A study examined the life cycle of the tick in colonies of king penguin and macaroni penguin. It was found that on the king penguin, the cycle took three years and the period for engorgement was limited to 3.5–4.5 months each year even though penguins occupied the site throughout the year. The ticks nearly all overwintered in the unengorged state. In contrast, the cycle took two years in the macaroni penguin in consequence of the rather different timetable of occupation of the colony for breeding and moulting in this species.[4]
A study in an Adelie penguin colony found that the tick had alternate periods of feeding and off-host aggregation under rocks. The engorged ticks found an aggregation site with the help of a pheromone released by other ticks. Guanine, the major excretory product of ticks, encouraged assembly. Non-fed stages responded positively to guano and uric acid, excretory products of the penguins, suggesting that these act as a kairomone to help them locate their host. After feeding, the immature ticks’ response to both the assembly and kairomones ceased for a few days until after they had moulted.[5]
Vector
Ixodes uriae has been shown to be a vector of Borrelia garinii, a species of spirochaete that causes Lyme disease in humans. However, in order for the bacterium to infect man, another species of tick would have to be involved, Ixodes scapularis which is found on deer. Cross infection between seabirds and deer is uncommon because they do not share the same habitat so the risk to human health of infected Ixodes uriae is minimal.[6]
In 1975, the Nugget virus (Kemerovo or Great Island virus serogroup) and Taggert virus (Sakhalin serogroup) were isolated from Ixodes uriae from Macquarie Island.[7]
Seabird tick carved on pare on display at the New Zealand Arthropod Collection at Landcare Research, Auckland
In association with Macquarie Island penguins the tick was shown in 2009 to harbor five arboviruses: Gadgets Gully virus and Precarious Point virus, both previously described, and the previously unknown Sandy Bay virus (an orbivirus), Catch-me-cave virus (a phlebovirus), and Finch Creek virus (a nairovirus).[8]
References
^"Ixodes uriae". Bristol University tick ID. University of Bristol. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
^Björn Olsén; Thomas G. T. Jaenson; Laila Noppa; Jonas Bunikis; Sven Bergström (1993). "A Lyme borreliosis cycle in seabirds and Ixodes uriae ticks". Nature. 362 (6418): 340–342. Bibcode:1993Natur.362..340O. doi:10.1038/362340a0. PMID 8455718. S2CID 4275551.
^María E. Casanueva; Hugo I. Moyano (2000). "Ixodes uriae White 1852 (Acari: Ixodidae) associated with the Papue Penguin, Pygoscelis papua (Forster), in the Antarctic Peninsula". Gayana. 64 (2). doi:10.4067/S0717-65382000000200012.
^Y. Frenot; E. de Oliveira; M. Gauthier-Clerc; J. Deunff; A. Bellido; P. Vernon (2001). "Life cycle of the tick Ixodes uriae in penguin colonies: relationships with host breeding activity". International Journal for Parasitology. 31 (10): 1040–1047. doi:10.1016/S0020-7519(01)00232-6. PMID 11429167.
^Joshua B. Benoit; Giancarlo Lopez-Martinez; Seth A. Philips; Michael A. Elnitsky; Jay A. Yoder; Richard E. Lee; David L. Denlinger (2008). "The seabird tick, Ixodes uriae, uses uric acid in penguin guano as a kairomone and guanine in tick feces as an assembly pheromone on the Antarctic Peninsula". Polar Biology. 31 (12): 1445–1451. doi:10.1007/s00300-008-0485-1. S2CID 39890008.
^Robert P. Smith, Jr; Sabir Bin Muzaffar; Jennifer Lavers; Eleanor H. Lacombe; Bruce K. Cahill; Charles B. Lubelczyk; Allen Kinsler; Amy J. Mathers; Peter W. Rand (2006). (PDF). Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12 (12): 1909–1912. doi:10.3201/eid1212.060448. PMC3291351. PMID 17326943. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-01-05. Retrieved 2011-03-31.
^Doherty, R. L.; Carley, J. G.; Murray, M. D.; Main, A. J.; Kay, B. H.; Domrow, R. (1975). "Isolation of arboviruses (Kemerovo group, Sakhalin group) from Ixodes uriae collected at Macquarie Island, Southern ocean". American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 24 (3): 521–526. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1975.24.521. PMID 50749.
^Major, Lee; Linn, May La; Slade, Robert W.; Schroder, Wayne A.; Hyatt, Alex D.; Gardner, Joy; Cowley, Jeff; Suhrbier, Andreas; Baylis, Matthew (5 February 2009). "Ticks associated with Macquarie Island penguins carry arboviruses from four genera". PLOS ONE. 4 (2): e4375. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.4375M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004375. PMC2632750. PMID 19194498.
February 17, 2023
ixodes, uriae, also, known, seabird, tick, species, parasitic, tick, known, infest, marine, birds, native, many, high, latitude, areas, northern, southern, hemispheres, including, alaska, canada, faroe, islands, iceland, greenland, england, scotland, norway, f. Ixodes uriae also known as the seabird tick is a species of parasitic tick known to infest marine birds 1 2 It is native to many high latitude areas in the northern and southern hemispheres including Alaska Canada Faroe Islands Iceland Greenland England Scotland Norway Finland the Kola Peninsula Russia Patagonia South Africa and Australia 3 Ixodes uriaeScientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ArthropodaSubphylum ChelicerataClass ArachnidaOrder IxodidaFamily IxodidaeGenus IxodesSpecies I uriaeBinomial nameIxodes uriaeWhite 1852Life cycle EditA study examined the life cycle of the tick in colonies of king penguin and macaroni penguin It was found that on the king penguin the cycle took three years and the period for engorgement was limited to 3 5 4 5 months each year even though penguins occupied the site throughout the year The ticks nearly all overwintered in the unengorged state In contrast the cycle took two years in the macaroni penguin in consequence of the rather different timetable of occupation of the colony for breeding and moulting in this species 4 A study in an Adelie penguin colony found that the tick had alternate periods of feeding and off host aggregation under rocks The engorged ticks found an aggregation site with the help of a pheromone released by other ticks Guanine the major excretory product of ticks encouraged assembly Non fed stages responded positively to guano and uric acid excretory products of the penguins suggesting that these act as a kairomone to help them locate their host After feeding the immature ticks response to both the assembly and kairomones ceased for a few days until after they had moulted 5 Vector EditIxodes uriae has been shown to be a vector of Borrelia garinii a species of spirochaete that causes Lyme disease in humans However in order for the bacterium to infect man another species of tick would have to be involved Ixodes scapularis which is found on deer Cross infection between seabirds and deer is uncommon because they do not share the same habitat so the risk to human health of infected Ixodes uriae is minimal 6 In 1975 the Nugget virus Kemerovo or Great Island virus serogroup and Taggert virus Sakhalin serogroup were isolated from Ixodes uriae from Macquarie Island 7 Seabird tick carved on pare on display at the New Zealand Arthropod Collection at Landcare Research Auckland In association with Macquarie Island penguins the tick was shown in 2009 to harbor five arboviruses Gadgets Gully virus and Precarious Point virus both previously described and the previously unknown Sandy Bay virus an orbivirus Catch me cave virus a phlebovirus and Finch Creek virus a nairovirus 8 References Edit Ixodes uriae Bristol University tick ID University of Bristol Retrieved 14 December 2016 Bjorn Olsen Thomas G T Jaenson Laila Noppa Jonas Bunikis Sven Bergstrom 1993 A Lyme borreliosis cycle in seabirds and Ixodes uriae ticks Nature 362 6418 340 342 Bibcode 1993Natur 362 340O doi 10 1038 362340a0 PMID 8455718 S2CID 4275551 Maria E Casanueva Hugo I Moyano 2000 Ixodes uriae White 1852 Acari Ixodidae associated with the Papue Penguin Pygoscelis papua Forster in the Antarctic Peninsula Gayana 64 2 doi 10 4067 S0717 65382000000200012 Y Frenot E de Oliveira M Gauthier Clerc J Deunff A Bellido P Vernon 2001 Life cycle of the tick Ixodes uriae in penguin colonies relationships with host breeding activity International Journal for Parasitology 31 10 1040 1047 doi 10 1016 S0020 7519 01 00232 6 PMID 11429167 Joshua B Benoit Giancarlo Lopez Martinez Seth A Philips Michael A Elnitsky Jay A Yoder Richard E Lee David L Denlinger 2008 The seabird tick Ixodes uriae uses uric acid in penguin guano as a kairomone and guanine in tick feces as an assembly pheromone on the Antarctic Peninsula Polar Biology 31 12 1445 1451 doi 10 1007 s00300 008 0485 1 S2CID 39890008 Robert P Smith Jr Sabir Bin Muzaffar Jennifer Lavers Eleanor H Lacombe Bruce K Cahill Charles B Lubelczyk Allen Kinsler Amy J Mathers Peter W Rand 2006 Borrelia garinii in seabird ticks Ixodes uriae Atlantic Coast North America PDF Emerging Infectious Diseases 12 12 1909 1912 doi 10 3201 eid1212 060448 PMC 3291351 PMID 17326943 Archived from the original PDF on 2011 01 05 Retrieved 2011 03 31 Doherty R L Carley J G Murray M D Main A J Kay B H Domrow R 1975 Isolation of arboviruses Kemerovo group Sakhalin group from Ixodes uriae collected at Macquarie Island Southern ocean American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 24 3 521 526 doi 10 4269 ajtmh 1975 24 521 PMID 50749 Major Lee Linn May La Slade Robert W Schroder Wayne A Hyatt Alex D Gardner Joy Cowley Jeff Suhrbier Andreas Baylis Matthew 5 February 2009 Ticks associated with Macquarie Island penguins carry arboviruses from four genera PLOS ONE 4 2 e4375 Bibcode 2009PLoSO 4 4375M doi 10 1371 journal pone 0004375 PMC 2632750 PMID 19194498 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ixodes uriae amp oldid 1109444168, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
