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History of Jerusalem during the Middle Ages

January 05, 2023

See also: Kingdom of Jerusalem
Main article: History of Jerusalem

The history of Jerusalem during the Middle Ages is generally one of decline; beginning as a major city in the Byzantine Empire, Jerusalem prospered during the early centuries of Muslim control (637/38–969), but under the rule of the Fatimid caliphate (late 10th to 11th centuries) its population decreased from about 200,000 to less than half that number by the time of the Christian conquest in 1099. The Christians massacred much of the population as they took the city, and while population quickly recovered during the Kingdom of Jerusalem, it was again decimated to below 2,000 people when the Khwarezmi Turks took the city in 1244. After this, the city remained a backwater of the late medieval Muslim empires and would not again exceed a population of 10,000 until the 16th century.[1] It was passed back and forth through various Muslim factions until decidedly conquered by the Ottomans in 1517, who maintained control until the British took it in 1917.

View of Jerusalem (Conrad Grünenberg, 1487)

Terminology

The term Middle Ages (in other words: the medieval period) in regard to the history of Jerusalem, is defined by archaeologists such as S. Weksler-Bdolah as the time span consisting of the 12th and 13th centuries.[2]

Byzantine rule

Jerusalem reached a peak in size and population at the end of the Second Temple period: The city covered two square kilometers (0.8 sq mi.) and had a population of 200,000.[3][4] In the five centuries following the Bar Kokhba revolt in the 2nd century, the city remained under Roman then Byzantine rule. During the 4th century, the Roman Emperor Constantine I constructed Christian sites in Jerusalem such as the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.

John Cassian, a Christian monk and theologian who spent several years in Bethlehem during the late 4th century, wrote that 'Jerusalem can be taken in four senses: historically as the city of the Jews; allegorically as 'Church of Christ', analogically as the heavenly city of God 'which is the mother of us all,' topologically, as the soul of man".[5]

In 603, Pope Gregory I commissioned the Ravennate Abbot Probus, who was previously Gregory's emissary at the Lombard court, to build a hospital in Jerusalem to treat and care for Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land.[6] In 800, Charlemagne enlarged Probus' hospital and added a library to it, but it was destroyed in 1005 by Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah along with three thousand other buildings in Jerusalem.[citation needed]

From the days of Constantine until the Arab conquest in 637/38, despite intensive lobbying by Judeo-Byzantines, Jews were forbidden to enter the city. Following the Arab capture of Jerusalem, the Jews were allowed back into the city by Muslim rulers such as Umar ibn al-Khattab.[7] During the 8th to 11th centuries, Jerusalem's prominence gradually diminished as the Arab powers in the region jockeyed for control.[8]

Early Muslim period (637/38–1099)

Main article: History of Jerusalem during the Early Muslim period
See also: Islamization of Palestine

Crusader control

Main article: History of Jerusalem during the Crusader period
 
The Hereford Mappa Mundi (c. 1280), depicting Jerusalem at the center of the world
Animation of 12th-century Jerusalem (correct depiction: Church of the Holy Sepulchre; faulty: citadel [fantasy], Dome of the Rock [Ottoman tile decoration, modern gilded dome]); in Latin with English subtitles (via 'cc' button)

Reports of the renewed killing of Christian pilgrims, and the defeat of the Byzantine Empire by the Seljuqs, led to the First Crusade. Europeans marched to recover the Holy Land, and on July 15, 1099, Christian soldiers were victorious in the one-month Siege of Jerusalem. In keeping with their alliance with the Muslims, the Jews had been among the most vigorous defenders of Jerusalem against the Crusaders. When the city fell, the Crusaders slaughtered most of the city's Muslim and Jewish inhabitants,[9] leaving the city "knee deep in blood".

Jerusalem became the capital of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Christian settlers from the West set about rebuilding the principal shrines associated with the life of Christ. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre was ambitiously rebuilt as a great Romanesque church, and Muslim shrines on the Temple Mount (the Dome of the Rock and the Al-Aqsa Mosque) were converted for Christian purposes. The Military Orders of the Knights Hospitaller and the Knights Templar were established during this period. Both grew out of the need to protect and care for the great influx of pilgrims traveling to Jerusalem, especially since Bedouin enslavement raids and terror attacks upon the roads by the remaining Muslim population continued. King Baldwin II of Jerusalem allowed the forming order of the Templars to set up a headquarters in the captured Al-Aqsa Mosque. The Crusaders believed the Mosque to have been built on top of the ruins of the Temple of Solomon (or rather his royal palace), and therefore referred to the Mosque as "Solomon's Temple", in Latin "Templum Solomonis". It was from this location that the Order took its name of "Temple Knights" or "Templars".

Under the Kingdom of Jerusalem the area experienced a great revival, including the re-establishment of the city and harbour of Caesarea, the restoration and fortification of the city of Tiberias, the expansion of the city of Ashkelon, the walling and rebuilding of Jaffa, the reconstruction of Bethlehem, the repopulation of dozens of towns, the restoration of large agriculture, and the construction of hundreds of churches, cathedrals, and castles. The old hospice, rebuilt in 1023 on the site of the monastery of Saint John the Baptist, was expanded into an infirmary under Hospitaller grand master Raymond du Puy de Provence near the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.[10]

In 1173 Benjamin of Tudela visited Jerusalem. He described it as a small city full of Jacobites, Armenians, Greeks, and Georgians. Two hundred Jews[dubious – discuss] dwelt in a corner of the city under the Tower of David.

In 1187, with the Muslim world united under the effective leadership of Saladin, Jerusalem was re-conquered by the Muslims after a successful siege. As part of this same campaign the armies of Saladin conquered, expelled, enslaved, or killed the remaining Christian communities of Galilee, Samaria, Judea, as well as the coastal towns of Ashkelon, Jaffa, Caesarea, and Acre.[11]

In 1219 the walls of the city were razed by order of Al-Mu'azzam, the Ayyubid sultan of Damascus. This rendered Jerusalem defenseless and dealt a heavy blow to the city's status.

Following another Crusade by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II in 1227, the city was surrendered by Saladin's descendant al-Kamil, in accordance with a diplomatic treaty in 1228. It remained under Christian control, under the treaty's terms that no walls or fortifications could be built in the city or along the strip which united it with the coast. In 1239, after the ten-year truce expired, Frederick ordered the rebuilding of the walls. But without the formidable Crusader army he had originally employed ten years previous, his goals were effectively thwarted when the walls were again demolished by an-Nasir Da'ud, the emir of Kerak, in the same year.

In 1243 Jerusalem was firmly secured into the power of the Christian Kingdom, and the walls were repaired. However, the period was extremely brief as a large army of Turkish and Persian Muslims was advancing from the north.

Khwarezmian control

 
Medieval Tower of David in Jerusalem today

Jerusalem fell again in 1244 to the Khawarezmi Turks, who had been displaced by the advance of the Mongols. As the Khwarezmians moved west, they allied with the Egyptians, under the Egyptian Ayyubid sultan Al-Malik al-Salih. He recruited his horsemen from the Khwarezmians, and directed the remains of the Khwarezmian Empire into the Levant, where he wanted to organize a strong defense against the Mongols. In keeping with his goal, the main effect of the Khwarezmians was to slaughter the local population, especially in Jerusalem. They invaded the city on July 11, 1244, and the city's citadel, the so-called Tower of David, surrendered on August 23.[12] The Khwarezmians then ruthlessly decimated the population, leaving only 2,000 people, Christians and Muslims, still living in the city.[13] This attack triggered the Europeans to respond with the Seventh Crusade, although the new forces of French king Louis IX never even achieved success in Egypt, let alone advancing as far as Palestine.

Ayyubid control

After having troubles with the Khwarezmians, the Muslim Sultan Al-Salih then began ordering armed expeditions to raid into Christian communities and capture men, women and children. Called razzias, or by their original Arabic name Ghazw (sing.: ghazwa or ghaza), the raids extended into Caucasia, the Black Sea, Byzantium, and the coastal areas of Europe. The newly enslaved were divided according to category. Women were either turned into maids or sex slaves. The men depending upon age and ability were made into servants or killed. Young boys and girls were sent to Imams where they were indoctrinated into Islam. According to ability the young boys were then made into eunuchs or sent into decades long training as slave soldiers for the sultan. Called Mamluks, this army of indoctrinated slaves were forged into a potent armed force. The Sultan then used his new Mamluk army to eliminate the Khwarezmians, and Jerusalem returned to Egyptian Ayyubid rule in 1247.

Mamluk control and Mongol raids

 
"Jacques Molay takes Jerusalem, 1299", a fanciful painting created in the 19th century by Claudius Jacquand, and hanging in the "Hall of Crusades" in Versailles. In reality, though the Mongols may have been technically in control of the city for a few months in early 1300 (since the Mamluks had temporarily retreated to Cairo and no other troops were in the area), there was no such battle, and De Molay was almost certainly on the island of Cyprus at that time, nowhere near the landlocked city of Jerusalem.
Main article: Mongol raids into Palestine

When al-Salih died, his widow, the slave Shajar al-Durr, took power as Sultana, which power she then transferred to the Mamluk leader Aybeg, who became Sultan in 1250.[14] Meanwhile, the Christian rulers of Antioch and Cilician Armenia subjected their territories to Mongol authority, and fought alongside the Mongols during the Empire's expansion into Iraq and Syria. In 1260, a portion of the Mongol army advanced toward Egypt, and was engaged by the Mamluks in Galilee, at the pivotal Battle of Ain Jalut. The Mamluks were victorious, and the Mongols retreated. In early 1300, there were again some Mongol raids into the southern Levant, shortly after the Mongols had been successful in capturing cities in northern Syria; however, the Mongols occupied the area for only a few weeks, and then retreated again to Iran. The Mamluks regrouped and re-asserted control over the southern Levant a few months later, with little resistance.

There is little evidence to indicate whether or not the Mongol raids penetrated Jerusalem in either 1260 or 1300. Historical reports from the time period tend to conflict, depending on which nationality of historian was writing the report. There were also a large number of rumors and urban legends in Europe, claiming that the Mongols had captured Jerusalem and were going to return it to the Crusaders. However, these rumors turned out to be false.[15] The general consensus of modern historians is that though Jerusalem may or may not have been subject to raids, that there was never any attempt by the Mongols to incorporate Jerusalem into their administrative system, which is what would be necessary to deem a territory "conquered" as opposed to "raided".[16]

Mamluk rebuilding

 
1450s depiction of the city by Jean Miélot.

Even during the conflicts, pilgrims continued to come in small numbers. Pope Nicholas IV negotiated an agreement with the Mamluk sultan to allow Latin clergy to serve in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. With the Sultan's agreement, Pope Nicholas, a Franciscan himself, sent a group of friars to keep the Latin liturgy going in Jerusalem. With the city little more than a backwater, they had no formal quarters, and simply lived in a pilgrim hostel, until in 1300 King Robert of Sicily gave a large gift of money to the Sultan. Robert asked that the Franciscans be allowed to have the Sion Church, the Mary Chapel in the Holy Sepulchre, and the Nativity Cave, and the Sultan gave his permission. But the remainder of the Christian holy places were kept in decay.[17]

Mamluk sultans made a point of visiting the city, endowing new buildings, encouraging Muslim settlement, and expanding mosques. During the reign of Sultan Baibars, the Mamluks renewed the Muslim alliance with the Jews and he established two new sanctuaries, one to Moses near Jericho and one to Salih near Ramla, to encourage numerous Muslim and Jewish[dubious – discuss] pilgrims to be in the area at the same time as the Christians, who filled the city during Easter.[18] In 1267 Nahmanides (also known as Ramban) made aliyah. In the Old City he established the Ramban Synagogue, the oldest active synagogue in Jerusalem. However, the city had no great political power, and was in fact considered by the Mamluks as a place of exile for out-of-favor officials. The city itself was ruled by a low-ranking emir.[19]

Following the persecutions of Jews during the Black Death, a group of Ashkenazi Jews led by Rabbi Isaac Asir HaTikvah immigrated to Jerusalem and founded a yeshiva. This group was part of the nucleus of what later became a much larger community in the Ottoman period.[20]

Ottoman era

In 1517, Jerusalem and its environs fell to the Ottoman Turks, who would maintain control of the city until the 20th century.[11] Although the Europeans no longer controlled any territory in the Holy Land, Christian presence including Europeans remained in Jerusalem. During the Ottomans this presence increased as Greeks under Turkish Sultan patronage re-established, restored, or reconstructed Orthodox Churches, hospitals, and communities. This era saw the first expansion outside the Old City walls, as new neighborhoods were established to relieve the overcrowding that had become so prevalent. The first of these new neighborhoods included the Russian Compound and the Jewish Mishkenot Sha'ananim, both founded in 1860.[21]

References

  1. ^ Amnon Cohen and Bernard Lewis (1978). Population and Revenue in the Towns of Palestine in the Sixteenth Century. Princeton University Press. pp. 14–15, 94. ISBN 0-691-09375-X.
  2. ^ Weksler-Bdolah, Shlomit (2011). Galor, Katharina; Avni, Gideon (eds.). Early Islamic and Medieval City Walls of Jerusalem in Light of New Discoveries. Unearthing Jerusalem: 150 Years of Archaeological Research in the Holy City. Eisenbrauns. p. 417. Retrieved 7 January 2018 – via Offprint posted at academia.edu.
  3. ^ Har-el, Menashe (1977). This Is Jerusalem. Canaan Publishing House. pp. 68–95.
  4. ^ Lehmann, Clayton Miles (2007-02-22). . The On-line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces. The University of South Dakota. Archived from the original on 2007-03-28. Retrieved 2007-04-18.
  5. ^ John Cassian, Conferences. CHAPTER VIII
  6. ^ Adrian J. Boas, Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades: Society, Landscape and Art in the Holy City under Frankish Rule, (Routledge, 2001), 26.
  7. ^ Gil, Moshe (February 1997). A History of Palestine, 634-1099. Cambridge University Press. pp. 70–71. ISBN 0-521-59984-9.
  8. ^ Zank, Michael. "Abbasid Period and Fatimid Rule (750–1099)". Boston University. Retrieved 2007-02-01.
  9. ^ Hull, Michael D. (June 1999). . Military History. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-05-18.
  10. ^ "Moeller, Charles. "Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company". Newadvent.org. 1910-06-01. Retrieved 2014-03-02.
  11. ^ a b "Main Events in the History of Jerusalem". Jerusalem: The Endless Crusade. The CenturyOne Foundation. 2003. Retrieved 2007-02-02.
  12. ^ Riley-Smith, The Crusades, p. 191
  13. ^ Armstrong, p.304
  14. ^ Cambridge Illustrated History of the Middle Ages, 1250-1520, p. 264
  15. ^ Sylvia Schein, "Gesta Dei per Mongolos"
  16. ^ Reuven Amitai, "Mongol raids into Palestine (1260 and 1300)
  17. ^ Armstrong, pp. 307-308
  18. ^ Armstrong, pp. 304-305
  19. ^ Armstrong, p. 310
  20. ^ Reiner, Elchanan (he) (1984). ""בין אשכנז לירושלים : חכמים אשכנזים בא"י לאחר "המוות השחור" [Between Ashkenaz and Jerusalem: Ashkenazic Scholars in Eretz-Israel after the "Black Death"]. Shalem (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Ben-Zvi Institute. 4.
  21. ^ Elyon, Lili (April 1999). "Jerusalem: Architecture in the Late Ottoman Period". Focus on Israel. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2007-04-20.

Bibliography

  • Armstrong, Karen (1996). Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths. Random House. ISBN 0-679-43596-4.
  • Demurger, Alain (2007). Jacques de Molay (in French). Editions Payot&Rivages. ISBN 978-2-228-90235-9.
  • Hazard, Harry W. (editor) (1975). Volume III: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. A History of the Crusades. Kenneth M. Setton, general editor. The University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-06670-3. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  • Jackson, Peter (2005). The Mongols and the West: 1221-1410. Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-36896-5.
  • Maalouf, Amin (1984). The Crusades Through Arab Eyes. New York: Schocken Books. ISBN 0-8052-0898-4.
  • Newman, Sharan (2006). Real History Behind the Templars. Berkley Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-425-21533-3.
  • Nicolle, David (2001). The Crusades. Essential Histories. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-179-4.
  • Richard, Jean (1996). Histoire des Croisades. Fayard. ISBN 2-213-59787-1.
  • Riley-Smith, Jonathan (2005) [1987]. The Crusades: A History (2nd ed.). Yale Nota Bene. ISBN 0-300-10128-7.
  • Riley-Smith, Jonathan (2002) (2002). The Oxford History of the Crusades. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280312-3.
  • Runciman, Steven (1987). A history of the Crusades. Vol. 3, The Kingdom of Acre and the Late Crusades (reprint; in 1952-1954 first ed.). Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-013705-7.
  • Schein, Sylvia (October 1979). "Gesta Dei per Mongolos 1300. The Genesis of a Non-Event". The English Historical Review. 94 (373): 805–819. doi:10.1093/ehr/XCIV.CCCLXXIII.805. JSTOR 565554.
  • Schein, Sylvia (1991). Fideles Crucis: The Papacy, the West, and the Recovery of the Holy Land. Clarendon. ISBN 0-19-822165-7.
  • Schein, Sylvia (2005). Gateway to the Heavenly City: crusader Jerusalem and the catholic West. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 0-7546-0649-X.
  • Sinor, Denis (1999). "The Mongols in the West". Journal of Asian History. 33 (1).

See also

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Medieval miniatures of Jerusalem.

January 05, 2023
history, jerusalem, during, middle, ages, also, kingdom, jerusalem, main, article, history, jerusalem, history, jerusalem, during, middle, ages, generally, decline, beginning, major, city, byzantine, empire, jerusalem, prospered, during, early, centuries, musl. See also Kingdom of Jerusalem Main article History of Jerusalem The history of Jerusalem during the Middle Ages is generally one of decline beginning as a major city in the Byzantine Empire Jerusalem prospered during the early centuries of Muslim control 637 38 969 but under the rule of the Fatimid caliphate late 10th to 11th centuries its population decreased from about 200 000 to less than half that number by the time of the Christian conquest in 1099 The Christians massacred much of the population as they took the city and while population quickly recovered during the Kingdom of Jerusalem it was again decimated to below 2 000 people when the Khwarezmi Turks took the city in 1244 After this the city remained a backwater of the late medieval Muslim empires and would not again exceed a population of 10 000 until the 16th century 1 It was passed back and forth through various Muslim factions until decidedly conquered by the Ottomans in 1517 who maintained control until the British took it in 1917 View of Jerusalem Conrad Grunenberg 1487 Contents 1 Terminology 2 Byzantine rule 3 Early Muslim period 637 38 1099 4 Crusader control 5 Khwarezmian control 6 Ayyubid control 7 Mamluk control and Mongol raids 8 Mamluk rebuilding 9 Ottoman era 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 See alsoTerminology EditThe term Middle Ages in other words the medieval period in regard to the history of Jerusalem is defined by archaeologists such as S Weksler Bdolah as the time span consisting of the 12th and 13th centuries 2 Byzantine rule EditJerusalem reached a peak in size and population at the end of the Second Temple period The city covered two square kilometers 0 8 sq mi and had a population of 200 000 3 4 In the five centuries following the Bar Kokhba revolt in the 2nd century the city remained under Roman then Byzantine rule During the 4th century the Roman Emperor Constantine I constructed Christian sites in Jerusalem such as the Church of the Holy Sepulchre John Cassian a Christian monk and theologian who spent several years in Bethlehem during the late 4th century wrote that Jerusalem can be taken in four senses historically as the city of the Jews allegorically as Church of Christ analogically as the heavenly city of God which is the mother of us all topologically as the soul of man 5 In 603 Pope Gregory I commissioned the Ravennate Abbot Probus who was previously Gregory s emissary at the Lombard court to build a hospital in Jerusalem to treat and care for Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land 6 In 800 Charlemagne enlarged Probus hospital and added a library to it but it was destroyed in 1005 by Al Hakim bi Amr Allah along with three thousand other buildings in Jerusalem citation needed From the days of Constantine until the Arab conquest in 637 38 despite intensive lobbying by Judeo Byzantines Jews were forbidden to enter the city Following the Arab capture of Jerusalem the Jews were allowed back into the city by Muslim rulers such as Umar ibn al Khattab 7 During the 8th to 11th centuries Jerusalem s prominence gradually diminished as the Arab powers in the region jockeyed for control 8 Early Muslim period 637 38 1099 EditMain article History of Jerusalem during the Early Muslim period See also Islamization of PalestineCrusader control EditMain article History of Jerusalem during the Crusader period The Hereford Mappa Mundi c 1280 depicting Jerusalem at the center of the world source source source source source source source source source source source source track track Animation of 12th century Jerusalem correct depiction Church of the Holy Sepulchre faulty citadel fantasy Dome of the Rock Ottoman tile decoration modern gilded dome in Latin with English subtitles via cc button Reports of the renewed killing of Christian pilgrims and the defeat of the Byzantine Empire by the Seljuqs led to the First Crusade Europeans marched to recover the Holy Land and on July 15 1099 Christian soldiers were victorious in the one month Siege of Jerusalem In keeping with their alliance with the Muslims the Jews had been among the most vigorous defenders of Jerusalem against the Crusaders When the city fell the Crusaders slaughtered most of the city s Muslim and Jewish inhabitants 9 leaving the city knee deep in blood Jerusalem became the capital of the Kingdom of Jerusalem Christian settlers from the West set about rebuilding the principal shrines associated with the life of Christ The Church of the Holy Sepulchre was ambitiously rebuilt as a great Romanesque church and Muslim shrines on the Temple Mount the Dome of the Rock and the Al Aqsa Mosque were converted for Christian purposes The Military Orders of the Knights Hospitaller and the Knights Templar were established during this period Both grew out of the need to protect and care for the great influx of pilgrims traveling to Jerusalem especially since Bedouin enslavement raids and terror attacks upon the roads by the remaining Muslim population continued King Baldwin II of Jerusalem allowed the forming order of the Templars to set up a headquarters in the captured Al Aqsa Mosque The Crusaders believed the Mosque to have been built on top of the ruins of the Temple of Solomon or rather his royal palace and therefore referred to the Mosque as Solomon s Temple in Latin Templum Solomonis It was from this location that the Order took its name of Temple Knights or Templars Under the Kingdom of Jerusalem the area experienced a great revival including the re establishment of the city and harbour of Caesarea the restoration and fortification of the city of Tiberias the expansion of the city of Ashkelon the walling and rebuilding of Jaffa the reconstruction of Bethlehem the repopulation of dozens of towns the restoration of large agriculture and the construction of hundreds of churches cathedrals and castles The old hospice rebuilt in 1023 on the site of the monastery of Saint John the Baptist was expanded into an infirmary under Hospitaller grand master Raymond du Puy de Provence near the Church of the Holy Sepulchre 10 In 1173 Benjamin of Tudela visited Jerusalem He described it as a small city full of Jacobites Armenians Greeks and Georgians Two hundred Jews dubious discuss dwelt in a corner of the city under the Tower of David In 1187 with the Muslim world united under the effective leadership of Saladin Jerusalem was re conquered by the Muslims after a successful siege As part of this same campaign the armies of Saladin conquered expelled enslaved or killed the remaining Christian communities of Galilee Samaria Judea as well as the coastal towns of Ashkelon Jaffa Caesarea and Acre 11 In 1219 the walls of the city were razed by order of Al Mu azzam the Ayyubid sultan of Damascus This rendered Jerusalem defenseless and dealt a heavy blow to the city s status Following another Crusade by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II in 1227 the city was surrendered by Saladin s descendant al Kamil in accordance with a diplomatic treaty in 1228 It remained under Christian control under the treaty s terms that no walls or fortifications could be built in the city or along the strip which united it with the coast In 1239 after the ten year truce expired Frederick ordered the rebuilding of the walls But without the formidable Crusader army he had originally employed ten years previous his goals were effectively thwarted when the walls were again demolished by an Nasir Da ud the emir of Kerak in the same year In 1243 Jerusalem was firmly secured into the power of the Christian Kingdom and the walls were repaired However the period was extremely brief as a large army of Turkish and Persian Muslims was advancing from the north Khwarezmian control Edit Medieval Tower of David in Jerusalem today Jerusalem fell again in 1244 to the Khawarezmi Turks who had been displaced by the advance of the Mongols As the Khwarezmians moved west they allied with the Egyptians under the Egyptian Ayyubid sultan Al Malik al Salih He recruited his horsemen from the Khwarezmians and directed the remains of the Khwarezmian Empire into the Levant where he wanted to organize a strong defense against the Mongols In keeping with his goal the main effect of the Khwarezmians was to slaughter the local population especially in Jerusalem They invaded the city on July 11 1244 and the city s citadel the so called Tower of David surrendered on August 23 12 The Khwarezmians then ruthlessly decimated the population leaving only 2 000 people Christians and Muslims still living in the city 13 This attack triggered the Europeans to respond with the Seventh Crusade although the new forces of French king Louis IX never even achieved success in Egypt let alone advancing as far as Palestine Ayyubid control EditAfter having troubles with the Khwarezmians the Muslim Sultan Al Salih then began ordering armed expeditions to raid into Christian communities and capture men women and children Called razzias or by their original Arabic name Ghazw sing ghazwa or ghaza the raids extended into Caucasia the Black Sea Byzantium and the coastal areas of Europe The newly enslaved were divided according to category Women were either turned into maids or sex slaves The men depending upon age and ability were made into servants or killed Young boys and girls were sent to Imams where they were indoctrinated into Islam According to ability the young boys were then made into eunuchs or sent into decades long training as slave soldiers for the sultan Called Mamluks this army of indoctrinated slaves were forged into a potent armed force The Sultan then used his new Mamluk army to eliminate the Khwarezmians and Jerusalem returned to Egyptian Ayyubid rule in 1247 Mamluk control and Mongol raids Edit Jacques Molay takes Jerusalem 1299 a fanciful painting created in the 19th century by Claudius Jacquand and hanging in the Hall of Crusades in Versailles In reality though the Mongols may have been technically in control of the city for a few months in early 1300 since the Mamluks had temporarily retreated to Cairo and no other troops were in the area there was no such battle and De Molay was almost certainly on the island of Cyprus at that time nowhere near the landlocked city of Jerusalem Main article Mongol raids into Palestine When al Salih died his widow the slave Shajar al Durr took power as Sultana which power she then transferred to the Mamluk leader Aybeg who became Sultan in 1250 14 Meanwhile the Christian rulers of Antioch and Cilician Armenia subjected their territories to Mongol authority and fought alongside the Mongols during the Empire s expansion into Iraq and Syria In 1260 a portion of the Mongol army advanced toward Egypt and was engaged by the Mamluks in Galilee at the pivotal Battle of Ain Jalut The Mamluks were victorious and the Mongols retreated In early 1300 there were again some Mongol raids into the southern Levant shortly after the Mongols had been successful in capturing cities in northern Syria however the Mongols occupied the area for only a few weeks and then retreated again to Iran The Mamluks regrouped and re asserted control over the southern Levant a few months later with little resistance There is little evidence to indicate whether or not the Mongol raids penetrated Jerusalem in either 1260 or 1300 Historical reports from the time period tend to conflict depending on which nationality of historian was writing the report There were also a large number of rumors and urban legends in Europe claiming that the Mongols had captured Jerusalem and were going to return it to the Crusaders However these rumors turned out to be false 15 The general consensus of modern historians is that though Jerusalem may or may not have been subject to raids that there was never any attempt by the Mongols to incorporate Jerusalem into their administrative system which is what would be necessary to deem a territory conquered as opposed to raided 16 Mamluk rebuilding Edit 1450s depiction of the city by Jean Mielot Even during the conflicts pilgrims continued to come in small numbers Pope Nicholas IV negotiated an agreement with the Mamluk sultan to allow Latin clergy to serve in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre With the Sultan s agreement Pope Nicholas a Franciscan himself sent a group of friars to keep the Latin liturgy going in Jerusalem With the city little more than a backwater they had no formal quarters and simply lived in a pilgrim hostel until in 1300 King Robert of Sicily gave a large gift of money to the Sultan Robert asked that the Franciscans be allowed to have the Sion Church the Mary Chapel in the Holy Sepulchre and the Nativity Cave and the Sultan gave his permission But the remainder of the Christian holy places were kept in decay 17 Mamluk sultans made a point of visiting the city endowing new buildings encouraging Muslim settlement and expanding mosques During the reign of Sultan Baibars the Mamluks renewed the Muslim alliance with the Jews and he established two new sanctuaries one to Moses near Jericho and one to Salih near Ramla to encourage numerous Muslim and Jewish dubious discuss pilgrims to be in the area at the same time as the Christians who filled the city during Easter 18 In 1267 Nahmanides also known as Ramban made aliyah In the Old City he established the Ramban Synagogue the oldest active synagogue in Jerusalem However the city had no great political power and was in fact considered by the Mamluks as a place of exile for out of favor officials The city itself was ruled by a low ranking emir 19 Following the persecutions of Jews during the Black Death a group of Ashkenazi Jews led by Rabbi Isaac Asir HaTikvah immigrated to Jerusalem and founded a yeshiva This group was part of the nucleus of what later became a much larger community in the Ottoman period 20 Ottoman era EditIn 1517 Jerusalem and its environs fell to the Ottoman Turks who would maintain control of the city until the 20th century 11 Although the Europeans no longer controlled any territory in the Holy Land Christian presence including Europeans remained in Jerusalem During the Ottomans this presence increased as Greeks under Turkish Sultan patronage re established restored or reconstructed Orthodox Churches hospitals and communities This era saw the first expansion outside the Old City walls as new neighborhoods were established to relieve the overcrowding that had become so prevalent The first of these new neighborhoods included the Russian Compound and the Jewish Mishkenot Sha ananim both founded in 1860 21 References Edit Amnon Cohen and Bernard Lewis 1978 Population and Revenue in the Towns of Palestine in the Sixteenth Century Princeton University Press pp 14 15 94 ISBN 0 691 09375 X Weksler Bdolah Shlomit 2011 Galor Katharina Avni Gideon eds Early Islamic and Medieval City Walls of Jerusalem in Light of New Discoveries Unearthing Jerusalem 150 Years of Archaeological Research in the Holy City Eisenbrauns p 417 Retrieved 7 January 2018 via Offprint posted at academia edu Har el Menashe 1977 This Is Jerusalem Canaan Publishing House pp 68 95 Lehmann Clayton Miles 2007 02 22 Palestine History The On line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces The University of South Dakota Archived from the original on 2007 03 28 Retrieved 2007 04 18 John Cassian Conferences CHAPTER VIII Adrian J Boas Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades Society Landscape and Art in the Holy City under Frankish Rule Routledge 2001 26 Gil Moshe February 1997 A History of Palestine 634 1099 Cambridge University Press pp 70 71 ISBN 0 521 59984 9 Zank Michael Abbasid Period and Fatimid Rule 750 1099 Boston University Retrieved 2007 02 01 Hull Michael D June 1999 First Crusade Siege of Jerusalem Military History Archived from the original on 2007 09 30 Retrieved 2007 05 18 Moeller Charles Hospitallers of St John of Jerusalem The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol 7 New York Robert Appleton Company Newadvent org 1910 06 01 Retrieved 2014 03 02 a b Main Events in the History of Jerusalem Jerusalem The Endless Crusade The CenturyOne Foundation 2003 Retrieved 2007 02 02 Riley Smith The Crusades p 191 Armstrong p 304 Cambridge Illustrated History of the Middle Ages 1250 1520 p 264 Sylvia Schein Gesta Dei per Mongolos Reuven Amitai Mongol raids into Palestine 1260 and 1300 Armstrong pp 307 308 Armstrong pp 304 305 Armstrong p 310 Reiner Elchanan he 1984 בין אשכנז לירושלים חכמים אשכנזים בא י לאחר המוות השחור Between Ashkenaz and Jerusalem Ashkenazic Scholars in Eretz Israel after the Black Death Shalem in Hebrew Jerusalem Ben Zvi Institute 4 Elyon Lili April 1999 Jerusalem Architecture in the Late Ottoman Period Focus on Israel Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs Retrieved 2007 04 20 Bibliography EditArmstrong Karen 1996 Jerusalem One City Three Faiths Random House ISBN 0 679 43596 4 Demurger Alain 2007 Jacques de Molay in French Editions Payot amp Rivages ISBN 978 2 228 90235 9 Hazard Harry W editor 1975 Volume III The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries A History of the Crusades Kenneth M Setton general editor The University of Wisconsin Press ISBN 0 299 06670 3 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a author has generic name help Jackson Peter 2005 The Mongols and the West 1221 1410 Longman ISBN 978 0 582 36896 5 Maalouf Amin 1984 The Crusades Through Arab Eyes New York Schocken Books ISBN 0 8052 0898 4 Newman Sharan 2006 Real History Behind the Templars Berkley Publishing Group ISBN 978 0 425 21533 3 Nicolle David 2001 The Crusades Essential Histories Osprey Publishing ISBN 978 1 84176 179 4 Richard Jean 1996 Histoire des Croisades Fayard ISBN 2 213 59787 1 Riley Smith Jonathan 2005 1987 The Crusades A History 2nd ed Yale Nota Bene ISBN 0 300 10128 7 Riley Smith Jonathan 2002 2002 The Oxford History of the Crusades Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 280312 3 Runciman Steven 1987 A history of the Crusades Vol 3 The Kingdom of Acre and the Late Crusades reprint in 1952 1954 first ed Penguin Books ISBN 978 0 14 013705 7 Schein Sylvia October 1979 Gesta Dei per Mongolos 1300 The Genesis of a Non Event The English Historical Review 94 373 805 819 doi 10 1093 ehr XCIV CCCLXXIII 805 JSTOR 565554 Schein Sylvia 1991 Fideles Crucis The Papacy the West and the Recovery of the Holy Land Clarendon ISBN 0 19 822165 7 Schein Sylvia 2005 Gateway to the Heavenly City crusader Jerusalem and the catholic West Ashgate Publishing Ltd ISBN 0 7546 0649 X Sinor Denis 1999 The Mongols in the West Journal of Asian History 33 1 See also EditAelia Capitolina Demographic history of Jerusalem Kingdom of Jerusalem Old City of Jerusalem Wikimedia Commons has media related to Medieval miniatures of Jerusalem Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title History of Jerusalem during the Middle Ages amp oldid 1131162881, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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