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Indigirka

January 01, 1970

For the Gulag ship, see SS Indigirka.

The Indigirka (Russian: Индиги́рка; Yakut: Индигиир, romanized: Indigiir) is a river in the Sakha Republic in Russia between the Yana to the west and the Kolyma to the east. It is 1,726 kilometres (1,072 mi) long. The area of its basin is 360,000 square kilometres (140,000 sq mi).[1]

Indigirka
Location
CountryRussia
Physical characteristics
SourceConfluence of the Tuora-Yuryakh and Taryn-Yuryakh
 • elevation792 metres (2,598 ft)
MouthEast Siberian Sea
 • coordinates
71°26′32″N 150°51′39″E / 71.4422°N 150.8608°E / 71.4422; 150.8608
Length1,726 km (1,072 mi)
Basin size360,400 km2 (139,200 sq mi)
Discharge 
 • average1,810 m3/s (64,000 cu ft/s)

History edit

The isolated village of Russkoye Ustye, located on the delta of the Indigirka, is known for the unique traditional culture of the Russian settlers whose ancestors came there several centuries ago. Some historians have speculated that Russkoye Ustye was settled by Pomors in the early 17th century.[2]

In 1638 explorer Ivan Rebrov reached the Indigirka.[3] In 1636–42 Elisei Buza pioneered the overland route to the Indigirka river system. At about the same time, Poznik Ivanov ascended a tributary of the lower Lena, crossed the Verkhoyansk Range to the upper Yana, and then crossed the Chersky Range to the Indigirka. In 1642 Mikhail Stadukhin reached the Indigirka overland from the Lena.[3]

Zashiversk on the Indigirka was an important colonial outpost during the early days of Russian colonization. It was subsequently abandoned in the 19th century. Other historical settlements, now long abandoned, were Podshiversk and Uyandinskoye Zimov'ye.

In 1892–94 Baron Eduard Von Toll carried out geological surveys in the basin of the Indigirka (among other Far-eastern Siberian rivers) on behalf of the Russian Academy of Sciences. During one year and two days the expedition covered 25,000 kilometres (16,000 mi), of which 4,200 kilometres (2,600 mi) were up rivers, carrying out geodesic surveys en route.

Course edit

It originates at the confluence of the 251 kilometres (156 mi) long Tuora-Yuryakh (also known as Khastakh, Khalkan or Kalkan) river[4] and the 63 kilometres (39 mi) long Taryn-Yuryakh,[5] both of which originate on the slopes of the Khalkan Range.

In its higher course, the river flows northwestwards along the Yana-Oymyakon Highlands, through the lowest part of the Oymyakon Plateau. Turning north, it cuts through several subranges of the Chersky Range. At the point where it crosses the Chemalgin Range the river narrows and flows into a deep gorge, forming rapids. Where it is joined by the Moma river from the southeast, the Indigirka reaches the Momo-Selennyakh Depression, a wide intermontane basin and the middle course of the river begins, where its valley expands. Turning northwards, the Indigirka cuts deeply across the Moma Range and flows northeastwards meandering across the Aby Lowland and widening to 500 m (1,600 ft). After flowing between the neck formed by the eastern end of the Polousny Range and the western end of the Ulakhan-Chistay Range, it flows north with the Kondakov Plateau to the est across the Yana-Indigirka Lowland, part of the greater East Siberian Lowland. Further north, where the terrain becomes completely flat, the Indigirka divides into branches 130 km (81 mi) from the mouth, forming a 5,500 km2 (2,100 sq mi) wide delta. Its waters end up in the Kolyma Bay, East Siberian Sea. Gusinaya Bay is located to the northwest of the mouths of the Indigirka.[6]

The Indigirka freezes up in October and stays under the ice until May–June.

Tributaries edit

The main tributaries of the Indigirka are, from source to mouth:[1]

Ports, settlements and economy edit

Main ports on the river are:

There is a gold prospecting industry in the Indigirka basin. Ust-Nera, a gold-mining center, is the largest settlement on the river.

The Indigirka teems with a variety of fishes. Among the most valuable are several whitefish species, such as vendace, chir, muksun, inconnu (nelma), omul, etc.

Mouths edit

The Indigirka forms a large delta, consisting of a number of streams (each one being labeled on Russian maps as a photo ka (river arm)) and islands. About 100 kilometres (62 mi) before reaching the East Siberian Sea (70°48′45″N 148°54′58″E / 70.8126°N 148.9162°E / 70.8126; 148.9162), the river splits into two major northeast-flowing streams. The left (westernmost) arm is known as the Russko-Ustyinskaya Protoka; the right arm, the Srednyaya Protoka (Russian for the "Middle Arm"). Further downstream, the third major arm, the Kolymskaya Protoka splits off the Srednyaya Protoka as its right (eastern) distributary, thus justifying the "middle" moniker for the Srednyaya Protoka.[7]

While Srednyaya Protoka means the "Middle Arm", the names of the main western and eastern arms indicate their relative location as well. The Kolymskaya Protoka, or Kolymskoye Ustye is the arm one located on the eastern side, i.e. the "Kolyma side" of the delta (the arm closest to the Kolyma, the eastern neighbor of the Indigirka). The Russko-Ustyinskaya Protoka, apparently known earlier as simply Russkoye Ustye [8] is the arm one located on the western side, i.e. the "Russian side" of the delta (meaning, the side closest to the (European) Russia). These days the name of the Russko-Ustyinskaya Protoka appears as if it were formed from the name of the old Russian village Russkoye Ustye situated there, but originally the opposite is likely to have been the case, the village is named after the river arm (the Russkoye Ustye) on which it was located.

Several flat islands are formed by the channels of the delta. Listed from the east to the west, the major ones are:

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b "Река ИНДИГИРКА in the State Water Register of Russia". textual.ru (in Russian).
  2. ^ Tatyana Bratkova "Russkoye Ustye". Novy Mir, 1998, no. 4 (in Russian)
  3. ^ a b Lantzeff, George V., and Richard A. Pierce (1973). Eastward to Empire: Exploration and Conquest on the Russian Open Frontier, to 1750. Montreal: McGill-Queen's U.P.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Russian State Water Register - Река Хастах (Торо-Юрях, Туора-Юрях, Калкан)
  5. ^ Russian State Water Register - Река Тарын-Юрях
  6. ^ Google Earth
  7. ^ Indigirka in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. (in Russian)
  8. ^ Indigirka in Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary
  9. ^ Boeskorov, G. G.; Plotnikov, V. V.; Protopopov, A. V.; Baryshnikov, G. F.; Fosse, P.; Dalén, L.; David, S. W. G.; Pavlov, I. S.; Naoki, S. & Alexey, N. T. (2021). "The preliminary analysis of Cave Lion cubs Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) from the permafrost of Siberia". Quaternary. 4 (3): 24. doi:10.3390/quat4030024.

External links edit

January 01, 1970
indigirka, gulag, ship, russian, Индиги, рка, yakut, Индигиир, romanized, indigiir, river, sakha, republic, russia, between, yana, west, kolyma, east, kilometres, long, area, basin, square, kilometres, neralocationcountryrussiaphysical, characteristicssourceco. For the Gulag ship see SS Indigirka The Indigirka Russian Indigi rka Yakut Indigiir romanized Indigiir is a river in the Sakha Republic in Russia between the Yana to the west and the Kolyma to the east It is 1 726 kilometres 1 072 mi long The area of its basin is 360 000 square kilometres 140 000 sq mi 1 IndigirkaAt Ust NeraLocationCountryRussiaPhysical characteristicsSourceConfluence of the Tuora Yuryakh and Taryn Yuryakh elevation792 metres 2 598 ft MouthEast Siberian Sea coordinates71 26 32 N 150 51 39 E 71 4422 N 150 8608 E 71 4422 150 8608Length1 726 km 1 072 mi Basin size360 400 km2 139 200 sq mi Discharge average1 810 m3 s 64 000 cu ft s Contents 1 History 2 Course 2 1 Tributaries 3 Ports settlements and economy 4 Mouths 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksHistory editThe isolated village of Russkoye Ustye located on the delta of the Indigirka is known for the unique traditional culture of the Russian settlers whose ancestors came there several centuries ago Some historians have speculated that Russkoye Ustye was settled by Pomors in the early 17th century 2 In 1638 explorer Ivan Rebrov reached the Indigirka 3 In 1636 42 Elisei Buza pioneered the overland route to the Indigirka river system At about the same time Poznik Ivanov ascended a tributary of the lower Lena crossed the Verkhoyansk Range to the upper Yana and then crossed the Chersky Range to the Indigirka In 1642 Mikhail Stadukhin reached the Indigirka overland from the Lena 3 Zashiversk on the Indigirka was an important colonial outpost during the early days of Russian colonization It was subsequently abandoned in the 19th century Other historical settlements now long abandoned were Podshiversk and Uyandinskoye Zimov ye In 1892 94 Baron Eduard Von Toll carried out geological surveys in the basin of the Indigirka among other Far eastern Siberian rivers on behalf of the Russian Academy of Sciences During one year and two days the expedition covered 25 000 kilometres 16 000 mi of which 4 200 kilometres 2 600 mi were up rivers carrying out geodesic surveys en route Course editIt originates at the confluence of the 251 kilometres 156 mi long Tuora Yuryakh also known as Khastakh Khalkan or Kalkan river 4 and the 63 kilometres 39 mi long Taryn Yuryakh 5 both of which originate on the slopes of the Khalkan Range In its higher course the river flows northwestwards along the Yana Oymyakon Highlands through the lowest part of the Oymyakon Plateau Turning north it cuts through several subranges of the Chersky Range At the point where it crosses the Chemalgin Range the river narrows and flows into a deep gorge forming rapids Where it is joined by the Moma river from the southeast the Indigirka reaches the Momo Selennyakh Depression a wide intermontane basin and the middle course of the river begins where its valley expands Turning northwards the Indigirka cuts deeply across the Moma Range and flows northeastwards meandering across the Aby Lowland and widening to 500 m 1 600 ft After flowing between the neck formed by the eastern end of the Polousny Range and the western end of the Ulakhan Chistay Range it flows north with the Kondakov Plateau to the est across the Yana Indigirka Lowland part of the greater East Siberian Lowland Further north where the terrain becomes completely flat the Indigirka divides into branches 130 km 81 mi from the mouth forming a 5 500 km2 2 100 sq mi wide delta Its waters end up in the Kolyma Bay East Siberian Sea Gusinaya Bay is located to the northwest of the mouths of the Indigirka 6 The Indigirka freezes up in October and stays under the ice until May June Tributaries edit The main tributaries of the Indigirka are from source to mouth 1 Khastakh Tuora Yuryakh left Taryn Yuryakh right Kuydusun left Kyuyente left Elgi left Nera right Chibagalakh left Moma right Selennyakh left Druzhina left Badyarikha right Uyandina left Shangina right Bolshaya Ercha right Allaikha left Byoryolyokh left into Russko Ustyinskaya Shandrin right into Kolymskaya Ports settlements and economy editMain ports on the river are Khonuu Druzhina Chokurdakh Tabor There is a gold prospecting industry in the Indigirka basin Ust Nera a gold mining center is the largest settlement on the river The Indigirka teems with a variety of fishes Among the most valuable are several whitefish species such as vendace chir muksun inconnu nelma omul etc Mouths editThe Indigirka forms a large delta consisting of a number of streams each one being labeled on Russian maps as a photo ka river arm and islands About 100 kilometres 62 mi before reaching the East Siberian Sea 70 48 45 N 148 54 58 E 70 8126 N 148 9162 E 70 8126 148 9162 the river splits into two major northeast flowing streams The left westernmost arm is known as the Russko Ustyinskaya Protoka the right arm the Srednyaya Protoka Russian for the Middle Arm Further downstream the third major arm the Kolymskaya Protoka splits off the Srednyaya Protoka as its right eastern distributary thus justifying the middle moniker for the Srednyaya Protoka 7 While Srednyaya Protoka means the Middle Arm the names of the main western and eastern arms indicate their relative location as well The Kolymskaya Protoka or Kolymskoye Ustye is the arm one located on the eastern side i e the Kolyma side of the delta the arm closest to the Kolyma the eastern neighbor of the Indigirka The Russko Ustyinskaya Protoka apparently known earlier as simply Russkoye Ustye 8 is the arm one located on the western side i e the Russian side of the delta meaning the side closest to the European Russia These days the name of the Russko Ustyinskaya Protoka appears as if it were formed from the name of the old Russian village Russkoye Ustye situated there but originally the opposite is likely to have been the case the village is named after the river arm the Russkoye Ustye on which it was located Several flat islands are formed by the channels of the delta Listed from the east to the west the major ones are Usun Ary 71 23 13 N 151 15 18 E 71 387 N 151 255 E 71 387 151 255 lies longitudinally along the coast east of the Srednyaya mouth It is 12 kilometres 7 mi and 2 7 kilometres 1 7 mi wide Uparovskiy Island 71 34 55 N 151 11 46 E 71 582 N 151 196 E 71 582 151 196 lies completely detached 11 kilometres 7 mi offshore from the Srednyaya mouth It is about 2 kilometres 1 2 mi long and 1 km wide Ploskiy Island 71 28 48 N 150 53 24 E 71 480 N 150 890 E 71 480 150 890 is the farthest offshore of a cluster of islands at the Srednyaya mouth It is C shaped and about 3 km long Bolshoy Fedorovskiy 71 31 59 N 150 30 36 E 71 533 N 150 510 E 71 533 150 510 lies between the two mouths of the Indigirka It is 6 km long and has a maximum width of 4 km Vkodnoy and Oleniy islands lie right at the Prot Russko Ust inskaya mouth 71 32 46 N 150 15 58 E 71 546 N 150 266 E 71 546 150 266 Both are of similar size about 4 km in length Krestovyy Island 71 26 49 N 149 45 58 E 71 447 N 149 766 E 71 447 149 766 lies quiet isolated directly to the south of the Lopatka Peninsula 10 kilometres 6 mi offshore to the northwest of the main Indigirka mouths It is 6 km long and 1 6 km wide See also editCave lion cubs Boris and Sparta found on the banks of the Tirekhtyakh tributary 9 List of rivers of Russia Yana Oymyakon Highlands HydrographyReferences edit a b Reka INDIGIRKA in the State Water Register of Russia textual ru in Russian Tatyana Bratkova Russkoye Ustye Novy Mir 1998 no 4 in Russian a b Lantzeff George V and Richard A Pierce 1973 Eastward to Empire Exploration and Conquest on the Russian Open Frontier to 1750 Montreal McGill Queen s U P a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Russian State Water Register Reka Hastah Toro Yuryah Tuora Yuryah Kalkan Russian State Water Register Reka Taryn Yuryah Google Earth Indigirka in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia in Russian Indigirka in Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary Boeskorov G G Plotnikov V V Protopopov A V Baryshnikov G F Fosse P Dalen L David S W G Pavlov I S Naoki S amp Alexey N T 2021 The preliminary analysis of Cave Lion cubs Panthera spelaea Goldfuss 1810 from the permafrost of Siberia Quaternary 4 3 24 doi 10 3390 quat4030024 External links editIndigirka at GEOnet Names Server Location of islands William Barr Baron Eduard Von Toll s Last Expedition Arctic Sept 1980 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Indigirka amp oldid 1154097211, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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