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Illiam Dhone[1] or Illiam Dhôan[1]: xxxix (literally meaning 'Brown William' in English;[2] 14 April 1608 – 2 January 1663), also known as William Christian, was a Manxpolitician and depending on viewpoint, patriot, rebel or traitor. He was a son of Ewan Christian, a deemster. In Manx, Illiam Dhone literally translates to Brown William—an epithet he received due to his dark hair—and in English he was called Brown-haired William.[1]: xxxix Dhone was a significant figure in the Isle of Man during the English Civil War and the Manx Rebellion of 1651. He was executed for high treason in 1663. In the centuries after his death he has become a "martyr and folk-hero, a symbol of the Island's cherished freedoms and traditional rights".[3]
Illiam Dhone
William Christian
Oil portrait of Illiam Dhone on display at the Manx Museum in Douglas
Little is known about Dhone's early years.[4] He was the third surviving son and youngest heir of Ewan Christian and his wife Katherine Harrison of Bankfield, Eastholme.[5] Dhone was most likely born at the family property in Derbyhaven at Ronaldsway in the parish of Malew in the south-east of the Island. The Derbyhaven farmhouse known as Ronaldsway House was demolished in the 1940s to accommodate the development of Ronaldsway Airport.[6]
Ewan Christian was an important political figure in the Isle of Man, holding the offices of deputy-governor of Peel Castle and deemster, a position he held for 51 years.[7] He was also a noted opponent of Lord of Mann, James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby.[8] Their dispute concerned the old feudal system of property ownership, the tenure of the straw, which the Earl wished to abolish. This system gave the tenants perpetual ownership and the right to pass their property to their children without the consent of the Lord of Mann.[9] Stanley wanted to reform the system and make it a lease over three generations. Ewan Christian opposed the reform, but Stanley threatened to lease the Christians' property at Ronaldsway to John Corrin, a descendant of a previous claimant to the estate. Ewan Christian eventually conceded and bequeathed his estate in 1643 to his third son, William.[10]
Edward Christian, a distant cousin of Dhone's and the Governor of the Isle of Man, was imprisoned for plotting against the Stanley family in 1643. He was imprisoned for eight years until James Stanley was executed in 1651, but in 1659 he was once again imprisoned for treason in Peel Castle, where he died years later.[11]
Manx rebellion of 1651Edit
In 1648 Stanley appointed Dhone as Receiver General, despite his previous difficulties with Dhone's father. In 1651 Stanley went to England to fight for Charles II against the Parliamentarians. Dhone was left in command of the island militia, and Stanley's wife Charlotte Stanley, Countess of Derby, who was now residing at Castle Rushen on the island, was left under his guardianship, highlighting the trust Stanley placed in Dhone.[4]
Stanley was taken prisoner at the Battle of Worcester in September 1651. In a letter to his wife in October, Stanley instructed her to broker his release by negotiating with the victorious Parliamentarians for the surrender of the Island.[12] Ultimately she was unsuccessful, and her husband was executed on 15 October. Dhone and the Manx militia suspected that the Countess may have been attempting to negotiate with Parliamentarians for control of the Island. Fearing that the terms of the surrender would leave the Island at a great disadvantage, Dhone negotiated independently with the Parliamentarians, agreeing that they would not resist their invasion fleet on the condition that the "ancient rights and laws" that Stanley had attempted to reform were restored.
The Countess' attempt to barter freedom for her husband in return for the surrender of the Isle of Man led to a revolt headed by Dhone, the Manx Rebellion of 1651.[1] This revolt was partly as a consequence of this step and partly due to discontent caused by the same agrarian reforms introduced by Stanley that Dhone's father has previously opposed, as well as the burden on the Manx people due to the free quarterage of soldiers stationed on the island.[4] 800 men were assembled at Dhone's property in Ronaldsway. The militia were successful in their attempts to take the smaller forts, but failed to take the two largest castles at Peel and Castletown. When the parliamentary fleet under Colonel Robert Duckenfield landed in the Isle of Man in late October 1651, the Manx militia cooperated.
Fearing that her soldiers could not be trusted, the Countess of Derby was compelled to surrender the two castles, Castle Rushen and Peel Castle. Dhone remained Receiver General. He then was appointed Governor of the Isle of Man in 1656: the highest point of his career.[12]
Imprisonment and trialEdit
Hango Hill, the site of Dhone's botched execution.
Dhone's position as both Governor and Receiver General of the Isle of Man gave him unequalled control of the Island's finances. Two years later, in 1658, Dhone was charged by James Chaloner, the new Governor of the Island, of misappropriating funds that were reserved for the support of the grammar schools and for the augmentation of the salary of poorer clergy on the Island.[4] Facing imprisonment, Dhone and his eldest son George fled to England. Dhone's estates were confiscated and his brother Deemster John Christian was imprisoned for helping him to escape the Island.[4] Dhone was eventually arrested in London in 1660. After serving a year of imprisonment he returned to Mann, hoping that his offence against the Earl of Derby would be condoned under the Act of Indemnity of 1661; but, anxious to punish his conduct, Charles Stanley, 8th Earl of Derby ordered his arrest. At his trial, Dhone refused to plead, and the House of Keys declared that his life and property were at the mercy of the Lord of Mann.[12] The Deemsters then passed sentence, and Dhone was executed by shooting at Hango Hill (near what is now Janet's Corner, Castletown), on 2 January 1663 on charges of high treason.[13] The execution was botched and he died of his injuries.[14]
Aftermath and legacyEdit
The commemorative plaque on Hango Hill near Castletown at the site of Dhone's execution.
This arbitrary act angered King Charles II and his advisers. The deemsters and others were punished, and some reparation was made to the Dhone family. Dhone is chiefly celebrated through the Manx ballad Baase Illiam Dhône, which has been translated into English by John Crellin in 1774[1]: 107–110 (and separately by George Borrow[citation needed]), and through the references to him in Sir Walter Scott's Peveril of the Peak.[12]
An annual commemoration is held by Mec Vannin and the Manx branch of the Celtic League at the spot of his execution.[14]
Dhone is a controversial figure in Manx history: some view him as a traitor, while others view him as a patriotic martyr who stood up for the rights of the Manx people.[15]
The headquarters of the Office of Human Resources of the Isle of Man Government is known as Illiam Dhone House.[16]
In January 2006 a monument created by Bryan Kneale dedicated to Dhone was erected at Malew Church, where Dhone is buried.[17]
ReferencesEdit
^ abcdeHarrison, William (1877). Illiam Dhône and the Manx Rebellion, 1651. Publications of the Manx Society (Vol. XXVI). Douglas, Isle of Man: Manx Society. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
^"Illiam Dhone: Executed 350 Years Ago Today". Manx National Heritage. 2 January 2013.
^"Illiam Dhone Memorial". Culture Vannin. 2 January 2006. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ abcdeMoore, A.W. (1901). "Chapter 3 Manx Worthies - William Christian (Illiam Dhone)". A Manx Notebook. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
^Artymiuk, Simon (8 July 2018). "The discoveries about the Christian family at Milntown". IOM Today. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
^"Ronaldsway Farm and house, Isle of Man". iMuseum. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
^Bradley, Henry (1887). "Christian, William". In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900. Vol. 10. New York: MacMillan.
^Moore, A.W. (1886). "William Christian (William Dhoan)". The Manx Notebook. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
^"1703 Act of Settlement". Manx Memorial Roll. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
^Moore, A.W. "The Ronaldsway Estate". The Manx Notebook. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
^"Edward Christian (1660-1661): Electoral Reformer". Tynwald: Parliament of the Isle of Man. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^ abcdOne or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Christian, William". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 279.
^Conspiracy, Cotton Boll (28 May 2015). "Famed Manx nationalist remains little noted by modern officials".
^ ab"Illiam Dhone Day - 2nd January 2018 | Isle of Man News :: isleofman.com". www.isleofman.com.
^"Memorial unveiled to Manx patriot". BBC News. 1 January 2006. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
External linksEdit
Media related to Illiam Dhone at Wikimedia Commons
August 29, 2023
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You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French February 2015 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the French article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 5 741 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at fr Illiam Dhone see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated fr Illiam Dhone to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Illiam Dhone 1 or Illiam Dhoan 1 xxxix literally meaning Brown William in English 2 14 April 1608 2 January 1663 also known as William Christian was a Manx politician and depending on viewpoint patriot rebel or traitor He was a son of Ewan Christian a deemster In Manx Illiam Dhone literally translates to Brown William an epithet he received due to his dark hair and in English he was called Brown haired William 1 xxxix Dhone was a significant figure in the Isle of Man during the English Civil War and the Manx Rebellion of 1651 He was executed for high treason in 1663 In the centuries after his death he has become a martyr and folk hero a symbol of the Island s cherished freedoms and traditional rights 3 Illiam DhoneWilliam ChristianOil portrait of Illiam Dhone on display at the Manx Museum in DouglasBorn 1608 04 14 14 April 1608Derbyhaven Isle of ManDied2 January 1663 1663 01 02 aged 54 Castletown Isle of ManNationalityManxOccupationPolitician Contents 1 Early years and family 2 Manx rebellion of 1651 3 Imprisonment and trial 4 Aftermath and legacy 5 References 6 External linksEarly years and family EditLittle is known about Dhone s early years 4 He was the third surviving son and youngest heir of Ewan Christian and his wife Katherine Harrison of Bankfield Eastholme 5 Dhone was most likely born at the family property in Derbyhaven at Ronaldsway in the parish of Malew in the south east of the Island The Derbyhaven farmhouse known as Ronaldsway House was demolished in the 1940s to accommodate the development of Ronaldsway Airport 6 Ewan Christian was an important political figure in the Isle of Man holding the offices of deputy governor of Peel Castle and deemster a position he held for 51 years 7 He was also a noted opponent of Lord of Mann James Stanley 7th Earl of Derby 8 Their dispute concerned the old feudal system of property ownership the tenure of the straw which the Earl wished to abolish This system gave the tenants perpetual ownership and the right to pass their property to their children without the consent of the Lord of Mann 9 Stanley wanted to reform the system and make it a lease over three generations Ewan Christian opposed the reform but Stanley threatened to lease the Christians property at Ronaldsway to John Corrin a descendant of a previous claimant to the estate Ewan Christian eventually conceded and bequeathed his estate in 1643 to his third son William 10 Edward Christian a distant cousin of Dhone s and the Governor of the Isle of Man was imprisoned for plotting against the Stanley family in 1643 He was imprisoned for eight years until James Stanley was executed in 1651 but in 1659 he was once again imprisoned for treason in Peel Castle where he died years later 11 Manx rebellion of 1651 EditIn 1648 Stanley appointed Dhone as Receiver General despite his previous difficulties with Dhone s father In 1651 Stanley went to England to fight for Charles II against the Parliamentarians Dhone was left in command of the island militia and Stanley s wife Charlotte Stanley Countess of Derby who was now residing at Castle Rushen on the island was left under his guardianship highlighting the trust Stanley placed in Dhone 4 Stanley was taken prisoner at the Battle of Worcester in September 1651 In a letter to his wife in October Stanley instructed her to broker his release by negotiating with the victorious Parliamentarians for the surrender of the Island 12 Ultimately she was unsuccessful and her husband was executed on 15 October Dhone and the Manx militia suspected that the Countess may have been attempting to negotiate with Parliamentarians for control of the Island Fearing that the terms of the surrender would leave the Island at a great disadvantage Dhone negotiated independently with the Parliamentarians agreeing that they would not resist their invasion fleet on the condition that the ancient rights and laws that Stanley had attempted to reform were restored The Countess attempt to barter freedom for her husband in return for the surrender of the Isle of Man led to a revolt headed by Dhone the Manx Rebellion of 1651 1 This revolt was partly as a consequence of this step and partly due to discontent caused by the same agrarian reforms introduced by Stanley that Dhone s father has previously opposed as well as the burden on the Manx people due to the free quarterage of soldiers stationed on the island 4 800 men were assembled at Dhone s property in Ronaldsway The militia were successful in their attempts to take the smaller forts but failed to take the two largest castles at Peel and Castletown When the parliamentary fleet under Colonel Robert Duckenfield landed in the Isle of Man in late October 1651 the Manx militia cooperated Fearing that her soldiers could not be trusted the Countess of Derby was compelled to surrender the two castles Castle Rushen and Peel Castle Dhone remained Receiver General He then was appointed Governor of the Isle of Man in 1656 the highest point of his career 12 Imprisonment and trial Edit Hango Hill the site of Dhone s botched execution Dhone s position as both Governor and Receiver General of the Isle of Man gave him unequalled control of the Island s finances Two years later in 1658 Dhone was charged by James Chaloner the new Governor of the Island of misappropriating funds that were reserved for the support of the grammar schools and for the augmentation of the salary of poorer clergy on the Island 4 Facing imprisonment Dhone and his eldest son George fled to England Dhone s estates were confiscated and his brother Deemster John Christian was imprisoned for helping him to escape the Island 4 Dhone was eventually arrested in London in 1660 After serving a year of imprisonment he returned to Mann hoping that his offence against the Earl of Derby would be condoned under the Act of Indemnity of 1661 but anxious to punish his conduct Charles Stanley 8th Earl of Derby ordered his arrest At his trial Dhone refused to plead and the House of Keys declared that his life and property were at the mercy of the Lord of Mann 12 The Deemsters then passed sentence and Dhone was executed by shooting at Hango Hill near what is now Janet s Corner Castletown on 2 January 1663 on charges of high treason 13 The execution was botched and he died of his injuries 14 Aftermath and legacy Edit The commemorative plaque on Hango Hill near Castletown at the site of Dhone s execution This arbitrary act angered King Charles II and his advisers The deemsters and others were punished and some reparation was made to the Dhone family Dhone is chiefly celebrated through the Manx ballad Baase Illiam Dhone which has been translated into English by John Crellin in 1774 1 107 110 and separately by George Borrow citation needed and through the references to him in Sir Walter Scott s Peveril of the Peak 12 An annual commemoration is held by Mec Vannin and the Manx branch of the Celtic League at the spot of his execution 14 Dhone is a controversial figure in Manx history some view him as a traitor while others view him as a patriotic martyr who stood up for the rights of the Manx people 15 The headquarters of the Office of Human Resources of the Isle of Man Government is known as Illiam Dhone House 16 In January 2006 a monument created by Bryan Kneale dedicated to Dhone was erected at Malew Church where Dhone is buried 17 References Edit a b c d e Harrison William 1877 Illiam Dhone and the Manx Rebellion 1651 Publications of the Manx Society Vol XXVI Douglas Isle of Man Manx Society Retrieved 18 November 2011 Illiam Dhone Executed 350 Years Ago Today Manx National Heritage 2 January 2013 Illiam Dhone Memorial Culture Vannin 2 January 2006 Retrieved 23 October 2020 a b c d e Moore A W 1901 Chapter 3 Manx Worthies William Christian Illiam Dhone A Manx Notebook Retrieved 3 October 2020 Artymiuk Simon 8 July 2018 The discoveries about the Christian family at Milntown IOM Today Retrieved 3 October 2020 Ronaldsway Farm and house Isle of Man iMuseum Retrieved 3 October 2020 Bradley Henry 1887 Christian William In Stephen Leslie ed Dictionary of National Biography 1885 1900 Vol 10 New York MacMillan Moore A W 1886 William Christian William Dhoan The Manx Notebook Retrieved 21 October 2020 1703 Act of Settlement Manx Memorial Roll Retrieved 21 October 2020 Moore A W The Ronaldsway Estate The Manx Notebook Retrieved 21 October 2020 Edward Christian 1660 1661 Electoral Reformer Tynwald Parliament of the Isle of Man Retrieved 23 October 2020 a b c d One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Christian William Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 6 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 279 Conspiracy Cotton Boll 28 May 2015 Famed Manx nationalist remains little noted by modern officials a b Illiam Dhone Day 2nd January 2018 Isle of Man News isleofman com www isleofman com Illiam Dhone Memorial Culture Vannin Office of Human Resources Home hr gov im Memorial unveiled to Manx patriot BBC News 1 January 2006 Retrieved 28 September 2020 External links Edit Media related to Illiam Dhone at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Illiam Dhone amp oldid 1172583360, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
