The Hungarian Republic[4][5] (Hungarian: Magyar Köztársaság) was a short-lived republic that existed between August 1919 and February 1920 in the central and western portions of the former First Hungarian Republic (controlling most of today's Hungary and parts of present-day Austria, Slovakia and Slovenia). The state was established in the aftermath of the Hungarian–Romanian War by counter-revolutionary forces who sought to return to the status quo prior to 31 October 1918.[6][7][8]
Admiral Miklós Horthy entering Budapest as the head of the National Army on 16 November 1919. He is being greeted by city officials in front of the Hotel Gellért.
A militantly anti-communistauthoritarian government composed of military officers entered Budapest in November on the heels of the Romanians.[13] A "White Terror" ensued that led to the imprisonment, torture, and execution without trial of communists, socialists, Jews, leftist intellectuals, sympathizers with the Károlyi and Kun regimes, and others who threatened the traditional Hungarian political order that the officers sought to re-establish.[13] Estimates placed the number of executions at approximately 5,000.[13] In addition, about 75,000 people were jailed.[13][9] In particular, the Hungarian right-wing and the Romanian forces targeted Jews for retribution.[13] Ultimately, the White Terror forced nearly 100,000 people to leave the country, most of them socialists, intellectuals, and middle-class Jews.[13]
In 1920 and 1921, internal chaos racked Hungary.[13] The White Terror continued to plague Jews and leftists, unemployment and inflation soared, and penniless Hungarian refugees poured across the border from neighboring countries and burdened the floundering economy.[13] The government offered the population little succour.[13] In January 1920, Hungarian men and women cast the first secret ballots in the country's political history and elected a large counter-revolutionary and agrarian majority to the unicameralparliament.[13] Two main political parties emerged: the socially conservative Christian National Union Party and the National Smallholders and Agricultural Labourers Party, which advocated land reform.[13] On 29 February 1920,[2] the parliament restored the Hungarian monarchy, ending the republic, and in March, annulled both the Pragmatic Sanction of 1723 and the Compromise of 1867.[13] The parliament postponed electing a king until civil disorder had subsided.[13] Former Austro-Hungarian admiral Miklós Horthy became regent,[13] a position he would hold until 1944.
^Romsics, Ignác (2004). Magyarország története a XX. században (in Hungarian). Budapest: Osiris Kiadó. p. 136. ISBN963-389-590-1.
^ abDr. Térfy, Gyula, ed. (1921). "1920. évi I. törvénycikk az alkotmányosság helyreállításáról és az állami főhatalom gyakorlásának ideiglenes rendezéséről.". Magyar törvénytár (Corpus Juris Hungarici): 1920. évi törvénycikkek (in Hungarian). Budapest: Révai Testvérek Irodalmi Intézet Részvénytársaság. p. 3.
^Kollega Tarsoly, István, ed. (1995). "Magyarország". Révai nagy lexikona (in Hungarian). Vol. 20. Budapest: Hasonmás Kiadó. pp. 595–597. ISBN963-8318-70-8.
^"Minisztertanácsi jegyzőkönyvek: 1919. augusztus 8" (in Hungarian). DigitArchiv. p. 10. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
^"Minisztertanácsi jegyzőkönyvek: 1919. augusztus 16" (in Hungarian). DigitArchiv. p. 12. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
^Romsics, Ignác (2004). Magyarország története a XX. században (in Hungarian). Budapest: Osiris Kiadó. p. 133. ISBN963-389-590-1.
^S. Balogh, Eva (Spring 1977). "Power Struggle in Hungary: Analysis in Post-war Domestic Politics August-November 1919" (PDF). Canadian-American Review of Hungarian Studies. 4 (1): 7.
^Bekény, István, ed. (1996). "A Horthy-korszak". Magyarország a XX. században: Politika és társadalom, hadtörténet, jogalkotás (in Hungarian). Vol. 1. Szekszárd: Babits Kiadó. p. 49. ISBN963-9015-08-3.
^ ab"Hungary Between The Wars". A History of Modern Hungary: 1867-1994.
^Pölöskei, Ferenc; Gergely, Jenő; Izsák, Lajos (1995). Magyarország története 1918–1990 (in Hungarian). Budapest: Korona Kiadó. pp. 32–33. ISBN963-8153-55-5.
^S. Balogh, Eva (Spring 1977). "Power Struggle in Hungary: Analysis in Post-war Domestic Politics August-November 1919" (PDF). Canadian-American Review of Hungarian Studies. 4 (1): 6.
^"Die amtliche Meldung über den Rücktritt" (in German). Neue Freie Presse, Morgenblatt. 1919-08-24. p. 2.
hungarian, republic, 1919, 1920, confused, with, second, hungarian, republic, third, hungarian, republic, hungarian, republic, hungarian, magyar, köztársaság, short, lived, republic, that, existed, between, august, 1919, february, 1920, central, western, porti. Not to be confused with the Second Hungarian Republic or the Third Hungarian Republic The Hungarian Republic 4 5 Hungarian Magyar Koztarsasag was a short lived republic that existed between August 1919 and February 1920 in the central and western portions of the former First Hungarian Republic controlling most of today s Hungary and parts of present day Austria Slovakia and Slovenia The state was established in the aftermath of the Hungarian Romanian War by counter revolutionary forces who sought to return to the status quo prior to 31 October 1918 6 7 8 Hungarian RepublicMagyar Koztarsasag Hungarian 1919 1920Flag Coat of armsAnthem HimnuszHymn source source track track track track track track track track track track track StatusUnrecognised rump stateuntil 25 November 1919 1 CapitalBudapestCommon languagesHungarianReligionRoman Catholicism Calvinism Lutheranism Eastern Orthodoxy Eastern Catholicism Unitarianism JudaismDemonym s HungarianGovernmentRepublicRegent Aug 1919AD Joseph AugustPresident Aug 1919 Nov 1919Istvan Friedricha Nov 1919 Mar 1920Karoly HuszaraPrime Minister Aug 1919 Nov 1919Istvan Friedrich Nov 1919 Mar 1920Karoly HuszarLegislatureNational AssemblyHistorical eraInterwar period Established8 August 1919 Recognized25 November 1919 Parliamentary elections25 January 1920 Monarchy restored29 February 1920 2 Area1920 3 92 833 km2 35 843 sq mi Population 1920 3 7 980 143CurrencyHungarian koronaPreceded by Succeeded byFirst Hungarian Republic Kingdom of Hungaryas acting Head of StateFollowing this period the Allies of World War I severely pressured the Hungarians into retreating behind post war demarcation lines as a provision to the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 which was the Allies attempt to establish new nation states among the former kingdom s non Hungarian citizens the principal beneficiaries of which were the Kingdom of Romania the Kingdom of Serbs Croats and Slovenes the Austrian Republic and the Czechoslovak Republic Subsequently the Republic was transformed back into the Kingdom of Hungary which signed the Treaty of Trianon under protest Contents 1 History 2 See also 3 Notes 4 External linksHistory editOn 6 August 1919 Istvan Friedrich leader of the White House Comrades Association a right wing counter revolutionary group ousted the government of Gyula Peidl 9 and seized power in a coup with the backing of the Royal Romanian Army 10 The coup d etat was met with widespread approval within Hungary 11 The next day Joseph August declared himself regent of Hungary he held the position until 23 August when he was forced to resign 12 and appointed Friedrich as Prime Minister He was succeeded by Karoly Huszar on 24 November who served as prime minister and interim president until the restoration of the monarchy a few months later nbsp Admiral Miklos Horthy entering Budapest as the head of the National Army on 16 November 1919 He is being greeted by city officials in front of the Hotel Gellert A militantly anti communist authoritarian government composed of military officers entered Budapest in November on the heels of the Romanians 13 A White Terror ensued that led to the imprisonment torture and execution without trial of communists socialists Jews leftist intellectuals sympathizers with the Karolyi and Kun regimes and others who threatened the traditional Hungarian political order that the officers sought to re establish 13 Estimates placed the number of executions at approximately 5 000 13 In addition about 75 000 people were jailed 13 9 In particular the Hungarian right wing and the Romanian forces targeted Jews for retribution 13 Ultimately the White Terror forced nearly 100 000 people to leave the country most of them socialists intellectuals and middle class Jews 13 In 1920 and 1921 internal chaos racked Hungary 13 The White Terror continued to plague Jews and leftists unemployment and inflation soared and penniless Hungarian refugees poured across the border from neighboring countries and burdened the floundering economy 13 The government offered the population little succour 13 In January 1920 Hungarian men and women cast the first secret ballots in the country s political history and elected a large counter revolutionary and agrarian majority to the unicameral parliament 13 Two main political parties emerged the socially conservative Christian National Union Party and the National Smallholders and Agricultural Labourers Party which advocated land reform 13 On 29 February 1920 2 the parliament restored the Hungarian monarchy ending the republic and in March annulled both the Pragmatic Sanction of 1723 and the Compromise of 1867 13 The parliament postponed electing a king until civil disorder had subsided 13 Former Austro Hungarian admiral Miklos Horthy became regent 13 a position he would hold until 1944 See also editRevolutions and interventions in Hungary 1918 1920 First Hungarian Republic Hungarian Soviet RepublicNotes edit Romsics Ignac 2004 Magyarorszag tortenete a XX szazadban in Hungarian Budapest Osiris Kiado p 136 ISBN 963 389 590 1 a b Dr Terfy Gyula ed 1921 1920 evi I torvenycikk az alkotmanyossag helyreallitasarol es az allami fohatalom gyakorlasanak ideiglenes rendezeserol Magyar torvenytar Corpus Juris Hungarici 1920 evi torvenycikkek in Hungarian Budapest Revai Testverek Irodalmi Intezet Reszvenytarsasag p 3 Kollega Tarsoly Istvan ed 1995 Magyarorszag Revai nagy lexikona in Hungarian Vol 20 Budapest Hasonmas Kiado pp 595 597 ISBN 963 8318 70 8 Minisztertanacsi jegyzokonyvek 1919 augusztus 8 in Hungarian DigitArchiv p 10 Retrieved 5 February 2012 Minisztertanacsi jegyzokonyvek 1919 augusztus 16 in Hungarian DigitArchiv p 12 Retrieved 5 February 2012 Romsics Ignac 2004 Magyarorszag tortenete a XX szazadban in Hungarian Budapest Osiris Kiado p 133 ISBN 963 389 590 1 S Balogh Eva Spring 1977 Power Struggle in Hungary Analysis in Post war Domestic Politics August November 1919 PDF Canadian American Review of Hungarian Studies 4 1 7 Bekeny Istvan ed 1996 A Horthy korszak Magyarorszag a XX szazadban Politika es tarsadalom hadtortenet jogalkotas in Hungarian Vol 1 Szekszard Babits Kiado p 49 ISBN 963 9015 08 3 a b Hungary Between The Wars A History of Modern Hungary 1867 1994 Poloskei Ferenc Gergely Jeno Izsak Lajos 1995 Magyarorszag tortenete 1918 1990 in Hungarian Budapest Korona Kiado pp 32 33 ISBN 963 8153 55 5 S Balogh Eva Spring 1977 Power Struggle in Hungary Analysis in Post war Domestic Politics August November 1919 PDF Canadian American Review of Hungarian Studies 4 1 6 Die amtliche Meldung uber den Rucktritt in German Neue Freie Presse Morgenblatt 1919 08 24 p 2 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Burant Stephen R ed 1990 Hungary a country study Washington D C Federal Research Division Library of Congress p 37 OCLC 311424250 nbsp This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain a href Template Cite encyclopedia html title Template Cite encyclopedia cite encyclopedia a CS1 maint postscript link External links editPortal nbsp Hungary 47 29 N 19 02 E 47 483 N 19 033 E 47 483 19 033 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hungarian Republic 1919 1920 amp oldid 1189431375, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
