fbpx
Wikipedia

International Affective Picture System

October 26, 2023

The International Affective Picture System (IAPS) is a database of pictures designed to provide a standardized set of pictures for studying emotion and attention[1] that has been widely used in psychological research.[2] The IAPS was developed by the National Institute of Mental Health Center for Emotion and Attention at the University of Florida. In 2005, the IAPS comprised 956 color photographs ranging from everyday objects and scenes − such as household furniture and landscapes − to extremely rare or exciting scenes − such as mutilated bodies and erotic nudes.

Normative Ratings edit

It is the essential property of the IAPS that the stimulus set is accompanied by a detailed list of average ratings of the emotions elicited by each picture. This shall enable other researchers to select stimuli eliciting a specific range of emotions for their experiments when using the IAPS. The process of establishing such average ratings for a stimulus set is also referred to as standardization by psychologists.

The normative rating procedure for the IAPS is based on the assumption that emotional assessments can be accounted for by the three dimensions of valence, arousal and dominance.[3] Thus, participants taking part in the studies that are conducted to standardize the IAPS are asked to rate how pleasant/unpleasant, how calm/excited and how controlled/in-control they felt when looking at each picture. A graphic rating scale, the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM),[4] is used for this rating procedure.

Original norms edit

The official normative ratings for the IAPS pictures were obtained from a sample of 100 college students (50 women, 50 men, presumably predominantly US-American) who each rated 16 sets of 60 pictures. The rating was carried out in groups using paper-and-pencil versions of the SAMs. Pictures were presented for 6 seconds each; 15 seconds were given to rate the picture. /dominance.[1] Average valence, arousal and dominance ratings are available for the overall sample, men, and women.

Normative ratings were also obtained from children ages 7–9 years, 10-12, and 13-14. The rating procedure for children was mildly adapted; among other modifications, children were tested in classrooms, given instructions in a more child-friendly language, and they were allotted 20 seconds to rate each picture instead of 15.[1]

Norms from further studies edit

Researchers from institutes other than the National Institute of Mental Health have also conducted studies to establish normative ratings for the IAPS in languages other than English and cultures other than US-American culture including Hungarian,[5] German,[6] Portuguese,[7] Indian,[8] and Spanish.[9] One of these studies also included older participants (63–77 years).[6]

Use of the IAPS pictures edit

IAPS pictures have been used in studies using a variety of psychophysiological measurements such as fMRI, [10]EEG,[11]magnetoencephalography,[12]skin conductance,[13]heart rate,[14] and electromyography.[15]

The IAPS has also been used in the psychology laboratory to experimentally manipulate anxiety and induce negative affect, enabling researchers to investigate the impacts of negative affect on cognitive performance.[16][17]

Access edit

To maintain novelty and efficacy of the stimulus set, the IAPS images themselves are typically not shown in any media outlet or publications. The IAPS may be received and used upon request by members of recognized, degree-granting, academic, not-for-profit research or educational institutions.[18]

Alternatives edit

Image sets edit

A group of researchers at Harvard University has published an alternative set of images that they claim to be comparable to the IAPS in 2016.[19] The OASIS image database consists of 900 images that have been rated on valence and arousal by a sample of US-Americans recruited via amazon mechanical Turk. As opposed to the IAPS, all OASIS images are in the public domain. A detailed description is provided on the first author's homepage.

Other alternative databases of photographic images of scenes with various kinds of affective content include:

  • Besançon Affective Picture Set-adult (BAPS-Adult)[20]
  • Categorized Affective Pictures Database (CAP-D)[21]
  • Complex Affective Scene Set (COMPASS)[22]
  • DIsgust-RelaTed-Images (DIRTI) database[23]
  • EmoMadrid[24]
  • Geneva Affective Picture Database (GAPED)[25]
  • Image Stimuli for Emotion Elicitation (ISEE)[26]
  • Natural Disasters Picture System (NDPS)[27]
  • Nencki Affective Picture System (NAPS)[28]
  • Set of Fear Inducing Pictures (SFIP)[29]
  • Socio-Moral Image Database (SMID)[30]

Other mediums edit

The authors of the IAPS have developed a number of non-image alternatives for eliciting emotion such as the Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW)[31] and International Affective Digitized Sounds (IADS).[32]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Lang, P.J., Bradley, M.M., & Cuthbert, B.N. (2008). International affective picture System (IAPS): Affective ratings of pictures and instruction manual. Technical Report A-8. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
  2. ^ Bradley, M. M. & Lang, P. J. (2007). The International Affective Picture System (IAPS) in the study of emotion and attention. In J. A. Coan and J. J. B. Allen (Eds.), Handbook of Emotion Elicitation and Assessment (pp. 29-46). Oxford University Press
  3. ^ Osgood, Charles E.; Suci, George J.; Tannenbaum, Percy H. (1957). The measurement of meaning. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
  4. ^ Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., and Cuthbert, B. N. (1997). International affective picture system (IAPS): Technical manual and affective ratings.
  5. ^ Deak, A.; Csenski, L.; Revesz, G. (2010). "Hungarian ratings for the International Affective Picture System (IAPS): A cross-cultural comparison". Empirical Text and Culture Research. 4: 90–101.
  6. ^ a b Gruehn, D.; Scheibe, S (2008). "Age-related differences in valence and arousal ratings of pictures from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS): Do ratings become more extreme with age?". Behavior Research Methods. 40 (2): 512–521. doi:10.3758/BRM.40.2.512. PMID 18522062.
  7. ^ Lasaitis, C; Ribeiro, R. L.; Bueno, O. F. A. (2008). "Brazilian norms for the International Affective Picture System (IAPS): comparison of the affective ratings for new stimuli between brazilian and north-american subjects". Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria. 57 (4): 270–275. doi:10.1590/s0047-20852008000400008.
  8. ^ Lohani, M.; Gupta, R.; Srinivasan, N. (2013). "Cross-Cultural Evaluation of the International Affective Picture System on an Indian Sample". Psychological Studies. 58 (3): 233–241. doi:10.1007/s12646-013-0196-8. S2CID 143322053.
  9. ^ Dufey Dominguez, M.; Fernandez Tapia, A. M.; Troncoso, R. (2011). "Adding support to cross-cultural emotional assessment: Validation of the international affective picture system in a chilean sample". Universitas Psychologica. 10 (2): 521–533. doi:10.11144/javeriana.upsy10-2.asce.
  10. ^ Caria, A.; Sitaram, R.; Veit, R.; Begliomini, C.; Birbaumer, N. (2010). "Volitional control of anterior insula activity modulates the response to aversive stimuli. A real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging study". Biological Psychiatry. 68 (5): 425–32. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.04.020. PMID 20570245. S2CID 11086274.
  11. ^ Hajcak, G.; Dennis, T. A. (2009). "Brain potentials during affective picture processing in children". Biological Psychology. 80 (3): 333–338. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.11.006. PMC 2656402. PMID 19103249.
  12. ^ Styliadis, C.; Ioannides, A. A.; Bamidis, P. D.; Papadelis, C. (2015). "Distinct cerebellar lobules process arousal, valence and their interaction in parallel following a temporal hierarchy". NeuroImage. 110: 149–161. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.02.006. PMID 25665964. S2CID 6472426.
  13. ^ D'Hondt, F.; Lassonde, M.; Collignon, O.; Dubarry, A.-S.; Robert, M.; Rigoulot, S.; Sequeira, H. (2010). "Early brain-body impact of emotional arousal". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 4: 33. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2010.00033. PMC 2859881. PMID 20428514.
  14. ^ Bradley, M. M.; Codispoti, M.; Cuthbert, B. N.; Lang, P. J. (2001). "Emotion and motivation I: defensive and appetitive reactions in picture processing". Emotion. 1 (3): 276–298. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.1.3.276. PMID 12934687.
  15. ^ Baglioni, C.; Lombardo, C.; Bux, E.; Hansen, S.; Salveta, C.; Biello, S.; Espie, C. A. (2010). "Psychophysiological reactivity to sleep-related emotional stimuli in primary insomnia". Behaviour Research and Therapy. 48 (6): 467–475. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.01.008. PMID 20227678.
  16. ^ Wilson, K. M.; de Joux, N. R.; Finkbeiner, K. M.; Russell, P. N.; Helton, W. S. (2016). "The effect of task-relevant and irrelevant anxiety-provoking stimuli on response inhibition" (PDF). Consciousness and Cognition. 42: 358–365. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2016.04.011. PMID 27149179. S2CID 32158391.
  17. ^ Ossowski, U.; Malinen, S.; Helton, W. S. (2011). "The effects of emotional stimuli on target detection: indirect and direct resource costs". Consciousness and Cognition. 20 (4): 1649–1658. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2011.08.015. PMID 21978909. S2CID 21433770.
  18. ^ Bradley, Margaret M; Lang, Peter J. "IAPS request form". Retrieved 30 May 2015.
  19. ^ Kurdi, Benedek; Lozano, Shayn; Banaji, Mahzarin R. (2017-04-01). "Introducing the Open Affective Standardized Image Set (OASIS)". Behavior Research Methods. 49 (2): 457–470. doi:10.3758/s13428-016-0715-3. ISSN 1554-3528. PMID 26907748.
  20. ^ Szymanska, Monika; Comte, Alexandre; Tio, Grégory; Vidal, Chrystelle; Monnin, Julie; Smith, Carmela Chateau; Nezelof, Sylvie; Vulliez-Coady, Lauriane (January 2019). "The Besançon affective picture set-adult (BAPS-Adult): Development and validation". Psychiatry Research. 271: 31–38. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.11.005. PMID 30458318. S2CID 53278185.
  21. ^ Moyal, Natali; Henik, Avishai; Anholt, Gideon E. (26 September 2018). "Categorized Affective Pictures Database (CAP-D)". Journal of Cognition. 1 (1): 41. doi:10.5334/joc.47. PMC 6634429. PMID 31517214.
  22. ^ Weierich, Mariann R.; Kleshchova, Olena; Rieder, Jenna K.; Reilly, Danielle M. (12 November 2019). "The Complex Affective Scene Set (COMPASS): Solving the Social Content Problem in Affective Visual Stimulus Sets". Collabra: Psychology. 5 (1): 53. doi:10.1525/collabra.256.
  23. ^ Haberkamp, Anke; Glombiewski, Julia Anna; Schmidt, Filipp; Barke, Antonia (February 2017). "The DIsgust-RelaTed-Images (DIRTI) database: Validation of a novel standardized set of disgust pictures". Behaviour Research and Therapy. 89: 86–94. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.11.010. PMID 27914317.
  24. ^ Carretié, L.; Tapia, M.; López-Martín, S.; Albert, J. (1 July 2019). "EmoMadrid: An emotional pictures database for affect research". Motivation and Emotion. 43 (6): 929–939. doi:10.1007/s11031-019-09780-y. S2CID 198616593.
  25. ^ Dan-Glauser, Elise S.; Scherer, Klaus R. (24 March 2011). "The Geneva affective picture database (GAPED): a new 730-picture database focusing on valence and normative significance". Behavior Research Methods. 43 (2): 468–477. doi:10.3758/s13428-011-0064-1. PMID 21431997.
  26. ^ Kim, Hanjoo; Lu, Xin; Costa, Michael; Kandemir, Baris; Adams, Reginald B.; Li, Jia; Wang, James Z.; Newman, Michelle G. (March 2018). "Development and validation of Image Stimuli for Emotion Elicitation (ISEE): A novel affective pictorial system with test-retest repeatability". Psychiatry Research. 261: 414–420. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.12.068. PMC 6510029. PMID 29353766.
  27. ^ Merlhiot, Gaëtan; Mermillod, Martial; Le Pennec, Jean-Luc; Mondillon, Laurie; Gruebner, Oliver (8 August 2018). "Introduction and validation of the Natural Disasters Picture System (NDPS)". PLOS ONE. 13 (8): e0201942. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1301942M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0201942. PMC 6082542. PMID 30089170.
  28. ^ Marchewka, Artur; Żurawski, Łukasz; Jednoróg, Katarzyna; Grabowska, Anna (31 August 2013). "The Nencki Affective Picture System (NAPS): Introduction to a novel, standardized, wide-range, high-quality, realistic picture database". Behavior Research Methods. 46 (2): 596–610. doi:10.3758/s13428-013-0379-1. PMC 4030128. PMID 23996831.
  29. ^ Michałowski, Jarosław M.; Droździel, Dawid; Matuszewski, Jacek; Koziejowski, Wojtek; Jednoróg, Katarzyna; Marchewka, Artur (9 September 2016). "The Set of Fear Inducing Pictures (SFIP): Development and validation in fearful and nonfearful individuals". Behavior Research Methods. 49 (4): 1407–1419. doi:10.3758/s13428-016-0797-y. PMC 5541104. PMID 27613018.
  30. ^ Crone, Damien L.; Bode, Stefan; Murawski, Carsten; Laham, Simon M. (24 January 2018). "The Socio-Moral Image Database (SMID): A novel stimulus set for the study of social, moral and affective processes". PLOS ONE. 13 (1): e0190954. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1390954C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0190954. PMC 5783374. PMID 29364985.
  31. ^ Bradley, M; Lang, P (1999). "Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW): Instruction manual and affective ratings" (PDF). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  32. ^ Bradley, M; Lang, P (1999). "The International affective digitized sounds (IADS): stimuli, instruction manual and affective ratings". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

External links edit

  • Official site of IAPS and related media
  • The Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention

October 26, 2023
international, affective, picture, system, iaps, database, pictures, designed, provide, standardized, pictures, studying, emotion, attention, that, been, widely, used, psychological, research, iaps, developed, national, institute, mental, health, center, emoti. The International Affective Picture System IAPS is a database of pictures designed to provide a standardized set of pictures for studying emotion and attention 1 that has been widely used in psychological research 2 The IAPS was developed by the National Institute of Mental Health Center for Emotion and Attention at the University of Florida In 2005 the IAPS comprised 956 color photographs ranging from everyday objects and scenes such as household furniture and landscapes to extremely rare or exciting scenes such as mutilated bodies and erotic nudes Contents 1 Normative Ratings 1 1 Original norms 1 2 Norms from further studies 2 Use of the IAPS pictures 3 Access 4 Alternatives 4 1 Image sets 4 2 Other mediums 5 References 6 External linksNormative Ratings editIt is the essential property of the IAPS that the stimulus set is accompanied by a detailed list of average ratings of the emotions elicited by each picture This shall enable other researchers to select stimuli eliciting a specific range of emotions for their experiments when using the IAPS The process of establishing such average ratings for a stimulus set is also referred to as standardization by psychologists The normative rating procedure for the IAPS is based on the assumption that emotional assessments can be accounted for by the three dimensions of valence arousal and dominance 3 Thus participants taking part in the studies that are conducted to standardize the IAPS are asked to rate how pleasant unpleasant how calm excited and how controlled in control they felt when looking at each picture A graphic rating scale the Self Assessment Manikin SAM 4 is used for this rating procedure Original norms edit The official normative ratings for the IAPS pictures were obtained from a sample of 100 college students 50 women 50 men presumably predominantly US American who each rated 16 sets of 60 pictures The rating was carried out in groups using paper and pencil versions of the SAMs Pictures were presented for 6 seconds each 15 seconds were given to rate the picture dominance 1 Average valence arousal and dominance ratings are available for the overall sample men and women Normative ratings were also obtained from children ages 7 9 years 10 12 and 13 14 The rating procedure for children was mildly adapted among other modifications children were tested in classrooms given instructions in a more child friendly language and they were allotted 20 seconds to rate each picture instead of 15 1 Norms from further studies edit Researchers from institutes other than the National Institute of Mental Health have also conducted studies to establish normative ratings for the IAPS in languages other than English and cultures other than US American culture including Hungarian 5 German 6 Portuguese 7 Indian 8 and Spanish 9 One of these studies also included older participants 63 77 years 6 Use of the IAPS pictures editIAPS pictures have been used in studies using a variety of psychophysiological measurements such as fMRI 10 EEG 11 magnetoencephalography 12 skin conductance 13 heart rate 14 and electromyography 15 The IAPS has also been used in the psychology laboratory to experimentally manipulate anxiety and induce negative affect enabling researchers to investigate the impacts of negative affect on cognitive performance 16 17 Access editTo maintain novelty and efficacy of the stimulus set the IAPS images themselves are typically not shown in any media outlet or publications The IAPS may be received and used upon request by members of recognized degree granting academic not for profit research or educational institutions 18 Alternatives editImage sets edit A group of researchers at Harvard University has published an alternative set of images that they claim to be comparable to the IAPS in 2016 19 The OASIS image database consists of 900 images that have been rated on valence and arousal by a sample of US Americans recruited via amazon mechanical Turk As opposed to the IAPS all OASIS images are in the public domain A detailed description is provided on the first author s homepage Other alternative databases of photographic images of scenes with various kinds of affective content include Besancon Affective Picture Set adult BAPS Adult 20 Categorized Affective Pictures Database CAP D 21 Complex Affective Scene Set COMPASS 22 DIsgust RelaTed Images DIRTI database 23 EmoMadrid 24 Geneva Affective Picture Database GAPED 25 Image Stimuli for Emotion Elicitation ISEE 26 Natural Disasters Picture System NDPS 27 Nencki Affective Picture System NAPS 28 Set of Fear Inducing Pictures SFIP 29 Socio Moral Image Database SMID 30 Other mediums edit The authors of the IAPS have developed a number of non image alternatives for eliciting emotion such as the Affective Norms for English Words ANEW 31 and International Affective Digitized Sounds IADS 32 References edit a b c Lang P J Bradley M M amp Cuthbert B N 2008 International affective picture System IAPS Affective ratings of pictures and instruction manual Technical Report A 8 University of Florida Gainesville FL Bradley M M amp Lang P J 2007 The International Affective Picture System IAPS in the study of emotion and attention In J A Coan and J J B Allen Eds Handbook of Emotion Elicitation and Assessment pp 29 46 Oxford University Press Osgood Charles E Suci George J Tannenbaum Percy H 1957 The measurement of meaning Urbana University of Illinois Press Lang P J Bradley M M and Cuthbert B N 1997 International affective picture system IAPS Technical manual and affective ratings Deak A Csenski L Revesz G 2010 Hungarian ratings for the International Affective Picture System IAPS A cross cultural comparison Empirical Text and Culture Research 4 90 101 a b Gruehn D Scheibe S 2008 Age related differences in valence and arousal ratings of pictures from the International Affective Picture System IAPS Do ratings become more extreme with age Behavior Research Methods 40 2 512 521 doi 10 3758 BRM 40 2 512 PMID 18522062 Lasaitis C Ribeiro R L Bueno O F A 2008 Brazilian norms for the International Affective Picture System IAPS comparison of the affective ratings for new stimuli between brazilian and north american subjects Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria 57 4 270 275 doi 10 1590 s0047 20852008000400008 Lohani M Gupta R Srinivasan N 2013 Cross Cultural Evaluation of the International Affective Picture System on an Indian Sample Psychological Studies 58 3 233 241 doi 10 1007 s12646 013 0196 8 S2CID 143322053 Dufey Dominguez M Fernandez Tapia A M Troncoso R 2011 Adding support to cross cultural emotional assessment Validation of the international affective picture system in a chilean sample Universitas Psychologica 10 2 521 533 doi 10 11144 javeriana upsy10 2 asce Caria A Sitaram R Veit R Begliomini C Birbaumer N 2010 Volitional control of anterior insula activity modulates the response to aversive stimuli A real time functional magnetic resonance imaging study Biological Psychiatry 68 5 425 32 doi 10 1016 j biopsych 2010 04 020 PMID 20570245 S2CID 11086274 Hajcak G Dennis T A 2009 Brain potentials during affective picture processing in children Biological Psychology 80 3 333 338 doi 10 1016 j biopsycho 2008 11 006 PMC 2656402 PMID 19103249 Styliadis C Ioannides A A Bamidis P D Papadelis C 2015 Distinct cerebellar lobules process arousal valence and their interaction in parallel following a temporal hierarchy NeuroImage 110 149 161 doi 10 1016 j neuroimage 2015 02 006 PMID 25665964 S2CID 6472426 D Hondt F Lassonde M Collignon O Dubarry A S Robert M Rigoulot S Sequeira H 2010 Early brain body impact of emotional arousal Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 4 33 doi 10 3389 fnhum 2010 00033 PMC 2859881 PMID 20428514 Bradley M M Codispoti M Cuthbert B N Lang P J 2001 Emotion and motivation I defensive and appetitive reactions in picture processing Emotion 1 3 276 298 doi 10 1037 1528 3542 1 3 276 PMID 12934687 Baglioni C Lombardo C Bux E Hansen S Salveta C Biello S Espie C A 2010 Psychophysiological reactivity to sleep related emotional stimuli in primary insomnia Behaviour Research and Therapy 48 6 467 475 doi 10 1016 j brat 2010 01 008 PMID 20227678 Wilson K M de Joux N R Finkbeiner K M Russell P N Helton W S 2016 The effect of task relevant and irrelevant anxiety provoking stimuli on response inhibition PDF Consciousness and Cognition 42 358 365 doi 10 1016 j concog 2016 04 011 PMID 27149179 S2CID 32158391 Ossowski U Malinen S Helton W S 2011 The effects of emotional stimuli on target detection indirect and direct resource costs Consciousness and Cognition 20 4 1649 1658 doi 10 1016 j concog 2011 08 015 PMID 21978909 S2CID 21433770 Bradley Margaret M Lang Peter J IAPS request form Retrieved 30 May 2015 Kurdi Benedek Lozano Shayn Banaji Mahzarin R 2017 04 01 Introducing the Open Affective Standardized Image Set OASIS Behavior Research Methods 49 2 457 470 doi 10 3758 s13428 016 0715 3 ISSN 1554 3528 PMID 26907748 Szymanska Monika Comte Alexandre Tio Gregory Vidal Chrystelle Monnin Julie Smith Carmela Chateau Nezelof Sylvie Vulliez Coady Lauriane January 2019 The Besancon affective picture set adult BAPS Adult Development and validation Psychiatry Research 271 31 38 doi 10 1016 j psychres 2018 11 005 PMID 30458318 S2CID 53278185 Moyal Natali Henik Avishai Anholt Gideon E 26 September 2018 Categorized Affective Pictures Database CAP D Journal of Cognition 1 1 41 doi 10 5334 joc 47 PMC 6634429 PMID 31517214 Weierich Mariann R Kleshchova Olena Rieder Jenna K Reilly Danielle M 12 November 2019 The Complex Affective Scene Set COMPASS Solving the Social Content Problem in Affective Visual Stimulus Sets Collabra Psychology 5 1 53 doi 10 1525 collabra 256 Haberkamp Anke Glombiewski Julia Anna Schmidt Filipp Barke Antonia February 2017 The DIsgust RelaTed Images DIRTI database Validation of a novel standardized set of disgust pictures Behaviour Research and Therapy 89 86 94 doi 10 1016 j brat 2016 11 010 PMID 27914317 Carretie L Tapia M Lopez Martin S Albert J 1 July 2019 EmoMadrid An emotional pictures database for affect research Motivation and Emotion 43 6 929 939 doi 10 1007 s11031 019 09780 y S2CID 198616593 Dan Glauser Elise S Scherer Klaus R 24 March 2011 The Geneva affective picture database GAPED a new 730 picture database focusing on valence and normative significance Behavior Research Methods 43 2 468 477 doi 10 3758 s13428 011 0064 1 PMID 21431997 Kim Hanjoo Lu Xin Costa Michael Kandemir Baris Adams Reginald B Li Jia Wang James Z Newman Michelle G March 2018 Development and validation of Image Stimuli for Emotion Elicitation ISEE A novel affective pictorial system with test retest repeatability Psychiatry Research 261 414 420 doi 10 1016 j psychres 2017 12 068 PMC 6510029 PMID 29353766 Merlhiot Gaetan Mermillod Martial Le Pennec Jean Luc Mondillon Laurie Gruebner Oliver 8 August 2018 Introduction and validation of the Natural Disasters Picture System NDPS PLOS ONE 13 8 e0201942 Bibcode 2018PLoSO 1301942M doi 10 1371 journal pone 0201942 PMC 6082542 PMID 30089170 Marchewka Artur Zurawski Lukasz Jednorog Katarzyna Grabowska Anna 31 August 2013 The Nencki Affective Picture System NAPS Introduction to a novel standardized wide range high quality realistic picture database Behavior Research Methods 46 2 596 610 doi 10 3758 s13428 013 0379 1 PMC 4030128 PMID 23996831 Michalowski Jaroslaw M Drozdziel Dawid Matuszewski Jacek Koziejowski Wojtek Jednorog Katarzyna Marchewka Artur 9 September 2016 The Set of Fear Inducing Pictures SFIP Development and validation in fearful and nonfearful individuals Behavior Research Methods 49 4 1407 1419 doi 10 3758 s13428 016 0797 y PMC 5541104 PMID 27613018 Crone Damien L Bode Stefan Murawski Carsten Laham Simon M 24 January 2018 The Socio Moral Image Database SMID A novel stimulus set for the study of social moral and affective processes PLOS ONE 13 1 e0190954 Bibcode 2018PLoSO 1390954C doi 10 1371 journal pone 0190954 PMC 5783374 PMID 29364985 Bradley M Lang P 1999 Affective Norms for English Words ANEW Instruction manual and affective ratings PDF a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Bradley M Lang P 1999 The International affective digitized sounds IADS stimuli instruction manual and affective ratings a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help External links editOfficial site of IAPS and related media The Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title International Affective Picture System amp oldid 1174852740, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.