For the period of Armenia under direct Iranian rule in later antiquity and the early Medieval times, see Sasanian Armenia.
Iranian Armenia (1502–1828) refers to the period of Eastern Armenia during the early-modern and late-modern era when it was part of the Iranian empire. Armenians have a history of being divided since the time of the Byzantine Empire and the Sassanid Empire, in the early 5th century. While the two sides of Armenia were sometimes reunited, this became a permanent aspect of the Armenian people.
Iranian Armenia
1502–1828
Part of a map of the Safavid Empire
Status
1502–1747: Affiliated to the Iranian empires 1747–1828: Consisting of Yerevan and Nakhichevan khanates who affiliated of Iran[1]
Due to its strategic significance, Armenia was constantly fought over and passed back and forth between the dominion of Iran and the Ottomans. At the height of the Ottoman-Persian Wars, Yerevan changed hands fourteen times between 1514 and 1736.
Map of the Erivan khanate
In 1604, Shah Abbas I pursued a scorched earth campaign against the Ottomans in the Ararat valley. The old Armenian town of Julfa in the province of Nakhichevan was taken early in the invasion. From there, Abbas' army fanned out across the Araratian plain. The Shah pursued a careful strategy, advancing and retreating as the occasion demanded, determined not to risk his enterprise in a direct confrontation with stronger enemy forces.
While laying siege to Kars, he learned of the approach of a large Ottoman army, commanded by Djghazadé Sinan Pasha. The order to withdraw was given; but to deny the enemy the potential to resupply themselves from the land, he ordered the wholesale destruction of the Armenian towns and farms on the plain. As part of this, the whole population was ordered to accompany the Iranian army in its withdrawal. Some 300,000 people were duly herded to the banks of the Araxes River. Julfa was treated as a special case; he entrusted its evacuation to a renegade Georgian prince, Hanis Thahmaz-Ghuli Bek. He told Julfa's residents that they had three days to prepare for deportation to Iran; anyone still in town after those three days would be killed. Those who attempted to resist the mass deportation were killed outright. The Shah had previously ordered the destruction of the only bridge, and although Iranian soldiers helped the Julfaites to cross on horses and camels, the rest of the deportees had to cross on their own, so people were forced into the waters, where a great many drowned, carried away by the currents, before reaching the opposite bank. This was only the beginning of their ordeal. One eyewitness, Father de Guyan, describes the predicament of the refugees thus:
It was not only the winter cold that was causing torture and death to the deportees. The greatest suffering came from hunger. The provisions which the deportees had brought with them were soon consumed... The children were crying for food or milk, none of which existed, because the women's breasts had dried up from hunger... Many women, hungry and exhausted, would leave their famished children on the roadside, and continue their tortuous journey. Some would go to nearby forests in search of something to eat. Usually they would not come back. Often those who died, served as food for the living.
Unable to maintain his army on the desolate plain, Sinan Pasha was forced to winter in Van. Armies sent in pursuit of the Shah in 1605 were defeated, and by 1606 Abbas had regained all of the territory lost to the Turks earlier in his reign. The scorched-earth tactic had worked, though at a terrible cost to the Armenian people. Of the 300,000 deported, it is estimated that under half survived the march to Isfahan. In the conquered territories, Abbas established the Erivan khanate, a Muslim principality under the dominion of the Safavid Empire. As a result of the continuous wars in the region and Shah Abbas I's deportation of much of the Armenian population from the Ararat valley and the surrounding region, in 1605 Armenians formed less than 20% of its population.[2][3]
Bournoutian, George A. (1980). "The Population of Persian Armenia Prior to and Immediately Following Its Annexation to the Russian Empire, 1826-1832". Wilson Center, Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies: 1–16.
Olson; et al. (1994). An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 44–45. ISBN978-0313274978.
Nasiri, Ali Naqi; Floor, Willem M. (2008). Titles and Emoluments in Safavid Iran: A Third Manual of Safavid Administration. Mage Publishers. ISBN978-1933823232.
Matthee, Rudi (2012). Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan. I.B.Tauris. ISBN978-1845117450.
Floor, Willem M. (2008). Titles and Emoluments in Safavid Iran: A Third Manual of Safavid Administration, by Mirza Naqi Nasiri. Washington, DC: Mage Publishers. ISBN978-1933823232.
Bournoutian, George A. (2016). The 1820 Russian Survey of the Khanate of Shirvan: A Primary Source on the Demography and Economy of an Iranian Province prior to its Annexation by Russia. Gibb Memorial Trust. p. xvii. ISBN978-1909724808. Serious historians and geographers agree that after the fall of the Safavids, and especially from the mid-eighteenth century, the territory of the South Caucasus was composed of the khanates of Ganja, Kuba, Shirvan, Baku, Talesh, Sheki, Karabagh, Nakhichivan and Yerevan, all of which were under Iranian suzerainty.
von Haxthausen, Baron (2000). Transcaucasia: Sketches of the Nations and Races between the Black Sea and the Caspian. Adamant Media Corporation. p. 252. ISBN1-4021-8367-4.
January 31, 2023
iranian, armenia, 1502, 1828, period, armenia, under, direct, iranian, rule, later, antiquity, early, medieval, times, sasanian, armenia, refers, period, eastern, armenia, during, early, modern, late, modern, when, part, iranian, empire, armenians, have, histo. For the period of Armenia under direct Iranian rule in later antiquity and the early Medieval times see Sasanian Armenia Iranian Armenia 1502 1828 refers to the period of Eastern Armenia during the early modern and late modern era when it was part of the Iranian empire Armenians have a history of being divided since the time of the Byzantine Empire and the Sassanid Empire in the early 5th century While the two sides of Armenia were sometimes reunited this became a permanent aspect of the Armenian people Iranian Armenia1502 1828Part of a map of the Safavid EmpireStatus1502 1747 Affiliated to the Iranian empires1747 1828 Consisting of Yerevan and Nakhichevan khanates who affiliated of Iran 1 Common languagesArmenian native PersianAzerbaijaniHistorical eraRenaissance Established1502 Disestablished1828Preceded by Succeeded byAq Qoyunlu Russian EmpireFollowing the Arab and Seljuk conquests of Armenia the western portion which was initially part of Byzantium became eventually part of the Ottoman Empire otherwise known as Ottoman Armenia while the eastern portion became and was kept part of the Iranian Safavid Empire Afsharid Empire and Qajar Empire until it became part of the Russian Empire in the course of the 19th century following the Treaty of Turkmenchay of 1828 Contents 1 Safavid Empire 2 Afsharid empire 3 Qajar empire 4 Governors 4 1 Safavid 5 See also 6 References 7 SourcesSafavid Empire EditSee also Erivan Province Safavid Empire and Safavid Qarabagh Due to its strategic significance Armenia was constantly fought over and passed back and forth between the dominion of Iran and the Ottomans At the height of the Ottoman Persian Wars Yerevan changed hands fourteen times between 1514 and 1736 Map of the Erivan khanate In 1604 Shah Abbas I pursued a scorched earth campaign against the Ottomans in the Ararat valley The old Armenian town of Julfa in the province of Nakhichevan was taken early in the invasion From there Abbas army fanned out across the Araratian plain The Shah pursued a careful strategy advancing and retreating as the occasion demanded determined not to risk his enterprise in a direct confrontation with stronger enemy forces While laying siege to Kars he learned of the approach of a large Ottoman army commanded by Djghazade Sinan Pasha The order to withdraw was given but to deny the enemy the potential to resupply themselves from the land he ordered the wholesale destruction of the Armenian towns and farms on the plain As part of this the whole population was ordered to accompany the Iranian army in its withdrawal Some 300 000 people were duly herded to the banks of the Araxes River Julfa was treated as a special case he entrusted its evacuation to a renegade Georgian prince Hanis Thahmaz Ghuli Bek He told Julfa s residents that they had three days to prepare for deportation to Iran anyone still in town after those three days would be killed Those who attempted to resist the mass deportation were killed outright The Shah had previously ordered the destruction of the only bridge and although Iranian soldiers helped the Julfaites to cross on horses and camels the rest of the deportees had to cross on their own so people were forced into the waters where a great many drowned carried away by the currents before reaching the opposite bank This was only the beginning of their ordeal One eyewitness Father de Guyan describes the predicament of the refugees thus It was not only the winter cold that was causing torture and death to the deportees The greatest suffering came from hunger The provisions which the deportees had brought with them were soon consumed The children were crying for food or milk none of which existed because the women s breasts had dried up from hunger Many women hungry and exhausted would leave their famished children on the roadside and continue their tortuous journey Some would go to nearby forests in search of something to eat Usually they would not come back Often those who died served as food for the living dd Unable to maintain his army on the desolate plain Sinan Pasha was forced to winter in Van Armies sent in pursuit of the Shah in 1605 were defeated and by 1606 Abbas had regained all of the territory lost to the Turks earlier in his reign The scorched earth tactic had worked though at a terrible cost to the Armenian people Of the 300 000 deported it is estimated that under half survived the march to Isfahan In the conquered territories Abbas established the Erivan khanate a Muslim principality under the dominion of the Safavid Empire As a result of the continuous wars in the region and Shah Abbas I s deportation of much of the Armenian population from the Ararat valley and the surrounding region in 1605 Armenians formed less than 20 of its population 2 3 Afsharid empire EditMain articles Nader Shah and Afsharid dynastyQajar empire EditMain articles Qajar dynasty Russo Persian War 1826 1828 and Treaty of Turkmenchay See also Erivan khanate Karabakh khanate and Nakhchivan KhanateGovernors EditSafavid Edit Div Sultan Rumlu 1516 1527 4 Shahqoli Soltan Ustajlu Tokhmaq Khan Ustajlu 1568 1575 1st term Abu Torab Soltan Khalil Khan Afshar Tokhmaq Khan Ustajlu 1578 1583 2nd term Abbasqoli Khan Qajar Safi Khan Lezgi 1666 1674 Saru Beg Safiqoli Khan 1674 1679 Zal Khan Abd al Masud Khan Mohammad Ali Khan of Yerevan 1716 5 Mohammad Ali Khan s son 1716 6 Kay Khosrow Khan Cherkes Mohammad Qoli Khan of Yerevan 1654 1656 7 Najafqoli Khan Cherkes 1656 1663 Abbasqoli Khan Constantine II of Kakheti 1722 See also EditRussian Armenia Blue Mosque Yerevan Abbas Mirza Mosque Yerevan Shah Abbas Mosque Yerevan Ottoman Armenia Sasanian ArmeniaReferences Edit Bournoutian 2016 p xvii Hewsen 2001 p 168 von Haxthausen 2000 p 252 Nasiri amp Floor 2008 p 171 Matthee 2012 pp 209 223 Matthee 2012 pp 209 210 223 Floor 2008 p 172 Sources EditBournoutian George A 1980 The Population of Persian Armenia Prior to and Immediately Following Its Annexation to the Russian Empire 1826 1832 Wilson Center Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies 1 16 Olson et al 1994 An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires Greenwood Publishing Group pp 44 45 ISBN 978 0313274978 Nasiri Ali Naqi Floor Willem M 2008 Titles and Emoluments in Safavid Iran A Third Manual of Safavid Administration Mage Publishers ISBN 978 1933823232 Matthee Rudi 2012 Persia in Crisis Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan I B Tauris ISBN 978 1845117450 Floor Willem M 2008 Titles and Emoluments in Safavid Iran A Third Manual of Safavid Administration by Mirza Naqi Nasiri Washington DC Mage Publishers ISBN 978 1933823232 Bournoutian George A 2016 The 1820 Russian Survey of the Khanate of Shirvan A Primary Source on the Demography and Economy of an Iranian Province prior to its Annexation by Russia Gibb Memorial Trust p xvii ISBN 978 1909724808 Serious historians and geographers agree that after the fall of the Safavids and especially from the mid eighteenth century the territory of the South Caucasus was composed of the khanates of Ganja Kuba Shirvan Baku Talesh Sheki Karabagh Nakhichivan and Yerevan all of which were under Iranian suzerainty Hewsen Robert H 2001 Armenia A Historical Atlas The University of Chicago Press p 168 ISBN 0 226 33228 4 von Haxthausen Baron 2000 Transcaucasia Sketches of the Nations and Races between the Black Sea and the Caspian Adamant Media Corporation p 252 ISBN 1 4021 8367 4 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Iranian Armenia 1502 1828 amp oldid 1127104688, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
