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Hurricane Irene–Olivia

January 01, 1970

Hurricane Irene–Olivia was the first actively tracked tropical cyclone to move into the eastern Pacific Ocean from the Atlantic basin. It originated as a tropical depression on September 11, 1971, in the tropical Atlantic. The cyclone tracked nearly due westward at a low latitude, passing through the southern Windward Islands and later over northern South America. In the southwest Caribbean Sea, it intensified to a tropical storm and later a hurricane. Irene made landfall on southeastern Nicaragua on September 19, and maintained its circulation as it crossed the low-lying terrain of the country. Restrengthening after reaching the Pacific, Irene was renamed Hurricane Olivia, which ultimately attained peak winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). Olivia weakened significantly before moving ashore on the Baja California Peninsula on September 30; the next day it dissipated.

Hurricane Irene–Olivia
Satellite image of Hurricane Olivia near peak intensity on September 25
Meteorological history
FormedSeptember 11, 1971
DissipatedOctober 1, 1971
Category 3 major hurricane
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS)
Highest winds115 mph (185 km/h)
Lowest pressure948 mbar (hPa); 27.99 inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities3 direct
Damage>$1 million (1971 USD)
Areas affectedLesser Antilles, Leeward Antilles, Central America (Nicaragua landfall), Mexico, Southwest United States, Rockies
IBTrACS
Part of the 1971 Atlantic and
Pacific hurricane seasons

In the Atlantic, Irene produced moderate rainfall and winds along its path, although impact was greatest in Nicaragua where it moved ashore as a hurricane. A total of 96 homes were destroyed, and 1,200 people were left homeless. The rainfall resulted in widespread flooding, killing three people in Rivas. In neighboring Costa Rica, Hurricane Irene caused more than $1 million (USD) in damage to the banana crop. Later, the remnants of Hurricane Olivia produced rainfall in the southwest United States. Flooding was reported near Yuma, Arizona, which closed a major highway, and the moisture produced snowfall in higher elevations in the Rocky Mountains.

Meteorological history edit

 
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
  Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

The origins of the hurricane were from a tropical wave that exited the west African coast on September 7. It moved rapidly westward, developing into a tropical depression on September 11 about 800 miles (1,300 km) east of the Windward Islands.[1] It was one of seven active tropical cyclones in the Atlantic basin that day, one of the most active single days on record.[2] It existed at a fairly low latitude and failed to intensify due to the unfavorable combination of Hurricane Ginger and a long trough to its northwest.[1] On September 13, the depression passed just south of Barbados and subsequently entered the Caribbean Sea.[2] Interacting with the terrain of South America, the center became broad and ill-defined, although Curaçao reported winds of near tropical storm force as it crossed the island on September 16. It later moved near or over northern Venezuela and Colombia. As it approached the western Caribbean, the depression was able to organize more, with less influence from landmass or the trough to its north. At 0000 UTC on September 17, it is estimated the depression attained tropical storm status; that day, it was named Irene about 350 miles (560 km) east of San Andrés.[1] Initially, the storm was expected to track west-northwestward toward the northwest Caribbean, similar to the track taken by the destructive Hurricane Edith two weeks prior.[3]

 
Surface weather map of Irene on September 17

Tropical Storm Irene gradually intensified as it continued across the southwestern Caribbean Sea. Late on September 18, the storm attained hurricane status a short distance off the coast of Central America, with 80 mph (130 km/h) winds, its peak intensity in the Atlantic Ocean.[4] As it strengthened, it developed an eye and spiral rainbands that extended across Panama into the Pacific Ocean.[1] Hurricane Irene weakened slightly as it approached the coast, although its pressure dropped to 989 mbar. On September 19, the hurricane made landfall in the Nicaraguan South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region;[4] it was the first tropical cyclone of hurricane intensity since 1911 to strike Nicaragua south of Bluefields.[1] Irene quickly weakened, deteriorating to tropical depression status within 18 hours of moving ashore.[4] The circulation remained organized over the low-lying terrain of southern Nicaragua, possibly due to it crossing Lake Nicaragua. After reaching the Pacific Ocean on September 20, the depression restrengthened to attain tropical storm status; upon doing so, it was re-designated by a new name, Olivia.[2][5] It was the first time an Atlantic hurricane was tracked as a tropical cyclone while crossing Central America into the Pacific Ocean;[6] subsequent research indicated there were earlier storms that accomplished the feat, although they were not known at the time.[4]

As an Eastern Pacific tropical cyclone, Olivia maintained well-defined outflow and inflow. It gradually intensified as it paralleled the southern Central America coastline. Late on September 21, a Hurricane Hunters flight reported winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) and an eye 23 miles (37 km) in diameter; based on the readings, Olivia was upgraded to hurricane status. For several days, Olivia moved west to west-northwestward off the coast of Mexico, although its exact intensity fluctuations were unknown, due to lack of significant observations. On September 25, the eye became very pronounced on satellite imagery, and based on a report from the Hurricane Hunters, it is estimated Olivia reached peak winds of 115 mph (185 km/h), about 245 miles (394 km) southwest of Manzanillo, Colima. The Hurricane Hunters also reported a pressure of 948 mbar, which was the lowest reported pressure during the 1971 Pacific hurricane season.[5]

The intensity of Hurricane Olivia fluctuated for two days as it turned westward away from land, due to a blocking ridge over northwestern Mexico. Early on September 26 it weakened to winds of about 105 mph (169 km/h), before it quickly restrengthened to its previous peak intensity. Subsequently, dry air became entrained in the circulation, and Olivia began to weaken as it moved over cooler waters. The eye became disorganized and eventually dissipated. Late on September 28 it weakened to tropical storm status, after beginning a turn to the northwest and later to the north. About 24 hours later, Olivia weakened to tropical depression status as it approached the coastline of the Baja California Peninsula. Most of the thunderstorm activity dissipated by the time the depression moved ashore on September 30; the next day, Olivia dissipated near the border of Baja California and Baja California Sur.[5]

Impact and records edit

 
Hurricane Irene near its Central America landfall

As a tropical depression, the cyclone produced a wind gust of 43 mph (69 km/h) in Barbados. The system also dropped 3.35 inches (85 mm) of rainfall in Trinidad.[1] Prior to its arrival, officials noted the potential for the depression to bring flash flooding to northern Venezuela, as well as heavy rainfall to the ABC islands.[7] Later as a tropical storm, Irene brushed San Andrés island in the western Caribbean with gale-force winds;[1] no major damage was reported there.[8]

Prior to the hurricane's landfall in Nicaragua, the country's army evacuated about 500 people from a settlement near Bluefields, and along the coastline, boats were advised to remain at port.[9] When it moved ashore, the hurricane produced sustained winds of 46 mph (74 km/h) in Bluefields.[1] The winds destroyed 27 houses in the region.[10] Observations were not available in the sparsely populated region near where Irene moved ashore, although winds were believed to have reached hurricane force there.[1] Reconnaissance planes reported heavy structural and tree damage in southeastern Nicaragua.[11] Satellite imagery suggested that heavy rainfall occurred from Panama through Honduras,[1] and one location in Nicaragua reported more than 6.3 inches (160 mm) of precipitation. The rainfall caused flooding in many communities, killing three people in Rivas. At least five rivers reported flooding; along one of the rivers, 35 houses were inundated, and along another, the floodwaters swept away all of the crops and personal belongings of three villages.[10] Across the country, the hurricane destroyed 96 homes,[11] and 1,200 people were left homeless.[10] In Costa Rica, Irene's passage resulted in more than $1 million (USD) in damage to the banana crop.[12]

Late in its duration, Hurricane Olivia brought increased moisture into the southwest United States. More than 2 inches (51 mm) of rainfall were reported across Arizona and New Mexico.[13] Light precipitation was also reported in western Texas and southeastern California.[14][15] The National Weather Service issued flash flood warnings throughout the region.[16] Near Yuma, Arizona, thunderstorms caused three major power outages and produced flooding that resulted in the closure of a portion of U.S. Route 95.[17] In Navajo and Pinal counties, the rainfall damaged roads, bridges, sewers, and homes, which amounted to about $250,000 in repair work for the state of Arizona.[18] The storm's moisture also produced locally heavy snowfall in higher elevations in the Rocky Mountains.[16]

Irene–Olivia is unusual in that it survived passage from the Atlantic to Pacific Ocean. Only nine other named storms are known to have done so.[19] Irene was the first of four Atlantic-to-Pacific crossover tropical cyclones in the 1970s, three of four which took eastern Pacific names starting with the letter O.[20]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j R.H. Simpson; John R. Hope (April 1972). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1971" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 100 (4): 256–267. Bibcode:1972MWRv..100..256S. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1972)100<0256:AHSO>2.3.CO;2. S2CID 119771736. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
  2. ^ a b c R.H. Simpson; John R. Hope (April 1972). "Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1971" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 100 (4): 268–275. Bibcode:1972MWRv..100..268F. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1972)100<0268:ATSO>2.3.CO;2. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
  3. ^ Staff Writer (1971-09-17). . Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2016-06-05. Retrieved 2009-06-11.
  4. ^ a b c d "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Retrieved May 20, 2024.   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  5. ^ a b c William J. Denny (April 1972). "Eastern Pacific hurricane season of 1971" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 100 (4): 276–293. Bibcode:1972MWRv..100..276D. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.395.3350. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1972)100<0276:EPHSO>2.3.CO;2. Retrieved 2009-06-09.
  6. ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (1971). (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2009-06-12.
  7. ^ Staff Writer (1971-09-15). "Edith Threatens Gulf Coast". Mexico Ledger. Associated Press. p. 2. Retrieved 2021-09-20 – via Newspapers.com.  
  8. ^ Diaz; et al. (April 1996). (PDF). National Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-09-19. Retrieved 2009-06-12.
  9. ^ Staff Writer (1971-09-20). "Storm Irene Loses Blow in Nicaragua". Playground Daily News. United Press International. p. 1. Retrieved 2021-09-20 – via Newspapers.com.  
  10. ^ a b c Dirección General de Meteorología (2008-07-07). (in Spanish). Instituto Nicaragüense de Estudios Territoiales. Archived from the original on 2007-10-24. Retrieved 2009-06-12.
  11. ^ a b Staff Writer (1971-09-21). . Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2016-02-01. Retrieved 2009-06-12.
  12. ^ Staff Writer (1971-09-23). "Banana Crop is Hit by Hurricane Irene". The Chillicothe Constitution-Tribune. p. 4. Retrieved 2021-09-20 – via Newspapers.com.  
  13. ^ Robert E. Taubensee (December 1971). "Weather and Circulation of September 1971" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 99 (12). American Meteorological Society: 986. Bibcode:1971MWRv...99..980T. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1971)099<0980:CITWAW>2.3.CO;2. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
  14. ^ Staff Writer (1971-10-01). "Major Weather Change Seen Possible in State". Avalanche-Journal. Retrieved 2021-09-20 – via Newspapers.com.  
  15. ^ Jack Williams (2005-05-17). . USAToday.com. Archived from the original on 2005-09-05. Retrieved 2021-09-20.
  16. ^ a b Staff Writer (September 30, 1971). "Olivia brings rain, snow to western U.S." United Press International. The Bryan Times. p. 2. Retrieved 2021-09-20.
  17. ^ Loren Listiak. . The Yuma Daily Sun. Archived from the original on 2016-01-13. Retrieved 2009-06-12.
  18. ^ Pinal County Public Works. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2009-06-14.
  19. ^ National Hurricane Center (2013-06-18). Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2) (TXT) (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2013-12-20.
  20. ^ Stephen Caparotta; D. Walston; Steven Young; Gary Padgett. "Subject: E15) What tropical storms and hurricanes have moved from the Atlantic to the Northeast Pacific or vice versa?". Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Retrieved 2009-06-08.

External links edit

  • Atlantic to Pacific crossover storms

January 01, 1970
hurricane, irene, olivia, first, actively, tracked, tropical, cyclone, move, into, eastern, pacific, ocean, from, atlantic, basin, originated, tropical, depression, september, 1971, tropical, atlantic, cyclone, tracked, nearly, westward, latitude, passing, thr. Hurricane Irene Olivia was the first actively tracked tropical cyclone to move into the eastern Pacific Ocean from the Atlantic basin It originated as a tropical depression on September 11 1971 in the tropical Atlantic The cyclone tracked nearly due westward at a low latitude passing through the southern Windward Islands and later over northern South America In the southwest Caribbean Sea it intensified to a tropical storm and later a hurricane Irene made landfall on southeastern Nicaragua on September 19 and maintained its circulation as it crossed the low lying terrain of the country Restrengthening after reaching the Pacific Irene was renamed Hurricane Olivia which ultimately attained peak winds of 115 mph 185 km h Olivia weakened significantly before moving ashore on the Baja California Peninsula on September 30 the next day it dissipated Hurricane Irene Olivia Satellite image of Hurricane Olivia near peak intensity on September 25Meteorological historyFormedSeptember 11 1971DissipatedOctober 1 1971Category 3 major hurricane1 minute sustained SSHWS NWS Highest winds115 mph 185 km h Lowest pressure948 mbar hPa 27 99 inHgOverall effectsFatalities3 directDamage gt 1 million 1971 USD Areas affectedLesser Antilles Leeward Antilles Central America Nicaragua landfall Mexico Southwest United States RockiesIBTrACSPart of the 1971 Atlantic andPacific hurricane seasons In the Atlantic Irene produced moderate rainfall and winds along its path although impact was greatest in Nicaragua where it moved ashore as a hurricane A total of 96 homes were destroyed and 1 200 people were left homeless The rainfall resulted in widespread flooding killing three people in Rivas In neighboring Costa Rica Hurricane Irene caused more than 1 million USD in damage to the banana crop Later the remnants of Hurricane Olivia produced rainfall in the southwest United States Flooding was reported near Yuma Arizona which closed a major highway and the moisture produced snowfall in higher elevations in the Rocky Mountains Contents 1 Meteorological history 2 Impact and records 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksMeteorological history edit nbsp Map plotting the storm s track and intensity according to the Saffir Simpson scaleMap keySaffir Simpson scale Tropical depression 38 mph 62 km h Tropical storm 39 73 mph 63 118 km h Category 1 74 95 mph 119 153 km h Category 2 96 110 mph 154 177 km h Category 3 111 129 mph 178 208 km h Category 4 130 156 mph 209 251 km h Category 5 157 mph 252 km h Unknown Storm type nbsp Tropical cyclone nbsp Subtropical cyclone nbsp Extratropical cyclone remnant low tropical disturbance or monsoon depression The origins of the hurricane were from a tropical wave that exited the west African coast on September 7 It moved rapidly westward developing into a tropical depression on September 11 about 800 miles 1 300 km east of the Windward Islands 1 It was one of seven active tropical cyclones in the Atlantic basin that day one of the most active single days on record 2 It existed at a fairly low latitude and failed to intensify due to the unfavorable combination of Hurricane Ginger and a long trough to its northwest 1 On September 13 the depression passed just south of Barbados and subsequently entered the Caribbean Sea 2 Interacting with the terrain of South America the center became broad and ill defined although Curacao reported winds of near tropical storm force as it crossed the island on September 16 It later moved near or over northern Venezuela and Colombia As it approached the western Caribbean the depression was able to organize more with less influence from landmass or the trough to its north At 0000 UTC on September 17 it is estimated the depression attained tropical storm status that day it was named Irene about 350 miles 560 km east of San Andres 1 Initially the storm was expected to track west northwestward toward the northwest Caribbean similar to the track taken by the destructive Hurricane Edith two weeks prior 3 nbsp Surface weather map of Irene on September 17 Tropical Storm Irene gradually intensified as it continued across the southwestern Caribbean Sea Late on September 18 the storm attained hurricane status a short distance off the coast of Central America with 80 mph 130 km h winds its peak intensity in the Atlantic Ocean 4 As it strengthened it developed an eye and spiral rainbands that extended across Panama into the Pacific Ocean 1 Hurricane Irene weakened slightly as it approached the coast although its pressure dropped to 989 mbar On September 19 the hurricane made landfall in the Nicaraguan South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region 4 it was the first tropical cyclone of hurricane intensity since 1911 to strike Nicaragua south of Bluefields 1 Irene quickly weakened deteriorating to tropical depression status within 18 hours of moving ashore 4 The circulation remained organized over the low lying terrain of southern Nicaragua possibly due to it crossing Lake Nicaragua After reaching the Pacific Ocean on September 20 the depression restrengthened to attain tropical storm status upon doing so it was re designated by a new name Olivia 2 5 It was the first time an Atlantic hurricane was tracked as a tropical cyclone while crossing Central America into the Pacific Ocean 6 subsequent research indicated there were earlier storms that accomplished the feat although they were not known at the time 4 As an Eastern Pacific tropical cyclone Olivia maintained well defined outflow and inflow It gradually intensified as it paralleled the southern Central America coastline Late on September 21 a Hurricane Hunters flight reported winds of 80 mph 130 km h and an eye 23 miles 37 km in diameter based on the readings Olivia was upgraded to hurricane status For several days Olivia moved west to west northwestward off the coast of Mexico although its exact intensity fluctuations were unknown due to lack of significant observations On September 25 the eye became very pronounced on satellite imagery and based on a report from the Hurricane Hunters it is estimated Olivia reached peak winds of 115 mph 185 km h about 245 miles 394 km southwest of Manzanillo Colima The Hurricane Hunters also reported a pressure of 948 mbar which was the lowest reported pressure during the 1971 Pacific hurricane season 5 The intensity of Hurricane Olivia fluctuated for two days as it turned westward away from land due to a blocking ridge over northwestern Mexico Early on September 26 it weakened to winds of about 105 mph 169 km h before it quickly restrengthened to its previous peak intensity Subsequently dry air became entrained in the circulation and Olivia began to weaken as it moved over cooler waters The eye became disorganized and eventually dissipated Late on September 28 it weakened to tropical storm status after beginning a turn to the northwest and later to the north About 24 hours later Olivia weakened to tropical depression status as it approached the coastline of the Baja California Peninsula Most of the thunderstorm activity dissipated by the time the depression moved ashore on September 30 the next day Olivia dissipated near the border of Baja California and Baja California Sur 5 Impact and records edit nbsp Hurricane Irene near its Central America landfall As a tropical depression the cyclone produced a wind gust of 43 mph 69 km h in Barbados The system also dropped 3 35 inches 85 mm of rainfall in Trinidad 1 Prior to its arrival officials noted the potential for the depression to bring flash flooding to northern Venezuela as well as heavy rainfall to the ABC islands 7 Later as a tropical storm Irene brushed San Andres island in the western Caribbean with gale force winds 1 no major damage was reported there 8 Prior to the hurricane s landfall in Nicaragua the country s army evacuated about 500 people from a settlement near Bluefields and along the coastline boats were advised to remain at port 9 When it moved ashore the hurricane produced sustained winds of 46 mph 74 km h in Bluefields 1 The winds destroyed 27 houses in the region 10 Observations were not available in the sparsely populated region near where Irene moved ashore although winds were believed to have reached hurricane force there 1 Reconnaissance planes reported heavy structural and tree damage in southeastern Nicaragua 11 Satellite imagery suggested that heavy rainfall occurred from Panama through Honduras 1 and one location in Nicaragua reported more than 6 3 inches 160 mm of precipitation The rainfall caused flooding in many communities killing three people in Rivas At least five rivers reported flooding along one of the rivers 35 houses were inundated and along another the floodwaters swept away all of the crops and personal belongings of three villages 10 Across the country the hurricane destroyed 96 homes 11 and 1 200 people were left homeless 10 In Costa Rica Irene s passage resulted in more than 1 million USD in damage to the banana crop 12 Late in its duration Hurricane Olivia brought increased moisture into the southwest United States More than 2 inches 51 mm of rainfall were reported across Arizona and New Mexico 13 Light precipitation was also reported in western Texas and southeastern California 14 15 The National Weather Service issued flash flood warnings throughout the region 16 Near Yuma Arizona thunderstorms caused three major power outages and produced flooding that resulted in the closure of a portion of U S Route 95 17 In Navajo and Pinal counties the rainfall damaged roads bridges sewers and homes which amounted to about 250 000 in repair work for the state of Arizona 18 The storm s moisture also produced locally heavy snowfall in higher elevations in the Rocky Mountains 16 Irene Olivia is unusual in that it survived passage from the Atlantic to Pacific Ocean Only nine other named storms are known to have done so 19 Irene was the first of four Atlantic to Pacific crossover tropical cyclones in the 1970s three of four which took eastern Pacific names starting with the letter O 20 See also edit nbsp Tropical cyclones portal Other tropical cyclones named Irene Other tropical cyclones named Olivia List of Atlantic Pacific crossover hurricanes List of South America hurricanes List of Category 1 Atlantic hurricanes List of Category 3 Pacific hurricanes Hurricane Joan Miriam 1988 Hurricane Bonnie 2022 References edit a b c d e f g h i j R H Simpson John R Hope April 1972 Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1971 PDF Monthly Weather Review 100 4 256 267 Bibcode 1972MWRv 100 256S doi 10 1175 1520 0493 1972 100 lt 0256 AHSO gt 2 3 CO 2 S2CID 119771736 Retrieved 2009 06 07 a b c R H Simpson John R Hope April 1972 Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1971 PDF Monthly Weather Review 100 4 268 275 Bibcode 1972MWRv 100 268F doi 10 1175 1520 0493 1972 100 lt 0268 ATSO gt 2 3 CO 2 Retrieved 2009 06 07 Staff Writer 1971 09 17 Hurricane Edith on Irene Route Associated Press Archived from the original on 2016 06 05 Retrieved 2009 06 11 a b c d Atlantic hurricane best track HURDAT version 2 Database United States National Hurricane Center April 5 2023 Retrieved May 20 2024 nbsp This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain a b c William J Denny April 1972 Eastern Pacific hurricane season of 1971 PDF Monthly Weather Review 100 4 276 293 Bibcode 1972MWRv 100 276D CiteSeerX 10 1 1 395 3350 doi 10 1175 1520 0493 1972 100 lt 0276 EPHSO gt 2 3 CO 2 Retrieved 2009 06 09 Joint Typhoon Warning Center 1971 Annual Typhoon Report PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2011 06 07 Retrieved 2009 06 12 Staff Writer 1971 09 15 Edith Threatens Gulf Coast Mexico Ledger Associated Press p 2 Retrieved 2021 09 20 via Newspapers com nbsp Diaz et al April 1996 Morphology and Marine Habitats of Two Southwestern Caribbean Atolls PDF National Museum of Natural History Archived from the original PDF on 2009 09 19 Retrieved 2009 06 12 Staff Writer 1971 09 20 Storm Irene Loses Blow in Nicaragua Playground Daily News United Press International p 1 Retrieved 2021 09 20 via Newspapers com nbsp a b c Direccion General de Meteorologia 2008 07 07 Huracan Irene 1971 in Spanish Instituto Nicaraguense de Estudios Territoiales Archived from the original on 2007 10 24 Retrieved 2009 06 12 a b Staff Writer 1971 09 21 Irene Reforming in Pacific Ocean Associated Press Archived from the original on 2016 02 01 Retrieved 2009 06 12 Staff Writer 1971 09 23 Banana Crop is Hit by Hurricane Irene The Chillicothe Constitution Tribune p 4 Retrieved 2021 09 20 via Newspapers com nbsp Robert E Taubensee December 1971 Weather and Circulation of September 1971 PDF Monthly Weather Review 99 12 American Meteorological Society 986 Bibcode 1971MWRv 99 980T doi 10 1175 1520 0493 1971 099 lt 0980 CITWAW gt 2 3 CO 2 Retrieved 2009 06 07 Staff Writer 1971 10 01 Major Weather Change Seen Possible in State Avalanche Journal Retrieved 2021 09 20 via Newspapers com nbsp Jack Williams 2005 05 17 Background California s tropical storms USAToday com Archived from the original on 2005 09 05 Retrieved 2021 09 20 a b Staff Writer September 30 1971 Olivia brings rain snow to western U S United Press International The Bryan Times p 2 Retrieved 2021 09 20 Loren Listiak Heavy Storm Sneaks Into Town The Yuma Daily Sun Archived from the original on 2016 01 13 Retrieved 2009 06 12 Pinal County Public Works Summary of Historical Hazards Impacting Pinal County Communities PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2007 09 29 Retrieved 2009 06 14 National Hurricane Center 2013 06 18 Atlantic hurricane best track HURDAT version 2 TXT Report National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Retrieved 2013 12 20 Stephen Caparotta D Walston Steven Young Gary Padgett Subject E15 What tropical storms and hurricanes have moved from the Atlantic to the Northeast Pacific or vice versa Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory Retrieved 2009 06 08 External links editAtlantic to Pacific crossover storms Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hurricane Irene Olivia amp oldid 1171663604, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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