Following the Apollo–Soyuz, there were talks between NASA and Interkosmos in the 1970s about a "Shuttle-Salyut" program to fly Space Shuttle missions to a Salyut space station, with later talks in the 1980s even considering flights of the future Buran-class orbiter to a future US space station.[7] Whilst the Shuttle-Salyut program never materialized during the existence of the Soviet Interkosmos program, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union the Shuttle–Mir Program would follow in these footsteps in the mid-1990s and eventually pave the way to the International Space Station.
Beginning in April 1967 with unpiloted research satellite missions, the first crewed Interkosmos mission occurred in February 1978.[6] So called joint crewed spaceflights enabled 14 non-Soviet cosmonauts to participate in Soyuzspace flights between 1978 and 1988. The program was responsible for sending into space the first citizen of a country other than the USA or USSR: Vladimír Remek of Czechoslovakia.[5] Interkosmos also resulted in the first black and Hispanic person in space, Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez of Cuba, and the first Asian person in space, Phạm Tuân of Vietnam. Of the countries involved, only Bulgaria sent two cosmonauts in space, although the second one did not fly under the Interkosmos program, and the French spationaut Jean-Loup Chrétien flew on two separate flights.[8]
The Soviet Union also made offers of joint human spaceflight on a commercial basis to the United Kingdom and Japan resulting in the first British and Japanese cosmonauts. In the early 1980s, an offer was made to Finland as well, with test pilot Jyrki Laukkanen mentioned as one of the potential Finnish cosmonauts. The pilots of the Test Flight (Koelentue) refused on the grounds that participation would not benefit the Flight or test pilot activity in any way. No further offers were made to Finland regarding the matter.[9][10]
1979 September 26 - Vertikal-8 Solar Ultraviolet/Solar X-ray mission.
1979 November 1 - Interkosmos 20. (Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, the German Democratic Republic, the Hungarian People's Republic, and the Socialist Republic of Romania).
1981 - Re-entry Vehicle Test mission.
1981 February 6 - Interkosmos 21 - (Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, the German Democratic Republic, the Hungarian People's Republic, and the Socialist Republic of Romania)
1981 August 7 - Interkosmos 22 "Bulgaria-1300" (People's Republic of Bulgaria).
1981 August 28 - Vertikal-9 Solar Ultraviolet/Solar X-ray mission.
1981 September 21 - Oreol 3 - Developed by Soviet and French specialists under the joint Soviet-French project 'Arkad-3'.
1985 April 26 - Interkosmos 23 - Developed by scientists and specialists of the USSR and the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic.
1986 December 18 - Kosmos 1809
1989 September 28 - Magion 2 - Magion 2 forms a part of the scientific programme of Interkosmos 24 (project Aktivnyj) Execution of the scientific programme of the 'Aktivny' project in conjunction with Interkosmos-24, permitting simultaneous spatially separating investigations of plasma processes in circumterrestrial space.
1989 September 28 - Interkosmos 24 - US participation, in cooperation with Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Romania (the international scientific project entitled 'Aktivny'). Carrying the Czechoslovak Magion-2 satellite.
1991 December 18 - Interkosmos 25 - experiments from Germany, Romania, Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary. Comprehensive study of the effects of artificial impact of modulated electron flows and plasma beams on the ionosphere and magnetosphere of the Earth (forming part of the Apex international scientific project, conducted jointly with Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania.)
1994 March 2 - Interkosmos 26 - Conduct of comprehensive investigations of the sun under the Coronas-I international project developed by Russian and Ukrainian experiments in cooperation with specialists from Poland, the Czech Republic, the Slovak Republic, Bulgaria, France, and the United Kingdom.
Filmsedit
In general, most of the films associated with programs are propaganda short TV documentaries from that era. The two exceptions include (largely fictionalised) Interkosmos from 2006, and cooperation document from 2009 (in Polish) titled Lotnicy Kosmonauci ("Aviators-Cosmonauts").[13]
Bion satellites, a series of biology research satellites from 1966 to 1996 – participation of the United States from 1975 to 1996.
Vega 1 and Vega 2, two Solar System probes, in the joint Vega program between the Soviet Union, Austria, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, France, the German Democratic Republic ("East Germany"), and the Federal Republic of Germany ("West Germany") in December 1984.
Referencesedit
^Bergess, Colin; Vis, Bert (2015). Interkosmos - The Eastern Bloc's Early Space Program. New York: Springer Praxis. p. 11. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24163-0. ISBN978-3-319-24161-6. LCCN 2015953234.
^Matignon, Louis de Gouyon (2019-04-05). . Space Legal Issues. Archived from the original on 2020-06-22. Retrieved 2021-06-08.
^"INDIAN JOINS SOVIET PAIR IN 8-DAY SPACE MISSION". The New York Times. 1984-04-04. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-06-08.
^Garthwaite, Rosie (2016-03-01). "From astronaut to refugee: how the Syrian spaceman fell to Earth". the Guardian. Retrieved 2021-06-08.
^ abSheehan, Michael (2007). The international politics of space. London: Routledge. pp. 59–61. ISBN978-0-415-39917-3.
^ abBurgess, Colin; Hall, Rex (2008). The first Soviet cosmonaut team: their lives, legacy, and historical impact. Berlin: Springer. p. 331. ISBN978-0-387-84823-5.
^Pinkham, Sophie (2019-07-16). "How the Soviets Won the Space Race for Equality". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-06-08.
^"Jyrki Laukkasesta piti tulla Suomen ensimmäinen kosmonautti – kieltäytyi kutsusta, kun siitä ei olisi ollut mitään hyötyä" (in Finnish). Yle.fi. 10 July 2019. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
^"Jyrki Laukkanen" (in Finnish). Suomen Tietokirjailijat ry. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
^Bunch, Bryan; Hellemans, Alexander (2004). The history of science and technology: a browser's guide to the great discoveries, inventions, and the people who made them, from the dawn of time to today. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 679. ISBN0-618-22123-9.
^"FilmPolski". Filmpolski.pl. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
External linksedit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Interkosmos.
Interkosmos: The Eastern Bloc's Early Space Program
A Dictionary of Space Exploration
January 01, 1970
interkosmos, 2006, film, film, russian, Интеркосмос, soviet, space, program, designed, help, soviet, union, allies, with, crewed, uncrewed, space, missions, programИнтеркосмос, Космическая, Программа, kosmicheskaya, programma, patchprogram, overviewcountry, so. For the 2006 film see Interkosmos film Interkosmos Russian Interkosmos was a Soviet space program designed to help the Soviet Union s allies with crewed and uncrewed space missions Interkosmos programInterkosmos Kosmicheskaya Programma Interkosmos Kosmicheskaya ProgrammaInterkosmos patchProgram overviewCountry Soviet Union 1967 1991 Russia 1992 1994 OrganizationSoviet space program 1967 1991 Roscosmos 1992 1994 Purposecrewed and uncrewed space mission for Soviet alliesStatusCompletedProgram historyDuration1967 1994First flightVertikal 1November 28 1970 1970 11 28 First crewed flightSoyuz 28March 2 1978 1978 03 02 Last flightInterkosmos 26March 2 1994 1994 03 02 Launch site s Baikonur The program was formed in April 1967 in Moscow 1 2 All members of the program from USSR were given the Hero of the Soviet Union medal or the Order of Lenin The program included the allied east European states of the Warsaw Pact Eastern Bloc CoMEcon and other socialist states like Afghanistan Cuba Mongolia and Vietnam In addition pro Soviet non aligned states such as India and Syria participated 3 4 and even states such as the United Kingdom France and Austria despite them being capitalist states 5 6 Following the Apollo Soyuz there were talks between NASA and Interkosmos in the 1970s about a Shuttle Salyut program to fly Space Shuttle missions to a Salyut space station with later talks in the 1980s even considering flights of the future Buran class orbiter to a future US space station 7 Whilst the Shuttle Salyut program never materialized during the existence of the Soviet Interkosmos program after the dissolution of the Soviet Union the Shuttle Mir Program would follow in these footsteps in the mid 1990s and eventually pave the way to the International Space Station Beginning in April 1967 with unpiloted research satellite missions the first crewed Interkosmos mission occurred in February 1978 6 So called joint crewed spaceflights enabled 14 non Soviet cosmonauts to participate in Soyuz space flights between 1978 and 1988 The program was responsible for sending into space the first citizen of a country other than the USA or USSR Vladimir Remek of Czechoslovakia 5 Interkosmos also resulted in the first black and Hispanic person in space Arnaldo Tamayo Mendez of Cuba and the first Asian person in space Phạm Tuan of Vietnam Of the countries involved only Bulgaria sent two cosmonauts in space although the second one did not fly under the Interkosmos program and the French spationaut Jean Loup Chretien flew on two separate flights 8 The Soviet Union also made offers of joint human spaceflight on a commercial basis to the United Kingdom and Japan resulting in the first British and Japanese cosmonauts In the early 1980s an offer was made to Finland as well with test pilot Jyrki Laukkanen mentioned as one of the potential Finnish cosmonauts The pilots of the Test Flight Koelentue refused on the grounds that participation would not benefit the Flight or test pilot activity in any way No further offers were made to Finland regarding the matter 9 10 Contents 1 Crewed missions 2 Uncrewed missions 3 Films 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksCrewed missions edit nbsp Human spaceflight provider participants refused offer Date Image Prime Backup Country Mission Pin Space station 2 March 1978 nbsp Vladimir Remek 11 Oldrich Pelcak nbsp Czechoslovakia Soyuz 28 nbsp nbsp Salyut 6 27 June 1978 nbsp Miroslaw Hermaszewski Zenon Jankowski nbsp Poland Soyuz 30 nbsp nbsp Salyut 6 26 August 1978 nbsp Sigmund Jahn Eberhard Kollner nbsp GDR Soyuz 31 nbsp nbsp Salyut 6 10 April 1979 nbsp Georgi Ivanov Aleksandr Aleksandrov nbsp Bulgaria Soyuz 33 nbsp nbsp Salyut 6 Docking failed 26 May 1980 nbsp Bertalan Farkas Bela Magyari nbsp Hungary Soyuz 36 nbsp nbsp Salyut 6 23 July 1980 nbsp Phạm Tuan Bui Thanh Liem nbsp Vietnam Soyuz 37 nbsp nbsp Salyut 6 18 September 1980 nbsp Arnaldo Tamayo Mendez Jose Lopez Falcon nbsp Cuba Soyuz 38 nbsp nbsp Salyut 6 23 March 1981 nbsp Jugderdemidiin Gurragchaa Maidarjavyn Ganzorig nbsp Mongolia Soyuz 39 nbsp nbsp Salyut 6 14 May 1981 nbsp Dumitru Prunariu Dumitru Dediu nbsp Romania Soyuz 40 nbsp nbsp Salyut 6 24 June 1982 nbsp Jean Loup Chretien Patrick Baudry nbsp France Soyuz T 6 nbsp Salyut 7 2 April 1984 nbsp Rakesh Sharma Ravish Malhotra nbsp India Soyuz T 11 nbsp nbsp Salyut 7 22 July 1987 nbsp Muhammed Ahmed Faris Munir Habib Habib nbsp Syria Soyuz TM 3 nbsp Mir 7 June 1988 nbsp Aleksandr Aleksandrov Krasimir Stoyanov nbsp Bulgaria Soyuz TM 5 nbsp Mir 29 August 1988 Abdul Ahad Mohmand 12 Mohammad Dauran Ghulam Masum nbsp Afghanistan Soyuz TM 6 nbsp Mir 26 November 1988 nbsp Jean Loup Chretien Michel Tognini nbsp France Soyuz TM 7 nbsp Mir 2 December 1990 nbsp Toyohiro Akiyama Ryoko Kikuchi nbsp Japan Soyuz TM 11 nbsp Mir 18 May 1991 nbsp Helen Sharman Timothy Mace nbsp United Kingdom Soyuz TM 12 nbsp Mir 2 October 1991 Franz Viehbock Clemens Lothaller nbsp Austria Soyuz TM 13 nbsp MirUncrewed missions edit nbsp East German postage stamp 1970 November 28 Vertikal 1 Aeronomy Ionosphere Solar mission 1971 August 20 Vertikal 2 Solar Ultraviolet Solar X ray mission 1972 April 7 Interkosmos 6 Investigation of primary cosmic radiation and meteoritic particles in near earth outer space 1973 April 4 Interkosmos 9 Copernicus 500 satellite of cooperation of the Polish People s Republic and Soviet Union to study the Sun and ionosphere Orbit around 200 1550 km 1975 June 3 Interkosmos 14 1975 September 2 Vertikal 3 Solar Ultraviolet Solar X ray mission 1976 Re entry Vehicle Test mission 1976 June 19 Interkosmos 15 Testing of new systems and components of satellite under space flight conditions 1977 March 29 Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space 1977 June 17 Signe 3 Twenty French specialists worked on the satellite 1977 August 30 Vertikal 5 Solar Ultraviolet Solar X ray mission 1977 September 24 Interkosmos 17 Investigation of energetic charged and neutral particles and micrometeorite fluxes in circumterrestrial space 1977 October 25 Vertikal 6 Ionosphere Solar mission 1978 October 24 Interkosmos 18 Conduct of complex investigations on the interaction between the magnetosphere and ionosphere of the earth Cooperation with the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic the German Democratic Republic the Hungarian People s Republic the Polish People s Republic and the Socialist Republic of Romania 1978 October 24 Magion 1 The Czechoslovak satellite MAGION was launched into orbit by the Soviet spacecraft Interkosmos 18 1978 November 3 Vertikal 7 Ionosphere Solar mission 1979 February 27 Interkosmos 19 Cooperation with the People s Republic of Bulgaria the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic the Hungarian People s Republic and the Polish People s Republic 1979 September 26 Vertikal 8 Solar Ultraviolet Solar X ray mission 1979 November 1 Interkosmos 20 Czechoslovak Socialist Republic the German Democratic Republic the Hungarian People s Republic and the Socialist Republic of Romania 1981 Re entry Vehicle Test mission 1981 February 6 Interkosmos 21 Czechoslovak Socialist Republic the German Democratic Republic the Hungarian People s Republic and the Socialist Republic of Romania 1981 August 7 Interkosmos 22 Bulgaria 1300 People s Republic of Bulgaria 1981 August 28 Vertikal 9 Solar Ultraviolet Solar X ray mission 1981 September 21 Oreol 3 Developed by Soviet and French specialists under the joint Soviet French project Arkad 3 1985 April 26 Interkosmos 23 Developed by scientists and specialists of the USSR and the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 1986 December 18 Kosmos 1809 1989 September 28 Magion 2 Magion 2 forms a part of the scientific programme of Interkosmos 24 project Aktivnyj Execution of the scientific programme of the Aktivny project in conjunction with Interkosmos 24 permitting simultaneous spatially separating investigations of plasma processes in circumterrestrial space 1989 September 28 Interkosmos 24 US participation in cooperation with Bulgaria Czechoslovakia the German Democratic Republic Hungary Poland and Romania the international scientific project entitled Aktivny Carrying the Czechoslovak Magion 2 satellite 1991 December 18 Interkosmos 25 experiments from Germany Romania Bulgaria Poland Hungary Comprehensive study of the effects of artificial impact of modulated electron flows and plasma beams on the ionosphere and magnetosphere of the Earth forming part of the Apex international scientific project conducted jointly with Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Germany Hungary Poland and Romania 1991 December 28 Magion 3 1 1994 March 2 Interkosmos 26 Conduct of comprehensive investigations of the sun under the Coronas I international project developed by Russian and Ukrainian experiments in cooperation with specialists from Poland the Czech Republic the Slovak Republic Bulgaria France and the United Kingdom Films editIn general most of the films associated with programs are propaganda short TV documentaries from that era The two exceptions include largely fictionalised Interkosmos from 2006 and cooperation document from 2009 in Polish titled Lotnicy Kosmonauci Aviators Cosmonauts 13 See also edit nbsp Spaceflight portal nbsp Soviet Union portal Bion satellites a series of biology research satellites from 1966 to 1996 participation of the United States from 1975 to 1996 Vega 1 and Vega 2 two Solar System probes in the joint Vega program between the Soviet Union Austria Bulgaria Hungary Poland Czechoslovakia France the German Democratic Republic East Germany and the Federal Republic of Germany West Germany in December 1984 References edit Bergess Colin Vis Bert 2015 Interkosmos The Eastern Bloc s Early Space Program New York Springer Praxis p 11 doi 10 1007 978 3 319 24163 0 ISBN 978 3 319 24161 6 LCCN 2015953234 Matignon Louis de Gouyon 2019 04 05 The Interkosmos space program Space Legal Issues Archived from the original on 2020 06 22 Retrieved 2021 06 08 INDIAN JOINS SOVIET PAIR IN 8 DAY SPACE MISSION The New York Times 1984 04 04 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 2021 06 08 Garthwaite Rosie 2016 03 01 From astronaut to refugee how the Syrian spaceman fell to Earth the Guardian Retrieved 2021 06 08 a b Sheehan Michael 2007 The international politics of space London Routledge pp 59 61 ISBN 978 0 415 39917 3 a b Burgess Colin Hall Rex 2008 The first Soviet cosmonaut team their lives legacy and historical impact Berlin Springer p 331 ISBN 978 0 387 84823 5 Wikisource Mir Hardware Heritage Part 2 Almaz Salyut and Mir 2 1 6 Shuttle Salyut 281973 1978 3B 1980s 29 Pinkham Sophie 2019 07 16 How the Soviets Won the Space Race for Equality The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 2021 06 08 Jyrki Laukkasesta piti tulla Suomen ensimmainen kosmonautti kieltaytyi kutsusta kun siita ei olisi ollut mitaan hyotya in Finnish Yle fi 10 July 2019 Retrieved July 26 2020 Jyrki Laukkanen in Finnish Suomen Tietokirjailijat ry Retrieved July 26 2020 Roberts Andrew Lawrence 2005 From Good King Wenceslas to the Good Soldier Svejk a dictionary of Czech popular culture Budapest Central European University Press p 141 ISBN 963 7326 26 X Bunch Bryan Hellemans Alexander 2004 The history of science and technology a browser s guide to the great discoveries inventions and the people who made them from the dawn of time to today New York Houghton Mifflin Harcourt p 679 ISBN 0 618 22123 9 FilmPolski Filmpolski pl Retrieved 10 August 2017 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Interkosmos Interkosmos at the Encyclopaedia Britannica Interkosmos The Eastern Bloc s Early Space Program A Dictionary of Space Exploration Intercosmos Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Interkosmos amp oldid 1197502964, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
