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Hydroxylammonium nitrate

January 01, 1970

Hydroxylammonium nitrate or hydroxylamine nitrate (HAN) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula [NH3OH]+[NO3]−. It is a salt derived from hydroxylamine and nitric acid. In its pure form, it is a colourless hygroscopic solid. It has potential to be used as a rocket propellant either as a solution in monopropellants or bipropellants.[1] Hydroxylammonium nitrate (HAN)-based propellants are a viable and effective solution for future green propellant-based missions, as it offers 50% higher performance for a given propellant tank compared to commercially used hydrazine.

Hydroxylammonium nitrate
Names
Other names
hydroxylamine nitrate
Identifiers
  • 13465-08-2 Y
3D model (JSmol)
  • Interactive image
ChemSpider
  • 24259 Y
ECHA InfoCard 100.033.342
EC Number
  • 236-691-2
  • 26045
  • DTXSID30884613
  • InChI=1S/NO3.H4NO/c2-1(3)4;1-2/h;2H,1H3/q-1;+1 Y
    Key: CRJZNQFRBUFHTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
  • InChI=1/NO3.H4NO/c2-1(3)4;1-2/h;2H,1H3/q-1;+1
    Key: CRJZNQFRBUFHTE-UHFFFAOYAP
  • [NH3+]O.[N+](=O)([O-])[O-]
Properties
[NH3OH]+[NO3]−
Molar mass 96.04 g/mol
Density 1.84 g/cm3
Melting point 48 °C
Soluble
Hazards
GHS labelling:
Danger
H201, H302, H311, H315, H317, H319, H351, H373, H400
P201, P202, P210, P230, P240, P250, P260, P261, P264, P270, P272, P273, P280, P281, P301+P312, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P312, P314, P321, P322, P330, P332+P313, P333+P313, P337+P313, P361, P362, P363, P370+P380, P372, P373, P391, P401, P405, P501
Safety data sheet (SDS) External MSDS (as 18 % solution)
Related compounds
Other anions
 Hydroxylammonium sulfate
Hydroxylammonium chloride
Other cations
 Ammonium nitrate
Related compounds
 Hydroxylamine
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Y verify (what is YN ?)

Properties edit

The compound is a salt with separated hydroxyammonium and nitrate ions.[2] Hydroxylammonium nitrate is unstable because it contains both a reducing agent (hydroxylammonium cation) and an oxidizer (nitrate),[3] the situation being analogous to ammonium nitrate. It is usually handled as an aqueous solution. The solution is corrosive and toxic, and may be carcinogenic. Solid HAN is unstable, especially in the presence of trace amounts of iron(III).

Laboratory preparatory routes edit

  1. Catalytic reduction of nitric oxides
  2. Double decomposition
  3. Electrolysis
  4. Hydrogenation of nitric acid
  5. Ion exchange via resins
  6. Neutralization

Applications edit

HAN has applications as a component of rocket propellant, in both solid and liquid form. HAN and ammonium dinitramide (ADN), another energetic ionic compound, were investigated as less-toxic replacements for toxic hydrazine for monopropellant rockets where only a catalyst is needed to cause decomposition.[4] HAN and ADN will work as monopropellants in water solution, as well as when dissolved with fuel liquids such as methanol.

HAN is used by the Network Centric Airborne Defense Element boost-phase interceptor being developed by Raytheon.[5] As a solid propellant oxidizer, it is typically bonded with glycidyl azide polymer (GAP), hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), or carboxy-terminated polybutadiene (CTPB) and requires preheating to 200-300 °C to decompose.[citation needed] When used as a monopropellant, the catalyst is a noble metal, similar to the other monopropellants that use silver, palladium, or iridium.[citation needed]

HAN also enabled the development of solid propellants that could be controlled electrically and switched on and off.[6] Developed by DSSP for special effects[7] and microthrusters, these were the first HAN-based propellants in space; and aboard the Naval Research Laboratory SpinSat, launched in 2014.[8][9]

It was used in a fuel/oxidizer blend known as "AF-M315E"[1] in the high thrust engines of the Green Propellant Infusion Mission,[10][11][12] which was initially expected to be launched in 2015, and eventually launched and deployed on 25 June 2019.[13] The specific impulse of AF-M315E is 257 s.[1] The aqueous solution of HAN can be added with fuel components such as methanol, glycine, TEAN (triethanolammonium nitrate), and amines to form high performance monopropellants for space propulsion systems.[14]

China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC) launched a demonstration of HAN-based thruster aboard a microsatellite in January 2018.[15]

Japanese technology demonstration satellite Innovative Satellite Technology Demonstration-1, launched in January 2019, contains a demonstration thruster using HAN and operated successfully in orbit.[16][17][18]

HAN is sometimes used in nuclear reprocessing as a reducing agent for plutonium ions.[19]

Bibliography edit

  • Donald G. Harlow et al. (1998). "Technical Report on Hydroxlyamine Nitrate". U.S. Department of Energy.
  • Gösta Bengtsson et al. (2002) "The kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of hydroxylamine by iron(III)". J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 2002, 2548–2552. doi:10.1039/B201602H

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Spores, Ronald A.; Masse, Robert; Kimbrel, Scott; McLean, Chris (15–17 July 2013). "GPIM AF-M315E Propulsion System" (PDF). San Jose, California, USA: 49th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit. (PDF) from the original on 2014-02-28.
  2. ^ Rheingold, A. L.; Cronin, J. T.; Brill, T. B.; Ross, F. K. (March 1987). "Structure of hydroxylammonium nitrate (HAN) and the deuterium homolog". Acta Crystallographica Section C. 43 (3): 402–404. doi:10.1107/S0108270187095593.
  3. ^ Pembridge, John R.; Stedman, Geoffrey (1979). "Kinetics, mechanism, and stoicheiometry of the oxidation of hydroxylamine by nitric acid". Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions (11): 1657–1663. doi:10.1039/dt9790001657. ISSN 0300-9246.
  4. ^ Dominic Freudenmann; Helmut K. Ciezki (29 July 2019). "ADN and HAN-Based Monopropellants – A Minireview on Compatibility and Chemical Stability in Aqueous Media". Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics. 44 (9). Wiley Online Library: 1084–1089. doi:10.1002/prep.201900127.
  5. ^ . Press Releases. Raytheon. Archived from the original on May 18, 2007.
  6. ^ Sawka, Wayne N.; McPherson, Michael (2013-07-12), "Electrical Solid Propellants: A Safe, Micro to Macro Propulsion Technology", 49th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference, Joint Propulsion Conferences, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, doi:10.2514/6.2013-4168, ISBN 978-1-62410-222-6
  7. ^ "LDI 2014 Award Winners Announced". Live Design Online. 2014-11-23. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  8. ^ Nicholas, Andrew; Finne, Ted; Gaylsh, Ivan; Mai, Anthony; Yen, Jim (September 2013). "SpinSat Mission Overview" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on June 19, 2019.
  9. ^ "SpinSat - Satellite Missions - eoPortal Directory". directory.eoportal.org. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  10. ^ "About Green Propellant Infusion Mission (GPIM)". NASA. 2014. from the original on 2013-04-24.
  11. ^ "Green Propellant Infusion Mission (GPIM)". Ball Aerospace. 2014. from the original on 2013-04-24.
  12. ^ Casey, Tina (19 July 2013). "NASA Sets Its Sights On $45 Million Green Fuel Mission". Clean Technica.
  13. ^ Sempsrott, Danielle (25 June 2019). "NASA's Green Propellant Infusion Mission Deploys". NASA. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  14. ^ Wucherer, E.; Christofferson, Stacy; Reed, Brian (2000). Assessment of high performance HAN-monopropellants. 36th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference. doi:10.2514/6.2000-3872.
  15. ^ 航天科技六院801所HAN 基无毒推进发动机研制攻关记 [HAN-based non-toxic propulsion engine research and development of 801 Institute of the Sixth Academy of Space Science and Technology] (in Chinese (China)). China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation. 24 May 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  16. ^ "革新的衛星技術実証1号機 PRESS KIT" [Innovative Satellite Technology Demonstration Flight No. 1 PRESS KIT] (PDF). JAXA. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
  17. ^ 小型実証衛星1号機 RAPIS-1 グリーンプロペラント推進系（GPRCS）世界初の軌道上 HAN系推進薬 実証！ [Small Demonstration Satellite-1 RAPIS-1 Green Propellant Reaction Control System (GPRCS), the world's first on-orbit HAN propulsion system demonstration!] (in Japanese). JAXA. 15 March 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
  18. ^ Hori, Keiichi; Katsumi, Toshiyuki; Sawai, Shujiro; Azuma, Nobuyuki; Hatai, Keigo; Nakatsuka, Junichi (2019). "HAN‐Based Green Propellant, SHP163 – Its R&D and Test in Space". Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics. 44 (9): 1080–1083. doi:10.1002/prep.201900237. ISSN 0721-3115.
  19. ^ McKibben, J. M.; Bercaw, J. E. (1971-01-01). Hydroxylamine nitrate as a plutonium reductant in the PUREX solvent extraction process (Technical report). Du Pont de Nemours (E. I.) and Co., Aiken, S. C. Savannah River Lab. doi:10.2172/4065655. DP-1248.

January 01, 1970
hydroxylammonium, nitrate, hydroxylamine, nitrate, inorganic, compound, with, chemical, formula, nh3oh, salt, derived, from, hydroxylamine, nitric, acid, pure, form, colourless, hygroscopic, solid, potential, used, rocket, propellant, either, solution, monopro. Hydroxylammonium nitrate or hydroxylamine nitrate HAN is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NH3OH NO3 It is a salt derived from hydroxylamine and nitric acid In its pure form it is a colourless hygroscopic solid It has potential to be used as a rocket propellant either as a solution in monopropellants or bipropellants 1 Hydroxylammonium nitrate HAN based propellants are a viable and effective solution for future green propellant based missions as it offers 50 higher performance for a given propellant tank compared to commercially used hydrazine Hydroxylammonium nitrate Names Other names hydroxylamine nitrate Identifiers CAS Number 13465 08 2 Y 3D model JSmol Interactive image ChemSpider 24259 Y ECHA InfoCard 100 033 342 EC Number 236 691 2 PubChem CID 26045 CompTox Dashboard EPA DTXSID30884613 InChI InChI 1S NO3 H4NO c2 1 3 4 1 2 h 2H 1H3 q 1 1 YKey CRJZNQFRBUFHTE UHFFFAOYSA N YInChI 1 NO3 H4NO c2 1 3 4 1 2 h 2H 1H3 q 1 1Key CRJZNQFRBUFHTE UHFFFAOYAP SMILES NH3 O N O O O Properties Chemical formula NH3OH NO3 Molar mass 96 04 g mol Density 1 84 g cm3 Melting point 48 C Solubility in water Soluble Hazards GHS labelling Pictograms Signal word Danger Hazard statements H201 H302 H311 H315 H317 H319 H351 H373 H400 Precautionary statements P201 P202 P210 P230 P240 P250 P260 P261 P264 P270 P272 P273 P280 P281 P301 P312 P302 P352 P305 P351 P338 P308 P313 P312 P314 P321 P322 P330 P332 P313 P333 P313 P337 P313 P361 P362 P363 P370 P380 P372 P373 P391 P401 P405 P501 Safety data sheet SDS External MSDS as 18 solution Related compounds Other anions Hydroxylammonium sulfateHydroxylammonium chloride Other cations Ammonium nitrate Related compounds Hydroxylamine Except where otherwise noted data are given for materials in their standard state at 25 C 77 F 100 kPa Y verify what is Y N Infobox references Contents 1 Properties 2 Laboratory preparatory routes 3 Applications 4 Bibliography 5 ReferencesProperties editThe compound is a salt with separated hydroxyammonium and nitrate ions 2 Hydroxylammonium nitrate is unstable because it contains both a reducing agent hydroxylammonium cation and an oxidizer nitrate 3 the situation being analogous to ammonium nitrate It is usually handled as an aqueous solution The solution is corrosive and toxic and may be carcinogenic Solid HAN is unstable especially in the presence of trace amounts of iron III Laboratory preparatory routes editCatalytic reduction of nitric oxides Double decomposition Electrolysis Hydrogenation of nitric acid Ion exchange via resins NeutralizationApplications editHAN has applications as a component of rocket propellant in both solid and liquid form HAN and ammonium dinitramide ADN another energetic ionic compound were investigated as less toxic replacements for toxic hydrazine for monopropellant rockets where only a catalyst is needed to cause decomposition 4 HAN and ADN will work as monopropellants in water solution as well as when dissolved with fuel liquids such as methanol HAN is used by the Network Centric Airborne Defense Element boost phase interceptor being developed by Raytheon 5 As a solid propellant oxidizer it is typically bonded with glycidyl azide polymer GAP hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene HTPB or carboxy terminated polybutadiene CTPB and requires preheating to 200 300 C to decompose citation needed When used as a monopropellant the catalyst is a noble metal similar to the other monopropellants that use silver palladium or iridium citation needed HAN also enabled the development of solid propellants that could be controlled electrically and switched on and off 6 Developed by DSSP for special effects 7 and microthrusters these were the first HAN based propellants in space and aboard the Naval Research Laboratory SpinSat launched in 2014 8 9 It was used in a fuel oxidizer blend known as AF M315E 1 in the high thrust engines of the Green Propellant Infusion Mission 10 11 12 which was initially expected to be launched in 2015 and eventually launched and deployed on 25 June 2019 13 The specific impulse of AF M315E is 257 s 1 The aqueous solution of HAN can be added with fuel components such as methanol glycine TEAN triethanolammonium nitrate and amines to form high performance monopropellants for space propulsion systems 14 China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation CASC launched a demonstration of HAN based thruster aboard a microsatellite in January 2018 15 Japanese technology demonstration satellite Innovative Satellite Technology Demonstration 1 launched in January 2019 contains a demonstration thruster using HAN and operated successfully in orbit 16 17 18 HAN is sometimes used in nuclear reprocessing as a reducing agent for plutonium ions 19 Bibliography editDonald G Harlow et al 1998 Technical Report on Hydroxlyamine Nitrate U S Department of Energy DOE EH 0555 Gosta Bengtsson et al 2002 The kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of hydroxylamine by iron III J Chem Soc Dalton Trans 2002 2548 2552 doi 10 1039 B201602HReferences edit a b c Spores Ronald A Masse Robert Kimbrel Scott McLean Chris 15 17 July 2013 GPIM AF M315E Propulsion System PDF San Jose California USA 49th AIAA ASME SAE ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference amp Exhibit Archived PDF from the original on 2014 02 28 Rheingold A L Cronin J T Brill T B Ross F K March 1987 Structure of hydroxylammonium nitrate HAN and the deuterium homolog Acta Crystallographica Section C 43 3 402 404 doi 10 1107 S0108270187095593 Pembridge John R Stedman Geoffrey 1979 Kinetics mechanism and stoicheiometry of the oxidation of hydroxylamine by nitric acid Journal of the Chemical Society Dalton Transactions 11 1657 1663 doi 10 1039 dt9790001657 ISSN 0300 9246 Dominic Freudenmann Helmut K Ciezki 29 July 2019 ADN and HAN Based Monopropellants A Minireview on Compatibility and Chemical Stability in Aqueous Media Propellants Explosives Pyrotechnics 44 9 Wiley Online Library 1084 1089 doi 10 1002 prep 201900127 Boost phase interceptor Press Releases Raytheon Archived from the original on May 18 2007 Sawka Wayne N McPherson Michael 2013 07 12 Electrical Solid Propellants A Safe Micro to Macro Propulsion Technology 49th AIAA ASME SAE ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference Joint Propulsion Conferences American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics doi 10 2514 6 2013 4168 ISBN 978 1 62410 222 6 LDI 2014 Award Winners Announced Live Design Online 2014 11 23 Retrieved 2019 06 19 Nicholas Andrew Finne Ted Gaylsh Ivan Mai Anthony Yen Jim September 2013 SpinSat Mission Overview PDF Archived PDF from the original on June 19 2019 SpinSat Satellite Missions eoPortal Directory directory eoportal org Retrieved 2019 06 19 About Green Propellant Infusion Mission GPIM NASA 2014 Archived from the original on 2013 04 24 Green Propellant Infusion Mission GPIM Ball Aerospace 2014 Archived from the original on 2013 04 24 Casey Tina 19 July 2013 NASA Sets Its Sights On 45 Million Green Fuel Mission Clean Technica Sempsrott Danielle 25 June 2019 NASA s Green Propellant Infusion Mission Deploys NASA Retrieved 6 June 2020 Wucherer E Christofferson Stacy Reed Brian 2000 Assessment of high performance HAN monopropellants 36th AIAA ASME SAE ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference doi 10 2514 6 2000 3872 航天科技六院801所HAN 基无毒推进发动机研制攻关记 HAN based non toxic propulsion engine research and development of 801 Institute of the Sixth Academy of Space Science and Technology in Chinese China China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation 24 May 2019 Retrieved 14 May 2020 革新的衛星技術実証1号機 PRESS KIT Innovative Satellite Technology Demonstration Flight No 1 PRESS KIT PDF JAXA Retrieved 15 March 2019 小型実証衛星1号機 RAPIS 1 グリーンプロペラント推進系 GPRCS 世界初の軌道上 HAN系推進薬 実証 Small Demonstration Satellite 1 RAPIS 1 Green Propellant Reaction Control System GPRCS the world s first on orbit HAN propulsion system demonstration in Japanese JAXA 15 March 2019 Retrieved 15 March 2019 Hori Keiichi Katsumi Toshiyuki Sawai Shujiro Azuma Nobuyuki Hatai Keigo Nakatsuka Junichi 2019 HAN Based Green Propellant SHP163 Its R amp D and Test in Space Propellants Explosives Pyrotechnics 44 9 1080 1083 doi 10 1002 prep 201900237 ISSN 0721 3115 McKibben J M Bercaw J E 1971 01 01 Hydroxylamine nitrate as a plutonium reductant in the PUREX solvent extraction process Technical report Du Pont de Nemours E I and Co Aiken S C Savannah River Lab doi 10 2172 4065655 DP 1248 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hydroxylammonium nitrate amp oldid 1220866947, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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