The Barbizon school of painters were part of an art movement toward Realism in art, which arose in the context of the dominant Romantic Movement of the time. The Barbizon school was active roughly from 1830 through 1870. It takes its name from the village of Barbizon, France, on the edge of the Forest of Fontainebleau, where many of the artists gathered. Most of their works were landscape painting, but several of them also painted landscapes with farmworkers, and genre scenes of village life. Some of the most prominent features of this school are its tonal qualities, color, loose brushwork, and softness of form.[1]
Many of the artists were also printmakers, mostly in etching but the group also provided the bulk of the artists using the semiphotographic cliché verre technique. The French etching revival began with the school, in the 1850s.[3]
In 1824 the Salon de Paris exhibited works of John Constable, an English painter. His rural scenes influenced some of the younger artists of the time, moving them to abandon formalism and to draw inspiration directly from nature. Natural scenes became the subjects of their paintings rather than mere backdrops to dramatic events. During the Revolutions of 1848 artists gathered at Barbizon to follow Constable's ideas, making nature the subject of their paintings. The French landscape became a major theme of the Barbizon painters.[4]
In the spring of 1829, Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot came to Barbizon to paint in the Forest of Fontainebleau. He had first painted in the forest at Chailly in 1822. He returned to Barbizon in the autumn of 1830 and in the summer of 1831, where he made drawings and oil studies, from which he made a painting intended for the Salon of 1830; "View of the Forest of Fontainebleau'" (now in the National Gallery in Washington) and, for the salon of 1831, another "View of the Forest of Fontainebleau"'. While there he met the members of the Barbizon school: Théodore Rousseau, Paul Huet, Constant Troyon, Jean-François Millet, and the young Charles-François Daubigny.[5]
Millet extended the idea from landscape to figures — peasant figures, scenes of peasant life, and work in the fields. In The Gleaners (1857), for example, Millet portrays three peasant women working at the harvest. Gleaners are poor people who are permitted to gather the remains after the owners of the field complete the main harvest. The owners (portrayed as wealthy) and their laborers are seen in the back of the painting. Millet shifted the focus and the subject matter from the rich and prominent to those at the bottom of the social ladders.
During the late 1860s, the Barbizon painters attracted the attention of a younger generation of French artists studying in Paris. Several of those artists visited Fontainebleau Forest to paint the landscape, including Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Alfred Sisley and Frédéric Bazille.[6] In the 1870s those artists, among others, developed the art movement called Impressionism and practiced plein air painting. In contrast, the main members of the school made drawings and sketches on the spot, but painted back in their studios.[7]
Painters in other countries were also influenced by this art. Beginning in the late nineteenth century, many artists came to Paris from Austria-Hungary to study the new movements. For instance, the Hungarian painter János Thorma studied in Paris as a young man. In 1896 he was one of the founders of the Nagybánya artists' colony in what is now Baia Mare, Romania, which brought impressionism to Hungary. In 2013 the Hungarian National Gallery opens a major retrospective of his work, entitled, ''János Thorma, the Painter of the Hungarian Barbizon, 8 February – 19 May 2013, Hungarian National Gallery[8]
Karl Bodmer, originally Swiss, settled in Barbizon in 1849. László Paál, another Hungarian, lived in Barbizon in the 1870s.
Influence in America
The Barbizon painters also had a profound impact on landscape painting in the United States. This included the development of the American Barbizon school by William Morris Hunt. Several artists who were also in, or contemporary to, the Hudson River School studied Barbizon paintings for their loose brushwork and emotional impact. A notable example is George Inness, who sought to emulate the works of Rousseau.[9] Paintings from the Barbizon school also influenced landscape painting in California. The artist Percy Gray carefully studied works by Rousseau and other painters which he saw in traveling exhibitions to inform his own paintings of California hills and coastline.[10] The influence of the Barbizon painters may be seen in the sporting dog paintings of Percival Rosseau (1859-1937), who grew up in Louisiana and studied at the Academie Julien.
^Salsbury, Britany. “The Etching Revival in Nineteenth-Century France.” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2014, online
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The Barbizon school of painters were part of an art movement toward Realism in art which arose in the context of the dominant Romantic Movement of the time The Barbizon school was active roughly from 1830 through 1870 It takes its name from the village of Barbizon France on the edge of the Forest of Fontainebleau where many of the artists gathered Most of their works were landscape painting but several of them also painted landscapes with farmworkers and genre scenes of village life Some of the most prominent features of this school are its tonal qualities color loose brushwork and softness of form 1 Corot Road by the Water c 1865 70 oil on canvas Clark Art InstituteCharles Francois Daubigny The Pond at Gylieu 1853The leaders of the Barbizon school were Theodore Rousseau Charles Francois Daubigny Jules Dupre Constant Troyon Charles Jacque and Narcisse Virgilio Diaz Jean Francois Millet lived in Barbizon from 1849 but his interest in figures with a landscape backdrop sets him rather apart from the others Jean Baptiste Camille Corot was the earliest on the scene first painting in the forest in 1829 but British art historian Harold Osborne suggested that his work has a poetic and literary quality which sets him somewhat apart 2 Other artists associated with the school often pupils of the main group include Henri Harpignies Albert Charpin Francois Louis Francais and Emile van Marcke Many of the artists were also printmakers mostly in etching but the group also provided the bulk of the artists using the semiphotographic cliche verre technique The French etching revival began with the school in the 1850s 3 Contents 1 History 2 Influence in Europe 3 Influence in America 4 Gallery 5 Related artists 6 See also 7 References 8 Sources 9 External linksHistory Edit Theodore Rousseau Becquigny Somme c 1857In 1824 the Salon de Paris exhibited works of John Constable an English painter His rural scenes influenced some of the younger artists of the time moving them to abandon formalism and to draw inspiration directly from nature Natural scenes became the subjects of their paintings rather than mere backdrops to dramatic events During the Revolutions of 1848 artists gathered at Barbizon to follow Constable s ideas making nature the subject of their paintings The French landscape became a major theme of the Barbizon painters 4 In the spring of 1829 Jean Baptiste Camille Corot came to Barbizon to paint in the Forest of Fontainebleau He had first painted in the forest at Chailly in 1822 He returned to Barbizon in the autumn of 1830 and in the summer of 1831 where he made drawings and oil studies from which he made a painting intended for the Salon of 1830 View of the Forest of Fontainebleau now in the National Gallery in Washington and for the salon of 1831 another View of the Forest of Fontainebleau While there he met the members of the Barbizon school Theodore Rousseau Paul Huet Constant Troyon Jean Francois Millet and the young Charles Francois Daubigny 5 The Gleaners Jean Francois Millet 1857 Musee d Orsay Paris Millet extended the idea from landscape to figures peasant figures scenes of peasant life and work in the fields In The Gleaners 1857 for example Millet portrays three peasant women working at the harvest Gleaners are poor people who are permitted to gather the remains after the owners of the field complete the main harvest The owners portrayed as wealthy and their laborers are seen in the back of the painting Millet shifted the focus and the subject matter from the rich and prominent to those at the bottom of the social ladders During the late 1860s the Barbizon painters attracted the attention of a younger generation of French artists studying in Paris Several of those artists visited Fontainebleau Forest to paint the landscape including Claude Monet Pierre Auguste Renoir Alfred Sisley and Frederic Bazille 6 In the 1870s those artists among others developed the art movement called Impressionism and practiced plein air painting In contrast the main members of the school made drawings and sketches on the spot but painted back in their studios 7 The Post Impressionist painter Vincent van Gogh studied and copied several of the Barbizon painters as well including 21 copies of paintings by Millet He copied Millet more than any other artist He also did three paintings in Daubigny s Garden Both Theodore Rousseau 1867 and Jean Francois Millet 1875 died at Barbizon Influence in Europe Edit Jules Dupre Fontainebleau Oaks c 1840Painters in other countries were also influenced by this art Beginning in the late nineteenth century many artists came to Paris from Austria Hungary to study the new movements For instance the Hungarian painter Janos Thorma studied in Paris as a young man In 1896 he was one of the founders of the Nagybanya artists colony in what is now Baia Mare Romania which brought impressionism to Hungary In 2013 the Hungarian National Gallery opens a major retrospective of his work entitled Janos Thorma the Painter of the Hungarian Barbizon 8 February 19 May 2013 Hungarian National Gallery 8 Karl Bodmer originally Swiss settled in Barbizon in 1849 Laszlo Paal another Hungarian lived in Barbizon in the 1870s Influence in America EditThe Barbizon painters also had a profound impact on landscape painting in the United States This included the development of the American Barbizon school by William Morris Hunt Several artists who were also in or contemporary to the Hudson River School studied Barbizon paintings for their loose brushwork and emotional impact A notable example is George Inness who sought to emulate the works of Rousseau 9 Paintings from the Barbizon school also influenced landscape painting in California The artist Percy Gray carefully studied works by Rousseau and other painters which he saw in traveling exhibitions to inform his own paintings of California hills and coastline 10 The influence of the Barbizon painters may be seen in the sporting dog paintings of Percival Rosseau 1859 1937 who grew up in Louisiana and studied at the Academie Julien Gallery Edit Jean Baptiste Camille Corot View of the Forest of Fontainebleau 1830 Jules Dupre The Old Oak c 1870 National Gallery of Art Washington DC Constant Troyon The Bathers Clearing in the Forest 1842 Charles Emile Jacque Shepherdess and Her Flock 1878Related artists EditEugene Boudin Hippolyte Boulenger Jean Ferdinand Chaigneau Paul Cornoyer Gustave Courbet Pierre Emmanuel Damoye Constant Dutilleux Antonio Fontanesi Nicolae Grigorescu Winckworth Allan Gay H I Marlatt Adolphe Joseph Thomas Monticelli Paul Trouillebert Albert Charpin Charles Olivier de PenneSee also EditArt colony MacchiaioliReferences Edit Craven Wayne 1994 American Art History and Culture New York Harry N Adams Inc p 332 Osborne 106 107 107 quoted Salsbury Britany The Etching Revival in Nineteenth Century France In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History New York The Metropolitan Museum of Art 2014 online Metropolitan Museum of Art timeline Pomarede Vincent Le ABCdaire de Corot et le passage francais 1996 Flammarion Paris ISBN 2 08 012466 8 Heilbrunn Timeline Metropolitan Museum of Art Osborne 107 Janos Thorma the Painter of the Hungarian Barbizon 8 February 19 May 2013 Hungarian National Gallery Bell Adrienne December 2012 George Inness 1825 1894 Metropolitan Museum of Art Retrieved 18 September 2019 Harrison Alfred Shields Scott et al 1999 The Legacy of Percy Gray Carmel Art Association ISBN 1885666098 Sources EditCatalogues des Collections des Musees de France Ministere de la culture Catalogs of Collections of Museums of France Ministry of Culture Osborne Harold ed The Oxford Companion to Art 1970 OUP ISBN 019866107XExternal links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Barbizon School Wikiquote has quotations related to Barbizon School Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica article Barbizon Hecht Museum Cambridge Art Gallery Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Barbizon School amp oldid 1164423523, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
