiley (1982), who states that "Although the OT does not refer to it, Jewish, Samaritan, Moslem, and Christian traditions associate this well with the patriarch Jacob."[1] No well of Jacob is specifically mentioned in the Hebrew Bible (the base of the Old Testament); Genesis 33:18–20 only states that when Jacob returned to Shechem from Paddan Aram, he camped "before" the city and bought the land on which he pitched his tent and erected an altar.[citation needed]
Samaritanism edit
Gurevich & Harani write that "[t]he Samaritans believe that the well was purchased by Jacob the Patriarch."[3]
Christianity edit
The present-day church containing the well has been built close to the archaeological site of Tell Balata, which is thought to be the site of biblical Shechem.[4] Some Biblical scholars contend that the plot of land is the same one upon which Jacob's Well was constructed. Other Biblical scholars have made note of the well discovered in the "open country" of the "land of the Kedemites" in Genesis 29, where Jacob meets his future bride, Rachel.[1][2]
Jacob's Well is mentioned by name once in the New Testament in a passage (John 4:5–6) which says that Jesus "came to a city of Samaria called Sychar, near the field which Jacob gave to his son Joseph. Jacob's well was there."[1] John's Gospel goes on to describe a conversation between Jesus and a Samaritan woman (called Photini in Orthodox tradition), which took place while Jesus was resting at the well after a tiring journey.[5] (John 4:7–15) The site is counted as a Christian holy site. From a Christian perspective, the reference in John's Gospel to the well seems to hint at a deeper nuptial reading of Jesus as the Bridegroom of Israel come to reunite the divided tribes through a spiritual union with him, the long-awaited Messiah; see St. Augustine's Tractate 15 on the Gospel of John.[citation needed]
History edit
The writings of pilgrims indicate that Jacob's Well has been situated within different churches built at the same site over time.[1][2] By the 330s AD, the site had been identified as the place where Jesus held his conversation with the Samaritan woman, and was probably being used for Christian baptisms.[6] By 384 AD, a cruciform church was built over the site, and is mentioned in the 4th century writings of Saint Jerome.[6] This church was most likely destroyed during the Samaritan revolts of 484 or 529 AD.[6] Subsequently, rebuilt by Justinian I, this second Byzantine era church was still standing in the 720s AD, and possibly into the early 9th century AD.[6]
The Byzantine church was definitely in ruins by the time the Crusaders occupied Nablus in August 1099 AD; early 12th-century accounts by pilgrims to the site speak of the well without mentioning a church.[6] These include the appointment of Henry Maleverer as guardian of the well under the king of Jerusalem.[7] There are later 12th-century accounts of a newly built church at Jacob's Well. The first such definitive account comes from Theoderic, who writes: "The well ... is a half a mile distant from the city Nablus: it lies in front of the altar in the church built over it, in which nuns devote themselves to the service of God. This well is called the Fountain of Jacob."[6] This Crusader era church was constructed in 1175, likely due to the support of Queen Melisande, who retired to Nablus in 1152 where she lived until her death in 1161.[8] This church appears to have been destroyed following Saladin's victory over the Crusaders in the Battle of Hittin in 1187.[1][2]
In March 1697, when Henry Maundrell visited Jacob's Well, the water stood at 5 feet (1.5 m) deep of the well's total depth of 35 feet (11 m).[2][9][10] Edward Robinson visited the site in the mid-19th century, describing the "remains of the ancient church," lying just above the well to the southwest as a "shapeless mass of ruins, among which are seen fragments of gray, granite columns, still retaining their ancient polish."[11] Local Christians continued to venerate the site even when it was without a church. In 1860, the site was obtained by the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate and a new church, consecrated to St. Photini the Samaritan, was built in 1893 along with a small monastery.[12] The 1927 Jericho earthquake destroyed that building.
In November 1979, at a time of increased tensions on the West Bank, the custodian of the well, Archimandrite Philoumenos, was found hatcheted to death inside the crypt housing the well. The assailant, a mentally ill resident of Tel Aviv, was apprehended three years later and confessed to that slaying and others, including an assault on a nun at the monastery and the axe murder of a Jewish psychiatrist in Tel Aviv.[12][13][14][15] In 2009, the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem declared Philoumenos a saint thirty years after his death.
Abuna (meaning "Father") Ioustinos, a Greek Orthodox priest from Nablus, later spearheaded a huge reconstruction project. Jacob's Well has since been restored and a new church modelled along the designs of the Crusader-era church houses the well inside it, in a crypt on a lower level.[8]
Physical description and location edit
Jacob's Well is located 76 meters (249 ft) from Tell Balata in the eastern part of the city of Nablus within the grounds of the Bir Ya'qub monastery.[1][8] The well is accessed by entering the church on the monastery grounds, and descending the stairs to a crypt where the well still stands, along with "a small winch, a bucket, ex-voto icons and lots of lit candles."[16]
According to Major Anderson, who visited the site in 1866, the well has:
"...a narrow opening, just wide enough to allow the body of a man to pass through with arms uplifted, and this narrow neck, which is about 4 ft. long, opens into the well itself, which is cylindrically shaped, and opens about 7 ft. 6 in. in diameter. The well and upper part of the well are built of masonry, and the well appears to have been sunk through a mixture of alluvial soil and limestone fragments, till a compact bed of mountain limestone was reached, having horizontal strata which could be easily worked; and the interior of the well presents the appearance of having been lined throughout with rough masonry."[1]
Based on a measurement made in 1935, the total depth of the well is 41 meters (135 ft).[1]
See also edit
- Bir Ma'in, Arab village near Ramle, connected by a foundation legend to Jacob/Ya'kub and Daughters of Jacob Bridge/Jisr Benat Ya'kub.[17]
- Daughters of Jacob Bridge on the Jordan, associated with biblical Jacob due to a misunderstanding
- Jubb Yussef (Joseph's Well), site associated with biblical Joseph in Muslim tradition
- Levantine archaeology
- Philoumenos (Hasapis) of Jacob's Well
References edit
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Bromiley, 1982, p. 955.
- ^ a b c d e Hastings and Driver, 2004, pp. 535–537.
- ^ a b Gurevich & Harani (2017). p. 28, with note 4 sending to p. 48.
- ^ Horne, 1856, pp. 50-51/
- ^ Becchio and Schadé, 2006. Listed under the entry for "Jacob's fountain".
- ^ a b c d e f Pringle and Leach, 1993, p. 258.
- ^ Brewer, E. The Wordsworth Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, Wordsworth, 2001, p. 1150
- ^ a b c . PUSH (Promoting dialogue and cultural Understanding of our Shared Heritage. Archived from the original on 2008-12-15. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
- ^ Maundrell, p. [ 105]-106.
- ^ Maundrell, Henry (1836) [1703]. F. W. P. Greenwood (ed.). A Journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem, at Easter, A.D. 1697. Christian Monitor. Vol. New series, VI. Boston: Samuel G. Simpkins. pp. 105–106. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
- ^ Robinson and Smith, 1856, p. 132.
- ^ a b Gurevich & Harani (2017). p. 26–54.
- ^ "Charges Filed in Nablus Axe Murder Case". Jerusalem Post. 15 December 1982.
- ^ "TA eccentric 'confesses' to 1979 murders, police say". Jerusalem Post. 2 December 1982.
- ^ "Psychiatric Test for Confessed Slayer". The Jerusalem Post. 17 December 1982.
- ^ "Nablus, Holy Land". Atlas Tours. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
- ^ Clermont-Ganneau, 1896, vol 2, pp. 77 ff.
Bibliography edit
- Becchio, Bruno; Schadé, Johannes P. (2006), Encyclopedia of World Religions, Foreign Media Group, ISBN 9781601360007
- Bromiley, G. W. (1982), International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E-J, Wm. B. Eerdmans, ISBN 9780802837820
- Gurevich, David; Harani, Yisca (2017). "Philoumenos of Jacob's Well: The Birth of a Contemporary Ritual Murder Narrative". Israel Studies. Indiana University Press. 22 (2): 26–54. doi:10.2979/israelstudies.22.2.02. JSTOR 10.2979/israelstudies.22.2.02. S2CID 152231830. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
- Hastings, J.; Driver, S. R. (2004), A Dictionary of the Bible: Volume II: (Part II: I – Kinsman), The Minerva Group, Inc., ISBN 9781410217257
- Horne, T. H. (1856), An Introduction to the Critical Study and Knowledge of the Holy Scriptures, Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans & Roberts
- Maundrell, H. (1836). A Journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem: At Easter, A.D. 1697 : to which is Added an Account of the Author's Journey to the Banks of the Euphrates at Beer, and to the Country of Mesopotamia. 271 pages.
- Pringle, D. (1993), Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Corpus, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521390361
- Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1856). Later Biblical Researches in Palestine and adjacent regions: A Journal of Travels in the year 1852. London: John Murray.
External links edit
- . Easton's Bible Dictionary. 1897.
- . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
32°12′34.06″N 35°17′7.19″E / 32.2094611°N 35.2853306°E
The original story of the discovery of the well, by Jacob, and of his meeting Rachel. Specifically, verses 2,3,10,11 of Chapter 29 of Genesis.[1]
- ^ "King James Bible: King James Version (KJV)". King James Bible Online. King James Bible Online. Retrieved June 15, 2021.