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Members of the Red Army Faction

March 14, 2024

Members of the Red Army Faction (RAF) can be split up into three generations. The first (founding) generation existed from 1970 onwards. The second generation emerged from 1975 and included people from other groups such as the Socialist Patients' Collective (SPK) and the 2 June Movement. The third generation began in 1982. The group announced its dissolution in 1998.

Red Army Faction insignia

Overview edit

The Red Army Faction (RAF) existed in West Germany from 1970 to 1998, committing numerous crimes, especially in the autumn of 1977, which led to a national crisis that became known as the "German Autumn". The RAF was founded in 1970 by Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin, Ulrike Meinhof, Horst Mahler, and others.[1] The first generation of the organization was commonly referred to by the press and the government as the "Baader-Meinhof Gang", a name the group did not use to refer to itself.[2]

The RAF was responsible for 34 deaths, including many secondary targets such as chauffeurs and bodyguards, and many injuries in its almost 30 years of activity.

Eileen MacDonald stated in Shoot the Women First (1991) that women made up about fifty percent of the membership of the Red Army Faction and about eighty percent of the RAF's supporters.[3] This was higher than other similar groups in West Germany, in which women made up about thirty percent of the membership.

The RAF announced its dissolution in 1998 with the paper Die Stadtguerilla in Form der RAF ist nun Geschichte (The Urban Guerilla in the form of the RAF is now history).[4]

First generation Red Army Faction (1970–75) edit

Founding first generation members edit

  • Brigitte Asdonk (born 1947) was arrested in 1970 and released from prison 1982.[5]: 345 
  • Monika Berberich was arrested in 1970, escaped and was recaptured in 1976 and then was released 1988.[5]: 346 
  • Gudrun Ensslin (1940–1977) was involved in bank robbery|bank raids and arson. She helped free Baader from police custody on 30 April 1970. Ensslin was given three times life imprisonment when charged at Stammheim. She died in Stammheim prison on 18 October 1977. Accounts of her death vary. Some state she committed suicide in prison by hanging. Others claim she was murdered in an extrajudicial killing. She and Baader were lovers.
  • Irene Goergens (born 1951) met Meinhof as a teenager and was arrested in 1970. She was released in 1977.[4]
  • Horst Mahler (born 1936) was a lawyer who joined the RAF and was arrested in 1970. By 1974 he had been expelled from the RAF. Aafter his release from prison in 1980, he went on to join the neo-Nazi Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands and to found a holocaust denial group.[5]: 355 
  • Ulrike Meinhof (1934–1976) was a well-known journalist who wrote for and was editor of konkret. She was married to Klaus Rainer Röhl. She helped free Andreas Baader from police custody on 30 April 1970. She was involved in car theft, arson and bank robbery. She was arrested. Meinhof was given an eight-year prison sentence for freeing Baader. She was found hanged in her prison cell on 9 May 1976. The formal claim was "suicide by hanging", though the autopsy report was controversial.
  • Astrid Proll (born 1947) was arrested in 1971 and released to hospital in 1973 due to health conditions caused by solitary confinement. She escaped and went to England, where she was re-arrested in 1978.[5]: 358 
  • Petra Schelm (1950–1971) was shot dead by the police in 1971.[5]: 360 
  • Ingrid Schubert (1944–1977) was involved in freeing Baader from police custody in 1970 (along with Ensslin, Meinhof, Irene Goergens and Peter Homann) and also took part in a few bank raids. Later that year, police discovered an RAF hideout in Berlin and entered the hideout to find Schubert there. She produced fake ID but when searched a gun was found on her person. She was subsequently arrested and sentenced to thirteen years in prison for freeing Baader. After Meinhof's death in 1976 Schubert was transferred to Stammheim to soothe and console Ensslin; she was then transferred to Stadelheim Prison in Munich after Ensslin, Raspe and Baader committed suicide on 18 October 1977. Two weeks later on 13 November 1977 Schubert too was found dead, hanging in her prison cell.

Other first generation members edit

  • Christa Eckes was arrested on 4 February 1974 when the police raided RAF safehouses simultaneously in Hamburg and Frankfurt together with Helmut Pohl, Ilse Stachowiak, Eberhard Becker, Margrit Schiller, Kay-Werner Allnach and Wolfgang Beer.[6] On 28 September 1977, she was sentenced to seven years in prison. After her release she was arrested again on 2 July 1984 in Frankfurt, after several RAF members accidentally discharged a gun into the apartment below their safe house. The others arrested were Helmut Pohl, Stefan Frey, Ingrid Jakobsmeier, Barbara Ernst and Ernst-Volker Staub.
  • Angela Luther (born 1940) was first involved with the Blues-Scene and West Berlin Tupamaros, but in July 1971, she met with some RAF members, and together with Thomas Weissbecker she expressed interest and started working with the RAF. On 12 May 1972 she participated in the bombing of a police station in Augsburg together with Irmgard Möller, and on 24 May 1972 she was involved in the bombing of the officers club and the Campbell Barracks in Heidelberg.
  • Holger Meins (26 October 1941 – 9 November 1974) was a leftist cinematography student in West Germany and was tired of being harassed by police over his political views. He joined the Baader-Meinhof gang quite early on along with Beate Sturm and was seen somewhat as a leading member. In 1971 he was arrested alongside Raspe and Baader during a shoot-out with the police in Frankfurt. In prison the Baader-Meinhof gang called for a hunger strike, as they felt they were being treated unfairly by the government. Meins died on 11 November 1974 as a result of the hunger strike. He weighed less than 100 pounds at the time of his death; he was over six feet (1.8 m) tall. His death sparked rage amongst RAF members everywhere.
  • Jan-Carl Raspe (24 July 1944 – 18 October 1977) was an early member of the Baader-Meinhof gang and was captured a short while before both Holger Meins and Andreas Baader were arrested in Frankfurt in 1972 (he had been the driver of their Porsche Targa). Alongside Baader, Ensslin and Meinhof he was sentenced to life imprisonment at Stammheim. Raspe supposedly committed suicide in his cell using a 9 mm Heckler & Koch handgun on 18 October 1977, however, it is also claimed that he was murdered in an extrajudicial killing.
  • Thomas "Tommy" Weissbecker (1944–1972) was an associate of Horst Mahler and a minor member of the Baader-Meinhof gang. He was first involved with the Blues-Scene and West Berlin Tupamaros but in July 1971 he met with some RAF members and together with Angela Luther he expressed interest and started working with the RAF. In 1971 he was charged and acquitted with assaulting a Springer journalist. Later, on 2 March 1972, Weissbecker, along with Carmen Roll, was stopped by police outside a hotel in Augsburg. Weissbecker was shot dead by the police when he reached into his pocket, supposedly to grab his gun. However Stefan Aust claims that he was simply reaching into his pocket to produce ID. On 12 May 1972, over two months after Weissbecker's death, RAF members bombed a police station in Augsburg and a Criminal Investigations Agency in Munich. They claimed responsibility for the bombings in the name of the 'Tommy Weissbecker Kommando'.

Second generation Red Army Faction (1975–1982) edit

By 1972 a large number of the core members of the Baader-Meinhof Gang had been captured and imprisoned. However, new members swelled the dwindling ranks of the Gang. These revolutionaries mostly had similar backgrounds to the first generation, e.g. they were middle class and frequently students. Most of them joined the Gang after their own groups dissolved e.g. the Socialist Patients' Collective (SPK) and Movement 2 June (J2M).[citation needed]

Former SPK members edit

The SPK, the leftist, 'therapy-through-violence' group, dissolved in 1971, and those members who had turned militant forged links and joined with the Baader-Meinhof Gang. Brigitte Mohnhaupt, Klaus Jünschke Carmen Roll, and Gerhard Müller had already joined as part of the first generation of the RAF but originally started in SPK.

  • Brigitte Mohnhaupt (born 1949) became a leader amongst the second generation RAF and was involved in some of their most serious crimes (such as the murder of Jürgen Ponto) and was a key perpetrator during the German Autumn.
  • Klaus Jünschke (born 1947) was a student member of the SPK, who managed to escape arrest when police came after certain members of the SPK in 1971. He joined the RAF with his militant girlfriend Elisabeth von Dyck and was involved in at least one bank robbery (in December 1971 in Kaiserslautern – alongside Ingeborg Barz and Wolfgang Grundmann).
  • Hanna-Elise Krabbe (born October 1945) was born in Bad Bentheim. She was a member of the IZRU (the group which succeeded the SPK) and was the elder sister of Friederike Krabbe, another member. Hanna-Elise Krabbe took part in the West German embassy siege in Stockholm. She was the only female member involved in the siege. Her role during the siege was to guard the hostages. She was arrested when the siege failed and was sentenced on 20 July 1977, to twice life imprisonment. She was released from prison in 1996, after serving 21 years.
  • Friederike Krabbe (born 1950) is the younger sister of Hanna-Elise Krabbe. She is believed to have been one of the RAF members who kidnapped Hanns Martin Schleyer. Afterwards she fled to Iraq, living in Baghdad with Elisabeth von Dyck and Monika Helbing. She left the RAF and is thought to still live in the Middle East.[9][4]
  • Carmen Roll was involved in 'working circle explosives' in which she achieved limited success with Siegfried Hausner when they managed to manufacture a small amount of TNT in December 1970 in the University Institute of Physiology. In February 1971 Roll, along with Hausner, planned to bomb the President of the Federal Republic's special train in Heidelberg station, but she arrived too late with the explosives, and the plot failed. On 2 March 1972, Roll was spotted with Tommy Weissbecker outside a hotel in Augsburg. Weissbecker was shot dead and Roll was eventually arrested. Two weeks later to sedate her when she resisted fingerprinting she was given a near-fatal dose of ether by prison doctors. In 1976 Roll was freed from prison. She moved to Italy and became a nurse.
  • Lutz Taufer (born 1944) had links with the SPK, and he protested against the supposed torture of political prisoners in West Germany in 1974.[10] In 1975, he joined the RAF and took part in the West German embassy siege in Stockholm. He was arrested and sentenced to two life terms, before being released in 1995.[5]: 363 
  • Elisabeth von Dyck (1951–1979) was a member of the SPK and of the RAF.[11] She was born in Nuremberg. She was the girlfriend of Klaus Jünschke and later of lawyer Klaus Croissant. She was involved with the 'committees against torture' in 1974. In 1975 von Dyck, along with Siegfried Haag, was arrested on suspicion of smuggling weapons out of Switzerland and served six months in a detention centre in Cologne before being released. However, a warrant went out for her arrest in 1977. von Dyck went underground, and Monika Helbing stated that around this time she fled to Baghdad for a while with Friederike Krabbe. von Dyck returned to West Germany sometime between 1977 and 1979, and on 4 May 1979, von Dyck entered a Nuremberg house, thought to have been an RAF hideout, which was under police surveillance. The police shot von Dyck through the back, killing her. A gun was found on her body. von Dyck was shot even though she was only suspected of being involved with the RAF, and was not a high-priority on the wanted list. However, it was alleged that the police shot her after she first drew a pistol and aimed it at them.
  • Ulrich Wessel (1946–1975) was the son of a rich Hamburg businessman. Wessel was described as a dandy, and he was a millionaire by inheritance. He was involved with the SPK and took part in the West German embassy siege in Stockholm. He died during the siege when the TNT was accidentally exploded; the force of the explosion startled him so much that he dropped a grenade he was holding and it exploded on him. He died soon afterwards.
  • Bernhard Braun had early on come into contact with the RAF via the West Berlin Tupamaros but was also close to the Movement 2 June. On 9 June 1972, Bernhard Braun and Brigitte Mohnhaupt were arrested in West Berlin. He was one of the 26 members who were supposed to be released as a result of the West German embassy siege in Stockholm.

Former J2M members edit

Movement 2 June was founded in 1972 and was allied with the RAF but was ideologically anarchist as opposed to the Marxist RAF. In the early 1980s, the movement disbanded and many members then joined the RAF.

  • Ingrid Barabass (or Barabaß) was born in 1952.[5]: 346  In 1979, she decided to renounce violence together with fellow RAF members Karin Kamp-Münichow, Karola Magg and Regina Nicolai.[12]: 386 
  • Juliane Plambeck (1952–1980) was arrested together with members of Movement 2 June Inge Viett and Ralf Reinders on 9 September 1975. They are all suspects in the Peter Lorenz kidnapping. On 7 July 1976, she along with RAF member Monika Berberich and J2M members Gabriele Rollnick and Inge Viett overpowered a guard and scaled the wall, escaping from the Lehrter Women's Prison in West Berlin. On 25 July 1980, Plambeck, then a RAF member, and Wolfgang Beer were killed in a traffic accident outside of Bietigheim-Bissingen. In the car several weapons, one of which had been used in the abduction of Hanns Martin Schleyer, were found, next to fake identification documents and vehicle registration.
  • Rolf Heißler (born 1948) became acquainted with Brigitte Mohnhaupt in the late 1960s and first became a member of the Munich Tupamaros and later joined the RAF together with his ex-wife Mohnhaupt, but he was also closely acquainted with the Movement 2 June. On 13 April 1971 he was involved in a bank robbery in Munich but was arrested. In 1972 he was sentenced to a six-year imprisonment. On 3 March 1975, he was released as part of the Peter Lorenz kidnapping and exchange together with Rolf Pohle, Verena Becker, Ina Siepmann and Gabriele Kröcher-Tiedemann and ended up in South Yemen. In October 1976 he returned undetected to Germany. According to Peter-Jürgen Boock, Heißler and Stefan Wisniewski shot Hanns Martin Schleyer. On 1 November 1978 he and Adelheid Schulz shot two Dutch customs officers, Dionysius de Jong and Johannes Goemans, at a passport control in Kerkrade and seriously injured two more. de Jong died instantly, and Goemans died on 14 November 1978. When he was arrested on 9 June 1979 in Frankfurt, Heissler was seriously injured by a shot in the head but survived. On 10 November 1982, he was sentenced to two life terms plus 15 years for murders and membership in the RAF. On 25 October 2001, he was released on probation.
  • Rolf Pohle (4 January 1942 – 7 February 2004) was first arrested on 17 December 1971 when he attempted to buy thirty-two firearms in a gun shop in Neu-Ulm which the police claimed were meant for the RAF. In 1974 he was sentenced to four years in prison because of membership in a criminal organisation, weapon possession and support activities for the RAF. On 3 March 1975, he was released as part of the Peter Lorenz kidnapping and exchange together with Rolf Heissler, Verena Becker, Ina Siepmann and Gabriele Kröcher-Tiedemann and ended up in South Yemen. On 21 July 1976, he was arrested again in Athens but first extradited to Germany on 1 October after a lengthy negotiation with Greece. On top of his original conviction, he was given a further three years and three months. He was released in 1982 and returned to Greece two years later. Until the outbreak of cancer, he worked as a teacher and translator. Pohle himself continued to deny any profound relations with the RAF. He died on 7 February 2004.

The Haag/Mayer Group edit

The Haag/Mayer Group was a minor group of members within the second generation of the RAF. They were recruited by Siegfried Haag, who organised the regrouping of the RAF in the mid 1970s together with Roland Mayer before Brigitte Mohnhaupt took over the leadership after their arrest in 1976. Knut Folkerts from SPK and Verena Becker from J2M were also part of this group.

  • Siegfried Haag (born 1944) was first a lawyer for the first generation of the RAF, then member by 1975. He was arrested in 1976 then went underground before being arrested again; he was sentenced to 15 years of imprisonment. In detention, he distanced himself from the RAF and he was released in 1987.[5]: 105, 350 
  • Roland Mayer was arrested in 1976 and sentenced to 14 years of imprisonment, then released in 1988.[5]: 355 
  • Günter Sonnenberg (born 1954) joined the RAF in 1976 and was arrested the following year with Verena Becker in Singen, after he was recognised from a wanted poster. He had been shot in the body and head; hunger-striking prisoners demanded his release in 1979 and 1981. He was sentenced to two life terms and was mainkly held in solitary confinement until his release in 1992.[5]: 35, 363, 373, 377, 380, 384 

Other second generation members edit

  • Monika Helbing (born 1953) joined the RAF in 1974 and was involved in the occupation of the Amnesty International offices in Hamburg. In 1976 she went underground and with Christian Klar and other members form the "Southern German cell" of the RAF. She was involved in the preparation and follow-up of the kidnapping of Hanns Martin Schleyer in fall 1977. In 1980 she left the RAF and received asylum and a new identity in East Germany. She was arrested on 14 June 1990 in Frankfurt an der Oder and later on 24 February 1992 she was sentenced to seven years in prison. After her arrest, she cooperated with the police and prosecutors and testified extensively. She was released in 1995 and today lives under a different name.
  • Hans-Peter Konieczny was recruited by lawyer Jörg Lang and had just joined the RAF in February 1972, when he on 7 July the same year was cornered by the police in Offenbach. He was persuaded to cooperate and set up Klaus Jünschke and Irmgard Möller, who was easily captured by the police. Konieczny was released from custody two months later.
  • Silke Maier-Witt (born 21 January 1950) only had a minor involvement in the kidnap of Hanns-Martin Schleyer and broke away from the RAF in 1979. She escaped into East Germany to avoid arrest and lived there until her capture in 1990. She served five years in jail before going on to work as a peace activist in Kosovo.[13]
  • Volker Speitel (born 1950) and Angelika both joined the RAF in the 1970s. He worked in Klaus Croissant's office. Where his wife was an active member, he was more of a supporter of the RAF. He was arrested in 1977 together with Rosemarie Preiss on a train in Puttgarden and cooperated with the police and prosecutors and received the status of a crown witness. He was sentenced to three years and two months for supporting the RAF, and he was released from prison in 1979.
  • Sigrid Sternebeck (born 19 June 1949) moved to Hamburg in 1971 and met Susanne Albrecht, Silke Maier-Witt, Karl-Heinz Dellwo, Monika Helbing and Bernhard Rössner. In 1977 she joined the RAF and went underground. In 1980 she left the RAF and received asylum and a new identity in East Germany. She was arrested on 15 June 1990 in Schwedt together with her husband, Ralf Baptist Friedrich. After her arrest, she cooperated with the police and prosecutors and on 22 June 1992 sentenced to eight and a half years in prison due to her participation in a murder attempt on Alexander Haig and the assassination of Hanns Martin Schleyer. Today she lives under a different name in Northern Germany.
  • Willi-Peter Stoll (1950–1978) was an RAF member who was one of the men directly involved with the kidnapping of Hanns-Martin Schleyer. He was said to have changed mentally after the event, and he became depressed and withdrew from the RAF. On 6 September 1978, Stoll was having dinner in a Chinese restaurant in the Red Light District in Düsseldorf when he was approached by police. He drew his gun and a shoot-out followed that resulted in Stoll's death.
  • Johannes Thimme (1956–1985) received two prison sentences before dying in 1985, when the bomb that he was leaving at the Association for the Development of Air and Space Industries in Stuttgart went off.[4][5]: 364 
  • Christof Wackernagel (born 1951) joined the RAF in 1977, and on 11 November 1977 he was arrested together with Gert Schneider in Amsterdam. A year later they were extradited to West Germany and Wackernagel charged with participation in the Zweibrücken courthouse bombing amongst other things. On 5 September 1980 he was sentenced to 15 years in prison but released in 1987.
  • Claudia Wannersdorfer was wounded by the explosion of a bomb she and Johannes Thimme were leaving outside the Association for the Development of Air and Space Industries in Stuttgart in 1985. She was sentenced to eight years in prison.[4]

Third generation Red Army Faction (1982–1993) edit

This generation was active mostly throughout the 1980s and early 1990s until the group disbanded in 1998.

  • Eva Haule (born 1954) went underground in 1984, was arrested in 1986, and after being sentenced remained in prison until 2007.[14]
  • Wolfgang Grams (born 1953) and Birgit Hogefeld (1956) were considered the leaders of the third generation. Both were arrested in Bad Kleinen in 1993, during a botched operation. Grams died in controversial circumstances.[15][16] After being sentenced for her involved in the assassination of Detlef Rohwedder, Hogefeld remained in prison until 2011.[17]
  • Ernst-Volker Staub (born 1954), Daniela Klette (born 1958), and Burkhard Garweg (born 1 September 1968) are the three former members of RAF still on Germany's most-wanted list. In January 2016 the trio were identified as the suspected perpetrators of a bungled attempt to rob an armoured security van near Bremen in June 2015,[18] and they are suspects in further robberies. These crimes are not considered to have a terrorist background. Klette was arrested in Berlin in February 2024.

References edit

  1. ^ Buchar, Robert (2010). And reality be damned : undoing America : what media didn't tell you about the end of the Cold War and the fall of communism in Europe. Durham, Conn.: Eloquent Books. p. 245. ISBN 978-1-60911-166-3.
  2. ^ Martin, Gus; Kushner, Harvey W (2011). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Terrorism. Gus Martin, Harvey W. Kushner (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications. p. 385. ISBN 9781412980166.
  3. ^ Mahan, Sue; Griset, Pamala L. (2013). Terrorism in Perspective (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications. p. 259. ISBN 978-1-4522-2545-6.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Smith, J.; Moncourt, André (2009). The Red Army Faction, a Documentary History: Volume 1: Projectiles for the People (eBook ed.). PM Press. ISBN 978-1-60486-029-0.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Moncourt, André; Smith, J. (2013). The Red Army Faction Volume 2: Dancing with imperialism. Montreal, Quebec: Kersplebedeb. ISBN 978-1-60486-030-6.
  6. ^ Schiller, Margrit (1999). "Es war ein harter Kampf um meine Erinnerung" : ein Lebensbericht aus der RAF. Konkret Literatur Verlag. p. 256. ISBN 3-89458-181-6.
  7. ^ Holmes, Amy Austin (2014). Social Unrest and American Military Bases in Turkey and Germany Since 1945. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-1-139-92199-2.
  8. ^ Sargeant, Jack (2003). Guns, Death, Terror : 1960s & 1970s Revolutionaries, Urban Guerrillas and Terrorists. London: Creation. ISBN 1-84068-099-7.
  9. ^ Moghadam, Assaf (February 2012). "Failure and Disengagement in the Red Army Faction". Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 35 (2): 156–181. doi:10.1080/1057610X.2012.639062.
  10. ^ Peters, Butz (2017). 1977 RAF gegen Bundesrepublik. München: Droemer Verlag. pp. 41–42, 506. ISBN 978-3-426-27678-5.
  11. ^ Aust, Stefan (2017). Der Baader-Meinhof-Komplex (1. Auflage der Neuausgabe, erweiterte und aktualisierte Ausgabe ed.). Hoffmann und Campe. p. 710. ISBN 978-3-455-00033-7.
  12. ^ Wunschik, Tobias (1997). Baader-Meinhofs Kinder: Die zweite Generation der RAF. Opladen: Westdt. Verl. ISBN 978-3-531-13088-0.
  13. ^ . The Independent. 18 February 2007. Archived from the original on 19 February 2011. Retrieved 12 February 2009.
  14. ^ Provan, John (2020). The History of Rhein-Main Air Base : A chapter coming to a close. IMAGUNCULA. p. 51. ISBN 9798569467327.
  15. ^ Aust, Stefan (2009). Baader-Meinhof : The Inside Story of the R.A.F. Translated by Bell, Anthea. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 436. ISBN 978-0-19-537275-5.
  16. ^ Sweet, Kathleen M. (2009). Aviation and airport security : terrorism and safety concerns (2nd ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-4200-8816-8.
  17. ^ Scribner, Charity (2014). After the Red Army Faction : Gender, Culture, and Militancy. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 57–58. ISBN 978-0231538299.
  18. ^ "German Red Army Faction radicals 'bungled armed robbery'". BBC News. 19 January 2016. from the original on 19 February 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.

Further reading edit

March 14, 2024
members, army, faction, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, apr. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Members of the Red Army Faction news newspapers books scholar JSTOR April 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Members of the Red Army Faction RAF can be split up into three generations The first founding generation existed from 1970 onwards The second generation emerged from 1975 and included people from other groups such as the Socialist Patients Collective SPK and the 2 June Movement The third generation began in 1982 The group announced its dissolution in 1998 Red Army Faction insignia Contents 1 Overview 2 First generation Red Army Faction 1970 75 2 1 Founding first generation members 2 2 Other first generation members 3 Second generation Red Army Faction 1975 1982 3 1 Former SPK members 3 2 Former J2M members 3 3 The Haag Mayer Group 3 4 Other second generation members 4 Third generation Red Army Faction 1982 1993 5 References 6 Further readingOverview editThe Red Army Faction RAF existed in West Germany from 1970 to 1998 committing numerous crimes especially in the autumn of 1977 which led to a national crisis that became known as the German Autumn The RAF was founded in 1970 by Andreas Baader Gudrun Ensslin Ulrike Meinhof Horst Mahler and others 1 The first generation of the organization was commonly referred to by the press and the government as the Baader Meinhof Gang a name the group did not use to refer to itself 2 The RAF was responsible for 34 deaths including many secondary targets such as chauffeurs and bodyguards and many injuries in its almost 30 years of activity Eileen MacDonald stated in Shoot the Women First 1991 that women made up about fifty percent of the membership of the Red Army Faction and about eighty percent of the RAF s supporters 3 This was higher than other similar groups in West Germany in which women made up about thirty percent of the membership The RAF announced its dissolution in 1998 with the paper Die Stadtguerilla in Form der RAF ist nun Geschichte The Urban Guerilla in the form of the RAF is now history 4 First generation Red Army Faction 1970 75 editFounding first generation members edit Brigitte Asdonk born 1947 was arrested in 1970 and released from prison 1982 5 345 Andreas Baader 1943 1977 was involved in bank raids and arson He was arrested and tried at Stammheim Prison alongside Gudrun Ensslin Ulrike Meinhof and Jan Carl Raspe and given three sentences of life imprisonment He died in Stammheim prison on 18 October 1977 Accounts of his death vary Some state he committed suicide in prison using a handgun Others claim he was murdered in an extrajudicial killing He and Ensslin were lovers Ingeborg Barz born 1948 quit the RAF in 1972 and is thought to be dead 4 Monika Berberich was arrested in 1970 escaped and was recaptured in 1976 and then was released 1988 5 346 Gudrun Ensslin 1940 1977 was involved in bank robbery bank raids and arson She helped free Baader from police custody on 30 April 1970 Ensslin was given three times life imprisonment when charged at Stammheim She died in Stammheim prison on 18 October 1977 Accounts of her death vary Some state she committed suicide in prison by hanging Others claim she was murdered in an extrajudicial killing She and Baader were lovers Irene Goergens born 1951 met Meinhof as a teenager and was arrested in 1970 She was released in 1977 4 Manfred Grashof born 1946 was arrested in 1977 and released in 1988 5 350 Horst Mahler born 1936 was a lawyer who joined the RAF and was arrested in 1970 By 1974 he had been expelled from the RAF Aafter his release from prison in 1980 he went on to join the neo Nazi Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands and to found a holocaust denial group 5 355 Ulrike Meinhof 1934 1976 was a well known journalist who wrote for and was editor of konkret She was married to Klaus Rainer Rohl She helped free Andreas Baader from police custody on 30 April 1970 She was involved in car theft arson and bank robbery She was arrested Meinhof was given an eight year prison sentence for freeing Baader She was found hanged in her prison cell on 9 May 1976 The formal claim was suicide by hanging though the autopsy report was controversial Astrid Proll born 1947 was arrested in 1971 and released to hospital in 1973 due to health conditions caused by solitary confinement She escaped and went to England where she was re arrested in 1978 5 358 Petra Schelm 1950 1971 was shot dead by the police in 1971 5 360 Ingrid Schubert 1944 1977 was involved in freeing Baader from police custody in 1970 along with Ensslin Meinhof Irene Goergens and Peter Homann and also took part in a few bank raids Later that year police discovered an RAF hideout in Berlin and entered the hideout to find Schubert there She produced fake ID but when searched a gun was found on her person She was subsequently arrested and sentenced to thirteen years in prison for freeing Baader After Meinhof s death in 1976 Schubert was transferred to Stammheim to soothe and console Ensslin she was then transferred to Stadelheim Prison in Munich after Ensslin Raspe and Baader committed suicide on 18 October 1977 Two weeks later on 13 November 1977 Schubert too was found dead hanging in her prison cell Other first generation members edit Christa Eckes was arrested on 4 February 1974 when the police raided RAF safehouses simultaneously in Hamburg and Frankfurt together with Helmut Pohl Ilse Stachowiak Eberhard Becker Margrit Schiller Kay Werner Allnach and Wolfgang Beer 6 On 28 September 1977 she was sentenced to seven years in prison After her release she was arrested again on 2 July 1984 in Frankfurt after several RAF members accidentally discharged a gun into the apartment below their safe house The others arrested were Helmut Pohl Stefan Frey Ingrid Jakobsmeier Barbara Ernst and Ernst Volker Staub Angela Luther born 1940 was first involved with the Blues Scene and West Berlin Tupamaros but in July 1971 she met with some RAF members and together with Thomas Weissbecker she expressed interest and started working with the RAF On 12 May 1972 she participated in the bombing of a police station in Augsburg together with Irmgard Moller and on 24 May 1972 she was involved in the bombing of the officers club and the Campbell Barracks in Heidelberg Holger Meins 26 October 1941 9 November 1974 was a leftist cinematography student in West Germany and was tired of being harassed by police over his political views He joined the Baader Meinhof gang quite early on along with Beate Sturm and was seen somewhat as a leading member In 1971 he was arrested alongside Raspe and Baader during a shoot out with the police in Frankfurt In prison the Baader Meinhof gang called for a hunger strike as they felt they were being treated unfairly by the government Meins died on 11 November 1974 as a result of the hunger strike He weighed less than 100 pounds at the time of his death he was over six feet 1 8 m tall His death sparked rage amongst RAF members everywhere Irmgard Moller 13 May 1947 bombed the Campbell Barracks in Heidelberg on 24 May 1972 7 She claimed responsibility in the name of the Commando 15 July the date of Petra Schelm s death in honour of Schelm 8 Jan Carl Raspe 24 July 1944 18 October 1977 was an early member of the Baader Meinhof gang and was captured a short while before both Holger Meins and Andreas Baader were arrested in Frankfurt in 1972 he had been the driver of their Porsche Targa Alongside Baader Ensslin and Meinhof he was sentenced to life imprisonment at Stammheim Raspe supposedly committed suicide in his cell using a 9 mm Heckler amp Koch handgun on 18 October 1977 however it is also claimed that he was murdered in an extrajudicial killing Thomas Tommy Weissbecker 1944 1972 was an associate of Horst Mahler and a minor member of the Baader Meinhof gang He was first involved with the Blues Scene and West Berlin Tupamaros but in July 1971 he met with some RAF members and together with Angela Luther he expressed interest and started working with the RAF In 1971 he was charged and acquitted with assaulting a Springer journalist Later on 2 March 1972 Weissbecker along with Carmen Roll was stopped by police outside a hotel in Augsburg Weissbecker was shot dead by the police when he reached into his pocket supposedly to grab his gun However Stefan Aust claims that he was simply reaching into his pocket to produce ID On 12 May 1972 over two months after Weissbecker s death RAF members bombed a police station in Augsburg and a Criminal Investigations Agency in Munich They claimed responsibility for the bombings in the name of the Tommy Weissbecker Kommando Second generation Red Army Faction 1975 1982 editBy 1972 a large number of the core members of the Baader Meinhof Gang had been captured and imprisoned However new members swelled the dwindling ranks of the Gang These revolutionaries mostly had similar backgrounds to the first generation e g they were middle class and frequently students Most of them joined the Gang after their own groups dissolved e g the Socialist Patients Collective SPK and Movement 2 June J2M citation needed Former SPK members edit The SPK the leftist therapy through violence group dissolved in 1971 and those members who had turned militant forged links and joined with the Baader Meinhof Gang Brigitte Mohnhaupt Klaus Junschke Carmen Roll and Gerhard Muller had already joined as part of the first generation of the RAF but originally started in SPK Siegfried Hausner 1952 1975 was a leading member of the SPK especially involved with explosives He took part in a bombing of the Axel Springer Verlag in 1971 and was the leader of the West German embassy siege in Stockholm in 1975 when he was fatally injured after TNT wiring the embassy was accidentally detonated Brigitte Mohnhaupt born 1949 became a leader amongst the second generation RAF and was involved in some of their most serious crimes such as the murder of Jurgen Ponto and was a key perpetrator during the German Autumn Sieglinde Hofmann born 1945 became an important figure of the second generation RAF and was personally involved in the kidnap and murder of Hanns Martin Schleyer his driver and three accompanying policemen Klaus Junschke born 1947 was a student member of the SPK who managed to escape arrest when police came after certain members of the SPK in 1971 He joined the RAF with his militant girlfriend Elisabeth von Dyck and was involved in at least one bank robbery in December 1971 in Kaiserslautern alongside Ingeborg Barz and Wolfgang Grundmann Hanna Elise Krabbe born October 1945 was born in Bad Bentheim She was a member of the IZRU the group which succeeded the SPK and was the elder sister of Friederike Krabbe another member Hanna Elise Krabbe took part in the West German embassy siege in Stockholm She was the only female member involved in the siege Her role during the siege was to guard the hostages She was arrested when the siege failed and was sentenced on 20 July 1977 to twice life imprisonment She was released from prison in 1996 after serving 21 years Friederike Krabbe born 1950 is the younger sister of Hanna Elise Krabbe She is believed to have been one of the RAF members who kidnapped Hanns Martin Schleyer Afterwards she fled to Iraq living in Baghdad with Elisabeth von Dyck and Monika Helbing She left the RAF and is thought to still live in the Middle East 9 4 Carmen Roll was involved in working circle explosives in which she achieved limited success with Siegfried Hausner when they managed to manufacture a small amount of TNT in December 1970 in the University Institute of Physiology In February 1971 Roll along with Hausner planned to bomb the President of the Federal Republic s special train in Heidelberg station but she arrived too late with the explosives and the plot failed On 2 March 1972 Roll was spotted with Tommy Weissbecker outside a hotel in Augsburg Weissbecker was shot dead and Roll was eventually arrested Two weeks later to sedate her when she resisted fingerprinting she was given a near fatal dose of ether by prison doctors In 1976 Roll was freed from prison She moved to Italy and became a nurse Lutz Taufer born 1944 had links with the SPK and he protested against the supposed torture of political prisoners in West Germany in 1974 10 In 1975 he joined the RAF and took part in the West German embassy siege in Stockholm He was arrested and sentenced to two life terms before being released in 1995 5 363 Elisabeth von Dyck 1951 1979 was a member of the SPK and of the RAF 11 She was born in Nuremberg She was the girlfriend of Klaus Junschke and later of lawyer Klaus Croissant She was involved with the committees against torture in 1974 In 1975 von Dyck along with Siegfried Haag was arrested on suspicion of smuggling weapons out of Switzerland and served six months in a detention centre in Cologne before being released However a warrant went out for her arrest in 1977 von Dyck went underground and Monika Helbing stated that around this time she fled to Baghdad for a while with Friederike Krabbe von Dyck returned to West Germany sometime between 1977 and 1979 and on 4 May 1979 von Dyck entered a Nuremberg house thought to have been an RAF hideout which was under police surveillance The police shot von Dyck through the back killing her A gun was found on her body von Dyck was shot even though she was only suspected of being involved with the RAF and was not a high priority on the wanted list However it was alleged that the police shot her after she first drew a pistol and aimed it at them Ulrich Wessel 1946 1975 was the son of a rich Hamburg businessman Wessel was described as a dandy and he was a millionaire by inheritance He was involved with the SPK and took part in the West German embassy siege in Stockholm He died during the siege when the TNT was accidentally exploded the force of the explosion startled him so much that he dropped a grenade he was holding and it exploded on him He died soon afterwards Bernhard Braun had early on come into contact with the RAF via the West Berlin Tupamaros but was also close to the Movement 2 June On 9 June 1972 Bernhard Braun and Brigitte Mohnhaupt were arrested in West Berlin He was one of the 26 members who were supposed to be released as a result of the West German embassy siege in Stockholm Former J2M members edit Movement 2 June was founded in 1972 and was allied with the RAF but was ideologically anarchist as opposed to the Marxist RAF In the early 1980s the movement disbanded and many members then joined the RAF Ingrid Barabass or Barabass was born in 1952 5 346 In 1979 she decided to renounce violence together with fellow RAF members Karin Kamp Munichow Karola Magg and Regina Nicolai 12 386 Ina Siepmann 1944 1982 was arrested in 1974 then released the following year She is thought to have lived in Lebanon and to have been killed during the Sabra and Shatila Massacre 5 362 Juliane Plambeck 1952 1980 was arrested together with members of Movement 2 June Inge Viett and Ralf Reinders on 9 September 1975 They are all suspects in the Peter Lorenz kidnapping On 7 July 1976 she along with RAF member Monika Berberich and J2M members Gabriele Rollnick and Inge Viett overpowered a guard and scaled the wall escaping from the Lehrter Women s Prison in West Berlin On 25 July 1980 Plambeck then a RAF member and Wolfgang Beer were killed in a traffic accident outside of Bietigheim Bissingen In the car several weapons one of which had been used in the abduction of Hanns Martin Schleyer were found next to fake identification documents and vehicle registration Rolf Heissler born 1948 became acquainted with Brigitte Mohnhaupt in the late 1960s and first became a member of the Munich Tupamaros and later joined the RAF together with his ex wife Mohnhaupt but he was also closely acquainted with the Movement 2 June On 13 April 1971 he was involved in a bank robbery in Munich but was arrested In 1972 he was sentenced to a six year imprisonment On 3 March 1975 he was released as part of the Peter Lorenz kidnapping and exchange together with Rolf Pohle Verena Becker Ina Siepmann and Gabriele Krocher Tiedemann and ended up in South Yemen In October 1976 he returned undetected to Germany According to Peter Jurgen Boock Heissler and Stefan Wisniewski shot Hanns Martin Schleyer On 1 November 1978 he and Adelheid Schulz shot two Dutch customs officers Dionysius de Jong and Johannes Goemans at a passport control in Kerkrade and seriously injured two more de Jong died instantly and Goemans died on 14 November 1978 When he was arrested on 9 June 1979 in Frankfurt Heissler was seriously injured by a shot in the head but survived On 10 November 1982 he was sentenced to two life terms plus 15 years for murders and membership in the RAF On 25 October 2001 he was released on probation Rolf Pohle 4 January 1942 7 February 2004 was first arrested on 17 December 1971 when he attempted to buy thirty two firearms in a gun shop in Neu Ulm which the police claimed were meant for the RAF In 1974 he was sentenced to four years in prison because of membership in a criminal organisation weapon possession and support activities for the RAF On 3 March 1975 he was released as part of the Peter Lorenz kidnapping and exchange together with Rolf Heissler Verena Becker Ina Siepmann and Gabriele Krocher Tiedemann and ended up in South Yemen On 21 July 1976 he was arrested again in Athens but first extradited to Germany on 1 October after a lengthy negotiation with Greece On top of his original conviction he was given a further three years and three months He was released in 1982 and returned to Greece two years later Until the outbreak of cancer he worked as a teacher and translator Pohle himself continued to deny any profound relations with the RAF He died on 7 February 2004 Gabriele Krocher Tiedemann 1951 1995 The Haag Mayer Group edit The Haag Mayer Group was a minor group of members within the second generation of the RAF They were recruited by Siegfried Haag who organised the regrouping of the RAF in the mid 1970s together with Roland Mayer before Brigitte Mohnhaupt took over the leadership after their arrest in 1976 Knut Folkerts from SPK and Verena Becker from J2M were also part of this group Siegfried Haag born 1944 was first a lawyer for the first generation of the RAF then member by 1975 He was arrested in 1976 then went underground before being arrested again he was sentenced to 15 years of imprisonment In detention he distanced himself from the RAF and he was released in 1987 5 105 350 Roland Mayer was arrested in 1976 and sentenced to 14 years of imprisonment then released in 1988 5 355 Gunter Sonnenberg born 1954 joined the RAF in 1976 and was arrested the following year with Verena Becker in Singen after he was recognised from a wanted poster He had been shot in the body and head hunger striking prisoners demanded his release in 1979 and 1981 He was sentenced to two life terms and was mainkly held in solitary confinement until his release in 1992 5 35 363 373 377 380 384 Uwe Folkerts born 1948 was arrested on 5 May 1977 together with Johannes Thimme in connection with the Siegfried Buback assassination In late 1978 he was found guilty of lending his car to Adelheid Schulz and Sabine Schmitz and sentenced to sixteen months imprisonment Waltraud Boock born 1951 wife of Peter Jurgen Boock was arrested on 13 December 1976 following an unsuccessful bank raid in Vienna together with Sabine Schmitz On 4 February 1977 she was sentenced to 15 years citation needed Other second generation members edit Monika Helbing born 1953 joined the RAF in 1974 and was involved in the occupation of the Amnesty International offices in Hamburg In 1976 she went underground and with Christian Klar and other members form the Southern German cell of the RAF She was involved in the preparation and follow up of the kidnapping of Hanns Martin Schleyer in fall 1977 In 1980 she left the RAF and received asylum and a new identity in East Germany She was arrested on 14 June 1990 in Frankfurt an der Oder and later on 24 February 1992 she was sentenced to seven years in prison After her arrest she cooperated with the police and prosecutors and testified extensively She was released in 1995 and today lives under a different name Hans Peter Konieczny was recruited by lawyer Jorg Lang and had just joined the RAF in February 1972 when he on 7 July the same year was cornered by the police in Offenbach He was persuaded to cooperate and set up Klaus Junschke and Irmgard Moller who was easily captured by the police Konieczny was released from custody two months later Silke Maier Witt born 21 January 1950 only had a minor involvement in the kidnap of Hanns Martin Schleyer and broke away from the RAF in 1979 She escaped into East Germany to avoid arrest and lived there until her capture in 1990 She served five years in jail before going on to work as a peace activist in Kosovo 13 Volker Speitel born 1950 and Angelika both joined the RAF in the 1970s He worked in Klaus Croissant s office Where his wife was an active member he was more of a supporter of the RAF He was arrested in 1977 together with Rosemarie Preiss on a train in Puttgarden and cooperated with the police and prosecutors and received the status of a crown witness He was sentenced to three years and two months for supporting the RAF and he was released from prison in 1979 Sigrid Sternebeck born 19 June 1949 moved to Hamburg in 1971 and met Susanne Albrecht Silke Maier Witt Karl Heinz Dellwo Monika Helbing and Bernhard Rossner In 1977 she joined the RAF and went underground In 1980 she left the RAF and received asylum and a new identity in East Germany She was arrested on 15 June 1990 in Schwedt together with her husband Ralf Baptist Friedrich After her arrest she cooperated with the police and prosecutors and on 22 June 1992 sentenced to eight and a half years in prison due to her participation in a murder attempt on Alexander Haig and the assassination of Hanns Martin Schleyer Today she lives under a different name in Northern Germany Willi Peter Stoll 1950 1978 was an RAF member who was one of the men directly involved with the kidnapping of Hanns Martin Schleyer He was said to have changed mentally after the event and he became depressed and withdrew from the RAF On 6 September 1978 Stoll was having dinner in a Chinese restaurant in the Red Light District in Dusseldorf when he was approached by police He drew his gun and a shoot out followed that resulted in Stoll s death Johannes Thimme 1956 1985 received two prison sentences before dying in 1985 when the bomb that he was leaving at the Association for the Development of Air and Space Industries in Stuttgart went off 4 5 364 Christof Wackernagel born 1951 joined the RAF in 1977 and on 11 November 1977 he was arrested together with Gert Schneider in Amsterdam A year later they were extradited to West Germany and Wackernagel charged with participation in the Zweibrucken courthouse bombing amongst other things On 5 September 1980 he was sentenced to 15 years in prison but released in 1987 Claudia Wannersdorfer was wounded by the explosion of a bomb she and Johannes Thimme were leaving outside the Association for the Development of Air and Space Industries in Stuttgart in 1985 She was sentenced to eight years in prison 4 Third generation Red Army Faction 1982 1993 editThis generation was active mostly throughout the 1980s and early 1990s until the group disbanded in 1998 Eva Haule born 1954 went underground in 1984 was arrested in 1986 and after being sentenced remained in prison until 2007 14 Wolfgang Grams born 1953 and Birgit Hogefeld 1956 were considered the leaders of the third generation Both were arrested in Bad Kleinen in 1993 during a botched operation Grams died in controversial circumstances 15 16 After being sentenced for her involved in the assassination of Detlef Rohwedder Hogefeld remained in prison until 2011 17 Ernst Volker Staub born 1954 Daniela Klette born 1958 and Burkhard Garweg born 1 September 1968 are the three former members of RAF still on Germany s most wanted list In January 2016 the trio were identified as the suspected perpetrators of a bungled attempt to rob an armoured security van near Bremen in June 2015 18 and they are suspects in further robberies These crimes are not considered to have a terrorist background Klette was arrested in Berlin in February 2024 References edit Buchar Robert 2010 And reality be damned undoing America what media didn t tell you about the end of the Cold War and the fall of communism in Europe Durham Conn Eloquent Books p 245 ISBN 978 1 60911 166 3 Martin Gus Kushner Harvey W 2011 The SAGE Encyclopedia of Terrorism Gus Martin Harvey W Kushner 2nd ed Thousand Oaks Calif SAGE Publications p 385 ISBN 9781412980166 Mahan Sue Griset Pamala L 2013 Terrorism in Perspective 3rd ed Thousand Oaks Calif SAGE Publications p 259 ISBN 978 1 4522 2545 6 a b c d e f Smith J Moncourt Andre 2009 The Red Army Faction a Documentary History Volume 1 Projectiles for the People eBook ed PM Press ISBN 978 1 60486 029 0 a b c d e f g h i j k l m Moncourt Andre Smith J 2013 The Red Army Faction Volume 2 Dancing with imperialism Montreal Quebec Kersplebedeb ISBN 978 1 60486 030 6 Schiller Margrit 1999 Es war ein harter Kampf um meine Erinnerung ein Lebensbericht aus der RAF Konkret Literatur Verlag p 256 ISBN 3 89458 181 6 Holmes Amy Austin 2014 Social Unrest and American Military Bases in Turkey and Germany Since 1945 Cambridge England Cambridge University Press p 105 ISBN 978 1 139 92199 2 Sargeant Jack 2003 Guns Death Terror 1960s amp 1970s Revolutionaries Urban Guerrillas and Terrorists London Creation ISBN 1 84068 099 7 Moghadam Assaf February 2012 Failure and Disengagement in the Red Army Faction Studies in Conflict amp Terrorism 35 2 156 181 doi 10 1080 1057610X 2012 639062 Peters Butz 2017 1977 RAF gegen Bundesrepublik Munchen Droemer Verlag pp 41 42 506 ISBN 978 3 426 27678 5 Aust Stefan 2017 Der Baader Meinhof Komplex 1 Auflage der Neuausgabe erweiterte und aktualisierte Ausgabe ed Hoffmann und Campe p 710 ISBN 978 3 455 00033 7 Wunschik Tobias 1997 Baader Meinhofs Kinder Die zweite Generation der RAF Opladen Westdt Verl ISBN 978 3 531 13088 0 Terrorism The Red Army Faction The Independent 18 February 2007 Archived from the original on 19 February 2011 Retrieved 12 February 2009 Provan John 2020 The History of Rhein Main Air Base A chapter coming to a close IMAGUNCULA p 51 ISBN 9798569467327 Aust Stefan 2009 Baader Meinhof The Inside Story of the R A F Translated by Bell Anthea Oxford Oxford University Press p 436 ISBN 978 0 19 537275 5 Sweet Kathleen M 2009 Aviation and airport security terrorism and safety concerns 2nd ed Boca Raton CRC Press p 116 ISBN 978 1 4200 8816 8 Scribner Charity 2014 After the Red Army Faction Gender Culture and Militancy New York Columbia University Press pp 57 58 ISBN 978 0231538299 German Red Army Faction radicals bungled armed robbery BBC News 19 January 2016 Archived from the original on 19 February 2018 Retrieved 21 June 2018 Further reading editAust Stefan 2008 Baader Meinhof Complex Vintage ISBN 978 1 84792 045 4 Becker Jillian 1981 The Red Army Faction Another final battle on the stage of history PDF Terrorism 5 1 2 1 4 doi 10 1080 10576108108435505 Retrieved 20 December 2008 Becker Jillian 1998 Hitler s Children The Story of the Baader Meinhof Terrorist Gang Diane Publishing Company ISBN 0 7881 5472 9 Boock Peter Jurgen 2002 Die Entfuhrung und Ermordung des Hanns Martin Schleyer in German Eichborn ISBN 3 8218 3976 7 Dartnell Michael York 1995 Action directe ultra left terrorism in France 1979 1987 Routledge ISBN 0 7146 4566 4 Schiller Margrit 1999 Es war ein harter Kampf um meine Erinnerung ein Lebensbericht aus der RAF Konkret Literatur Verlag ISBN 3 89458 181 6 Strassner Alexander 2003 Die dritte Generation der Roten Armee Fraktion Entstehung Struktur Funktionslogik und Zerfall einer terroristischen Organisation in German VS Verlag ISBN 3 531 14114 7 Vague Tom 1994 Televisionaries The Red Army Faction Story 1963 1993 Rev Update edition August 1994 AK Press ISBN 1 873176 47 3 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Members of the Red Army Faction amp oldid 1212007518, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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