Phaethon was the first asteroid to be discovered using images from a spacecraft. Simon F. Green and John K. Davies discovered it in images from October 11, 1983, while searching Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) data for moving objects. It was formally announced on October 14 in IAUC 3878 along with optical confirmation by Charles T. Kowal, who reported it to be asteroidal in appearance. Its provisional designation was 1983 TB, and it later received the numerical designation and name 3200 Phaethon in 1985.
Phaethon is categorized as an Apollo asteroid, as its orbital semi-major axis is greater than that of the Earth's at 1.27 AU (190 million km; 118 million mi). It is also suspected to be a member of the Pallas family of asteroids.[10]
Its most remarkable distinction is that it approaches the Sun closer than any other named asteroid: its perihelion is only 0.14 AU (20.9 million km; 13.0 million mi) — less than half of Mercury's perihelial distance. It is a Mercury-, Venus-, Earth-, and Mars-crosser as a result of its high orbital eccentricity. The surface temperature at perihelion could reach around 1,025 K (750 °C; 1,390 °F).
Phaethon is a possible candidate for detecting general relativistic and/or solar oblateness effects in its orbital motion due to the frequent close approaches to the Sun.[11] The Apollo asteroids (155140) 2005 UD and (225416) 1999 YC share similar orbits with Phaethon, suggesting a possible common breakup origin.[12][13]
Potentially hazardous asteroidEdit
Phaethon is categorized as a potentially hazardous asteroid (PHA),[1][14] but that does not mean there is a near-term threat of an impact. It is a potentially hazardous asteroid merely as a result of its size (absolute magnitudeH ≤ 22) and Earth minimum orbit intersection distance(Earth MOID ≤ 0.05 AU).[15] The Earth minimum orbit intersection distance (E-MOID) is 0.01945 AU (2,910,000 km; 1,808,000 mi), which is defined by the shortest distance between the orbit of Phaethon and the orbit of Earth.[1] With a 30+ year observation arc, the orbit of Phaethon is very well understood with very small uncertainties.[1] Close approaches of Phaethon are well constrained for the next 400 years.[11]
Chronology of close approaches of large near-Earth objects since 1981 (A)
(A) This list includes near-Earth approaches of less than 10 lunar distances (LD) of objects with H brighter than 16. (B)Nominal geocentric distance from the center of Earth to the center of the object (Earth has a radius of approximately 6,400 km). (C) Diameter: estimated, theoretical mean-diameter based on H and albedo range between X and Y. (D) Reference: data source from the JPL SBDB, with AU converted into LD (1 AU≈390 LD) (E) Color codes: unobserved at close approach observed during close approach upcoming approaches
Physical characteristicsEdit
"Rock comet" redirects here. For other rocky bodies exhibiting comet-like activity, see active asteroid.
Phaethon's dust ejection is likely caused by a mechanism similar to how mud in a dry lake bottom cracks from heat
Phaethon is an asteroid with fairly unusual characteristics in that its orbit more closely resembles that of a comet than an asteroid; it has been referred to as a "rock comet".[16] In studies performed by NASA's STEREO spacecraft in 2009 and 2012, rapid brightening and dust tail have been observed.[17][18][19] It is possible that the Sun's heat is causing fractures similar to mudcracks in a dry lake bed.[20] This occurs because Phaethon's orbit takes it closer to the Sun than any other named asteroid (0.14 AU at perihelion) causing extreme heating and enough solar radiation pressure to push any separated pieces off the asteroid's surface. Since its discovery, several other objects were found exhibiting mixed cometary and asteroidal features, such as 133P/Elst–Pizarro, leading to a new class of objects dubbed "active asteroids".[8]
In 2018, observations revealed that Phaethon was blue in color. This is extremely rare, as most asteroids tend to be grey or red.[21][22] In 2020, polarimetric study revealed Phaethon has a surface with steep slopes covered by a mix of regolith with larger pebbles.[23] Phaethon's composition fits the notion of its cometary origin; it is classified as a F-type asteroid because it is composed of dark material[1][7] or a B-type asteroid because of its blue color.[24] In 2022 it was shown [25][26] how Phaethon's blue color and its rock-comet-like emission activity can be explained by the effects of the intense solar heating at perihelion causing sublimation of any darkish-red refractory organic, nano-phase iron (nFe0), and pyroxene materials on its surface.
Meteor showerEdit
Shortly after its discovery, Fred Whipple observed that the "orbital elements of 1983 TB shown on IAUC 3879 are virtually coincident with the mean orbital elements of 19 Geminid meteors photographed with the super-Schmidt meteor cameras".[27] In other words, Phaethon is the long-sought parent body of the Geminidsmeteor shower of mid-December.
Planned flybyEdit
DESTINY+ (Demonstration and Experiment of Space Technology for INterplanetary voYage Phaethon fLyby dUSt science) is a planned mission to fly by 3200 Phaethon, as well as various minor bodies originating from it. The spacecraft is being developed by the Japanese space agency JAXA, and will demonstrate advanced technologies for future deep space exploration. DESTINY+ is planned to be launched no earlier than 2024.[28]
Close approachesEdit
Phaethon approached to 0.120895 AU (18,085,600 km; 11,237,900 mi) of Earth on December 10, 2007,[1] and was detected by radar at Arecibo.[11] When Phaethon came to perihelion in July 2009, it was found to be brighter than expected.[29][30] During its approach, the STEREO-A spacecraft detected an unexpected brightening, roughly by a factor of two.[16]
2010 approachEdit
Phaethon imaged on December 25, 2010, with the 37-cmf/14 Rigel telescope at Winer Observatory by Marco Langbroek
2017 approachEdit
On December 16, 2017, at 23:00 UT, Phaethon passed 0.06893169 AU (10,312,034 km; 6,407,601 mi) from Earth (27 lunar distances).[1] The Earth approach distance was known with a 3-sigma precision of ±700 m.[1][a] This was the best opportunity to date for radar observations by Goldstone and Arecibo, with a resolution of 75 meters/pixel (246 feet/pixel).[11]
The asteroid was bright enough to see in small telescopes, peaking at magnitude 10.8 between December 13–15 while dimming slightly to magnitude 11 on December 16 at closest approach.[31] Arecibo made observations of Phaethon from December 15–19.[6] It will not make an Earth approach closer than the 2017 passage until December 14, 2093, when it will pass 0.01981 AU (2,964,000 km; 1,841,000 mi) from Earth.[1][32]
Path of 3200 Phaethon in the sky during December 2017
Time lapse taken through a telescope in Riga, Latvia (December 10, 2017)
Phaethon at maximum angular velocity, December 15, 2017, 18:47:13–19:24:50 UTC
NotesEdit
^In 2014, JPL 374 (solution date 2014-Sep-12) showed a 2017 Earth approach distance with a precision of ±80 km. Math: (MAX−MIN) * AU / 2
^"(3200) Phaethon 2021 Oct 3". Hayamizu Astro Laboratory. October 3, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
^ abcAgle, D. C.; Brown, Dwayne; Farukhi, Suraiya (December 22, 2017). "Arecibo Radar Returns with Asteroid Phaethon Images". NASA. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
^ abKartashova, A.; Husarik, M.; Ivanova, O.; Kokhirova, G.; Bakanas, E.; Sokolov, I.; Khamroev, U. Kh.; Ibragimov, A. A. (June 5, 2019), Photometric observations of the asteroid 3200 Phaethon using small and middle telescopes, arXiv:1906.01064
^ abJewitt, David; Hsieh, Henry; Agarwal, Jessica (2015). Michel, P.; et al. (eds.). "The Active Asteroids" (PDF). Asteroids IV. University of Arizona: 221–241. arXiv:1502.02361. doi:10.2458/azu_uapress_9780816532131-ch012. ISBN9780816532131. S2CID 119209764. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
^"JPL Small-Body Database Search Engine — Constraints: asteroids and q < 0.141 (au)". JPL Small-Body Database. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved September 5, 2011. Take notice of the orbit condition number (the lower the number, the lower the orbit's uncertainty).
^Jaggard, Victoria (October 12, 2010). . National Geographic. Archived from the original on August 11, 2017. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
^ abcdBenner, Lance A. M. (2017). "Goldstone Radar Observations Planning: Asteroid 3200 Phaethon". NASA/JPL Asteroid Radar Research. Retrieved November 26, 2017.
^Devogèle, Maxime; MacLennan, Eric; Gustafsson, Annika; Moskovitz, Nicholas; Chatelain, Joey; Borisov, Galin; et al. (June 2020). "New Evidence for a Physical Link between Asteroids (155140) 2005 UD and (3200) Phaethon". The Planetary Science Journal. 1 (1): 15. Bibcode:2020PSJ.....1...15D. doi:10.3847/PSJ/ab8e45. 15.
^Cukier, W. Z.; Szalay, J. R. (June 1, 2023). "Formation, Structure, and Detectability of the Geminids Meteoroid Stream". The Planetary Science Journal. 4 (6): 109. arXiv:2306.11151. doi:10.3847/psj/acd538. ISSN 2632-3338. Retrieved June 29, 2023.
^Phillips, Tony (December 3, 2007). "Asteroid Shower". Science@NASA. NASA. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
^"NEO Groups". Near Earth Object Program. NASA. from the original on November 2, 2016.
^Sutherland, Paul (September 10, 2013). . Skymania.com. Archived from the original on February 22, 2015. Retrieved September 10, 2013.
^Eleanor Imster (November 1, 2018). "Rare blue asteroid sometimes behaves like a comet". EarthSky. Retrieved April 6, 2019.
^Eric Mack (October 23, 2018). "A look at 3200 Phaethon: A big, bizarre, blue asteroid we plan to visit". CNET. Retrieved April 6, 2019.
^Golubeva, L. F.; Shestopalov, D. I.; Kvaratskhelia, O. I. (2020). "Polarimetric properties of asteroid 3200 Phaethon". arXiv:2001.00789 [astro-ph.EP].
^Clark, Beth; Ziffer, Julie; Nesvorny, David (2010). "Spectroscopy of B-type asteroids: Subgroups and meteorite analogs". Journal of Geophysical Research. 115 (E6): E06005. Bibcode:2010JGRE..115.6005C. doi:10.1029/2009JE003478. S2CID 130052649.
^Lisse, Carey; Steckloff, Jordan (2022). "Thermal alteration and differential sublimation can create Phaethon's "rock comet" activity and blue color". Icarus. 381: 114995. arXiv:2203.09876. Bibcode:2022Icar..38114995L. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2022.114995. S2CID 247594726.
^How the bluest asteroid in the solar system got its color Tereza Pultarova, Space.com. June 16th, 2022
^Whipple, F. L. (October 25, 1983). Marsden, B. G. (ed.). "1983 TB and the Geminid Meteors". IAU Circular. 3881. 1. Bibcode:1983IAUC.3881....1W.
^Kuninaka, Hitoshi (May 19, 2020). "宇宙科学ミッション打上げ計画について" (PDF) (in Japanese). JAXA. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
^Shanklin, Jonathan (2009). "Comet Section: 2009 News". British Astronomical Association. Retrieved September 20, 2009.
^Battams, K.; Watson, A. (June 2009). "(3200) Phaethon". IAU Circular. 9054. 3. Bibcode:2009IAUC.9054....3B.
^"(3200) Phaethon: Ephemerides for December 2017". NEODyS-2. University of Pisa Department of Mathematics. Retrieved November 26, 2017.
^"(3200) Phaethon: Close Approaches". NEODyS-2. University of Pisa Department of Mathematics. Retrieved May 18, 2009.
External linksEdit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 3200 Phaethon.
Close approach · Discovery · Ephemeris · Orbit diagram · Orbital elements · Physical parameters
October 21, 2023
3200, phaethon, previously, sometimes, spelled, phaeton, provisionally, designated, 1983, active, apollo, asteroid, with, orbit, that, brings, closer, than, other, named, asteroid, though, there, numerous, unnamed, asteroids, with, smaller, perihelia, such, 13. 3200 Phaethon ˈ f eɪ e ˌ 8 ɒ n previously sometimes spelled Phaeton provisionally designated 1983 TB is an active 8 Apollo asteroid with an orbit that brings it closer to the Sun than any other named asteroid though there are numerous unnamed asteroids with smaller perihelia such as 137924 2000 BD19 9 For this reason it was named after the Greek myth of Phaethon son of the sun god Helios It is 5 8 km 3 6 mi in diameter 6 and is the parent body of the Geminids meteor shower of mid December With an observation arc of 35 years it has a very well determined orbit 1 The 2017 Earth approach distance of about 10 million km was known with an accuracy of 700 m 1 3200 PhaethonRadar image of 3200 Phaethon taken by Arecibo December 17 2017DiscoveryDiscovered bySimon GreenJohn K Davies IRASDiscovery dateOctober 11 1983DesignationsMPC designation 3200 PhaethonPronunciation ˈ f eɪ e 8 ɒ n Named afterPhaethonAlternative designations1983 TBMinor planet categoryApollo asteroid 1 Potentially hazardous asteroidMercury crosser asteroidVenus crosser asteroidEarth crosser asteroidMars crosser asteroidAdjectivesPhaethonian f eɪ e ˈ 8 oʊ n i e n 2 Orbital characteristics 1 Epoch April 27 2019 JD 2458000 5 Uncertainty parameter 0Observation arc12 941 days 35 43 yr Aphelion2 4028 AU 359 million km Perihelion0 13998 AU 20 9 million km Semi major axis1 2714 AU 190 million km Eccentricity0 88990Orbital period sidereal 523 6 days 1 434 yr Average orbital speed19 9 km s 45 000 mph Mean anomaly313 94 Mean motion0 41m 15 108s dayInclination22 260 Longitude of ascending node265 22 Time of perihelionMay 15 2022 3 Argument of perihelion322 19 Earth MOID0 01955 AU 2 92 million km Venus MOID0 0469 AU 7 02 million km 4 Jupiter MOID2 7375 AU 410 million km TJupiter4 510Physical characteristicsDimensions6 13 0 05 4 40 0 06 km 5 Mean diameter5 8 km 3 6 mi 6 Synodic rotation period3 604 hours 0 1502 d 1 Geometric albedo0 1066 0 011 1 Spectral typeF type asteroid 1 7 Apparent magnitude10 7 December 14 2017 Absolute magnitude H 14 6 1 Contents 1 Discovery 2 Orbital characteristics 2 1 Potentially hazardous asteroid 3 Physical characteristics 4 Meteor shower 5 Planned flyby 6 Close approaches 6 1 2010 approach 6 2 2017 approach 7 Notes 8 References 9 External linksDiscovery EditPhaethon was the first asteroid to be discovered using images from a spacecraft Simon F Green and John K Davies discovered it in images from October 11 1983 while searching Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS data for moving objects It was formally announced on October 14 in IAUC 3878 along with optical confirmation by Charles T Kowal who reported it to be asteroidal in appearance Its provisional designation was 1983 TB and it later received the numerical designation and name 3200 Phaethon in 1985 Orbital characteristics Edit nbsp Animation of 3200 Phaethon s orbit Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars 3200 PhaethonPhaethon is categorized as an Apollo asteroid as its orbital semi major axis is greater than that of the Earth s at 1 27 AU 190 million km 118 million mi It is also suspected to be a member of the Pallas family of asteroids 10 Its most remarkable distinction is that it approaches the Sun closer than any other named asteroid its perihelion is only 0 14 AU 20 9 million km 13 0 million mi less than half of Mercury s perihelial distance It is a Mercury Venus Earth and Mars crosser as a result of its high orbital eccentricity The surface temperature at perihelion could reach around 1 025 K 750 C 1 390 F Phaethon is a possible candidate for detecting general relativistic and or solar oblateness effects in its orbital motion due to the frequent close approaches to the Sun 11 The Apollo asteroids 155140 2005 UD and 225416 1999 YC share similar orbits with Phaethon suggesting a possible common breakup origin 12 13 Potentially hazardous asteroid Edit Phaethon is categorized as a potentially hazardous asteroid PHA 1 14 but that does not mean there is a near term threat of an impact It is a potentially hazardous asteroid merely as a result of its size absolute magnitude H 22 and Earth minimum orbit intersection distance Earth MOID 0 05 AU 15 The Earth minimum orbit intersection distance E MOID is 0 01945 AU 2 910 000 km 1 808 000 mi which is defined by the shortest distance between the orbit of Phaethon and the orbit of Earth 1 With a 30 year observation arc the orbit of Phaethon is very well understood with very small uncertainties 1 Close approaches of Phaethon are well constrained for the next 400 years 11 Chronology of close approaches of large near Earth objects since 1981 A PHA Date Approach distance in lunar distances Abs mag H Diameter C m Ref D Nominal B Minimum Maximum 143651 2003 QO104 1981 05 18 2 761 2 760 2 761 16 0 1333 4306 data2014 LJ21 1989 08 01 7 034 6 843 7 224 16 0 1333 4306 data4179 Toutatis 1992 12 08 9 399 9 399 9 399 15 30 2440 2450 data4179 Toutatis 2004 09 29 4 031 4 031 4 031 15 30 2440 2450 data 159857 2004 LJ1 2038 11 16 7 719 7 719 7 719 15 4 1746 4394 data 4953 1990 MU 2058 06 05 8 986 8 984 8 988 14 1 3199 10329 data4179 Toutatis 2069 11 05 7 725 7 724 7 725 15 30 2440 2450 data 52768 1998 OR2 2079 04 16 4 611 4 611 4 612 15 8 1462 4721 data 415029 2011 UL21 2089 06 25 6 936 6 935 6 938 15 7 1531 4944 data3200 Phaethon 2093 12 14 7 714 7 709 7 718 14 6 4900 5300 data 52768 1998 OR2 2127 04 16 6 536 6 510 6 563 15 8 1462 4721 data A This list includes near Earth approaches of less than 10 lunar distances LD of objects with H brighter than 16 B Nominal geocentric distance from the center of Earth to the center of the object Earth has a radius of approximately 6 400 km C Diameter estimated theoretical mean diameter based on H and albedo range between X and Y D Reference data source from the JPL SBDB with AU converted into LD 1 AU 390 LD E Color codes unobserved at close approach observed during close approach upcoming approachesPhysical characteristics Edit Rock comet redirects here For other rocky bodies exhibiting comet like activity see active asteroid nbsp Phaethon s dust ejection is likely caused by a mechanism similar to how mud in a dry lake bottom cracks from heatPhaethon is an asteroid with fairly unusual characteristics in that its orbit more closely resembles that of a comet than an asteroid it has been referred to as a rock comet 16 In studies performed by NASA s STEREO spacecraft in 2009 and 2012 rapid brightening and dust tail have been observed 17 18 19 It is possible that the Sun s heat is causing fractures similar to mudcracks in a dry lake bed 20 This occurs because Phaethon s orbit takes it closer to the Sun than any other named asteroid 0 14 AU at perihelion causing extreme heating and enough solar radiation pressure to push any separated pieces off the asteroid s surface Since its discovery several other objects were found exhibiting mixed cometary and asteroidal features such as 133P Elst Pizarro leading to a new class of objects dubbed active asteroids 8 In 2018 observations revealed that Phaethon was blue in color This is extremely rare as most asteroids tend to be grey or red 21 22 In 2020 polarimetric study revealed Phaethon has a surface with steep slopes covered by a mix of regolith with larger pebbles 23 Phaethon s composition fits the notion of its cometary origin it is classified as a F type asteroid because it is composed of dark material 1 7 or a B type asteroid because of its blue color 24 In 2022 it was shown 25 26 how Phaethon s blue color and its rock comet like emission activity can be explained by the effects of the intense solar heating at perihelion causing sublimation of any darkish red refractory organic nano phase iron nFe0 and pyroxene materials on its surface Meteor shower EditShortly after its discovery Fred Whipple observed that the orbital elements of 1983 TB shown on IAUC 3879 are virtually coincident with the mean orbital elements of 19 Geminid meteors photographed with the super Schmidt meteor cameras 27 In other words Phaethon is the long sought parent body of the Geminids meteor shower of mid December Planned flyby EditDESTINY Demonstration and Experiment of Space Technology for INterplanetary voYage Phaethon fLyby dUSt science is a planned mission to fly by 3200 Phaethon as well as various minor bodies originating from it The spacecraft is being developed by the Japanese space agency JAXA and will demonstrate advanced technologies for future deep space exploration DESTINY is planned to be launched no earlier than 2024 28 Close approaches EditPhaethon approached to 0 120895 AU 18 085 600 km 11 237 900 mi of Earth on December 10 2007 1 and was detected by radar at Arecibo 11 When Phaethon came to perihelion in July 2009 it was found to be brighter than expected 29 30 During its approach the STEREO A spacecraft detected an unexpected brightening roughly by a factor of two 16 2010 approach Edit nbsp Phaethon imaged on December 25 2010 with the 37 cm f 14 Rigel telescope at Winer Observatory by Marco Langbroek 2017 approach Edit On December 16 2017 at 23 00 UT Phaethon passed 0 06893169 AU 10 312 034 km 6 407 601 mi from Earth 27 lunar distances 1 The Earth approach distance was known with a 3 sigma precision of 700 m 1 a This was the best opportunity to date for radar observations by Goldstone and Arecibo with a resolution of 75 meters pixel 246 feet pixel 11 The asteroid was bright enough to see in small telescopes peaking at magnitude 10 8 between December 13 15 while dimming slightly to magnitude 11 on December 16 at closest approach 31 Arecibo made observations of Phaethon from December 15 19 6 It will not make an Earth approach closer than the 2017 passage until December 14 2093 when it will pass 0 01981 AU 2 964 000 km 1 841 000 mi from Earth 1 32 nbsp Path of 3200 Phaethon in the sky during December 2017 nbsp Time lapse taken through a telescope in Riga Latvia December 10 2017 nbsp Phaethon at maximum angular velocity December 15 2017 18 47 13 19 24 50 UTCNotes Edit In 2014 JPL 374 solution date 2014 Sep 12 showed a 2017 Earth approach distance with a precision of 80 km Math MAX MIN AU 2References Edit a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p JPL Small Body Database 3200 Phaethon 1983 TB JPL Small Body Database Jet Propulsion Laboratory Archived from the original on June 5 2019 Retrieved June 5 2019 phaeton Oxford English Dictionary Online ed Oxford University Press Subscription or participating institution membership required JPL Horizons Observer Location sun Perihelion occurs when deldot changes from negative to positive 3200 Phaethon Orbit Minor Planet Center Retrieved June 5 2019 3200 Phaethon 2021 Oct 3 Hayamizu Astro Laboratory October 3 2021 Retrieved February 14 2022 a b c Agle D C Brown Dwayne Farukhi Suraiya December 22 2017 Arecibo Radar Returns with Asteroid Phaethon Images NASA Retrieved January 8 2018 a b Kartashova A Husarik M Ivanova O Kokhirova G Bakanas E Sokolov I Khamroev U Kh Ibragimov A A June 5 2019 Photometric observations of the asteroid 3200 Phaethon using small and middle telescopes arXiv 1906 01064 a b Jewitt David Hsieh Henry Agarwal Jessica 2015 Michel P et al eds The Active Asteroids PDF Asteroids IV University of Arizona 221 241 arXiv 1502 02361 doi 10 2458 azu uapress 9780816532131 ch012 ISBN 9780816532131 S2CID 119209764 Retrieved January 30 2020 JPL Small Body Database Search Engine Constraints asteroids and q lt 0 141 au JPL Small Body Database Jet Propulsion Laboratory Retrieved September 5 2011 Take notice of the orbit condition number the lower the number the lower the orbit s uncertainty Jaggard Victoria October 12 2010 Exploding Clays Drive Geminids Sky Show National Geographic Archived from the original on August 11 2017 Retrieved August 10 2017 a b c d Benner Lance A M 2017 Goldstone Radar Observations Planning Asteroid 3200 Phaethon NASA JPL Asteroid Radar Research Retrieved November 26 2017 Devogele Maxime MacLennan Eric Gustafsson Annika Moskovitz Nicholas Chatelain Joey Borisov Galin et al June 2020 New Evidence for a Physical Link between Asteroids 155140 2005 UD and 3200 Phaethon The Planetary Science Journal 1 1 15 Bibcode 2020PSJ 1 15D doi 10 3847 PSJ ab8e45 15 Cukier W Z Szalay J R June 1 2023 Formation Structure and Detectability of the Geminids Meteoroid Stream The Planetary Science Journal 4 6 109 arXiv 2306 11151 doi 10 3847 psj acd538 ISSN 2632 3338 Retrieved June 29 2023 Phillips Tony December 3 2007 Asteroid Shower Science NASA NASA Retrieved April 4 2017 NEO Groups Near Earth Object Program NASA Archived from the original on November 2 2016 a b Jewitt David Li Jing 2010 Activity in Geminid Parent 3200 Phaethon The Astronomical Journal 140 5 1519 arXiv 1009 2710 Bibcode 2010AJ 140 1519J doi 10 1088 0004 6256 140 5 1519 S2CID 6446528 Jewitt David Li Jing Agarwal Jessica 2013 The Dust Tail of Asteroid 3200 Phaethon The Astrophysical Journal Letters 771 2 L36 arXiv 1306 3741 Bibcode 2013ApJ 771L 36J doi 10 1088 2041 8205 771 2 L36 S2CID 37387069 Li Jing Jewitt David 2013 Recurrent Perihelion Activity in 3200 Phaethon Astronomical Journal 145 6 154 arXiv 1304 1430 doi 10 1088 0004 6256 145 6 154 S2CID 6242944 Retrieved January 22 2022 Jewitt David Li Jing 2010 Activity in Geminid Parent 3200 Phaethon Astronomical Journal 140 5 1519 1527 arXiv 1009 2710 doi 10 1088 0004 6256 140 5 1519 S2CID 6446528 Retrieved January 22 2022 Sutherland Paul September 10 2013 Why an asteroid is crumbling into meteor dust Skymania com Archived from the original on February 22 2015 Retrieved September 10 2013 Eleanor Imster November 1 2018 Rare blue asteroid sometimes behaves like a comet EarthSky Retrieved April 6 2019 Eric Mack October 23 2018 A look at 3200 Phaethon A big bizarre blue asteroid we plan to visit CNET Retrieved April 6 2019 Golubeva L F Shestopalov D I Kvaratskhelia O I 2020 Polarimetric properties of asteroid 3200 Phaethon arXiv 2001 00789 astro ph EP Clark Beth Ziffer Julie Nesvorny David 2010 Spectroscopy of B type asteroids Subgroups and meteorite analogs Journal of Geophysical Research 115 E6 E06005 Bibcode 2010JGRE 115 6005C doi 10 1029 2009JE003478 S2CID 130052649 Lisse Carey Steckloff Jordan 2022 Thermal alteration and differential sublimation can create Phaethon s rock comet activity and blue color Icarus 381 114995 arXiv 2203 09876 Bibcode 2022Icar 38114995L doi 10 1016 j icarus 2022 114995 S2CID 247594726 How the bluest asteroid in the solar system got its color Tereza Pultarova Space com June 16th 2022 Whipple F L October 25 1983 Marsden B G ed 1983 TB and the Geminid Meteors IAU Circular 3881 1 Bibcode 1983IAUC 3881 1W Kuninaka Hitoshi May 19 2020 宇宙科学ミッション打上げ計画について PDF in Japanese JAXA Retrieved September 28 2020 Shanklin Jonathan 2009 Comet Section 2009 News British Astronomical Association Retrieved September 20 2009 Battams K Watson A June 2009 3200 Phaethon IAU Circular 9054 3 Bibcode 2009IAUC 9054 3B 3200 Phaethon Ephemerides for December 2017 NEODyS 2 University of Pisa Department of Mathematics Retrieved November 26 2017 3200 Phaethon Close Approaches NEODyS 2 University of Pisa Department of Mathematics Retrieved May 18 2009 External links Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to 3200 Phaethon 3200 Phaethon by the Associazione Friulana di Astronomia e Meteorologia The 2004 Geminid Meteor Shower by Science NASA ScienceCasts Rock Comet Meteor Shower by Science NASA on YouTube com Phaethon orbit and observations at IAU Minor Planet Center 3200 Phaethon at NeoDyS 2 Near Earth Objects Dynamic Site Ephemerides Observation prediction Orbital info MOID Proper elements Observational info Close approaches Physical info Orbit animation 3200 Phaethon at ESA space situational awareness Ephemerides Observations Orbit Physical properties Summary 3200 Phaethon at the JPL Small Body Database nbsp Close approach Discovery Ephemeris Orbit diagram Orbital elements Physical parameters Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 3200 Phaethon amp oldid 1170063543, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
